REVIEW EXERCISES: 5. Three independent line of level are run from BM 1 to BM2.

Route A is 6
km long, route B is 4 km long and route C is 8 km long. By route A, BM 2
1. Determine the most probable value of the measurements having different
is 82.27 m above BM 1, by route B, BM2 is 82.40 m above BM 1 and by
values based on the number of measurements as tabulated in the table
route C, BM2 is 82.10 m above BM1. If the elevation of BM 1 is 30.69 m,
shown below.
compute the elevation of BM2 by weighted mean.
Distance No. of Measurement
Route Distance Diff. in Elev. Weight
520.14 1
A 6 82.27 4
520.20 3
B 4 82.40 6
520.18 6
C 8 82.10 3
520.24 8
6. From the measured values shown determine if the measurements are
2. The following data are the observed elevation of a point by running a
within the required precision. Show all computations. Allowable
line of levels over four different routes. It is required to determine the
precision is 1/5000.
most probable value of the elevation.
Trials Length (m)
Route Elevations Probable Error
1 106.87
1 340.22 ±02
2 106.90
2 340.30 ±04
3 106.93
3 340.26 ±06
4 106.89
4 340.32 ±08
5 106.81
3. A baseline measured with an invar tape, and with a steel tape as follows:
7. Given the following data in measuring a distance of a certain line.
Invar Tape Steel Tape
Distance No. of Measurements
571.185 571.193
740.53 4
571.186 571.190
740.59 3
571.179 571.185
740.57 6
571.180 571.189
740.53 7
571.183 571.182
a. Determine the most probable value of the measurement.
a. What are the most probable values under each set and their
b. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation.
corresponding probable errors?
c. Calculate the standard error of the mean.
b. What is the most probable value of the two sets and the probable
d. Calculate the probable error of any single measurement.
error of the general mean?
e. Calculate the probable error of the mean.
4. Two angles AOB and BOC and a single angle AOC are measured at the
f. Calculate the relative error or precision of the mean.
same point O. Determine the most probable value.
8. The following data are the observed elevation of a point by running a
Angle Observed Value No. of Measurement line of levels over four different routes.
AOB 33°46’00” 1
Route Elevation Probable Error
BOC 63°14’00” 3
1 521.22 m ±0.01
AOC 97°00’30” 6
 2 520.80 m ±0.02
3 521.36 m ±0.03
4 521.32 m ±0.06
a. Using the method of least square, determine the weight of
elevation taken from route 4.
b. Determine the corresponding relative weight of the elevation
taken from route 2 if the relative weight of route 4 is set as 1.0.
c. Determine the most probable value of the elevation of the
observed point.
9. The two sides of a rectangular lot were measured with certain estimated
probable errors as follows: W = 312.755 ±0.050 m and L = 721.550
±0.025 m. Calculate the probable error in the area of the rectangle.
10. The sides of a container in a form of a rectangular prism were measured
with certain estimated probable errors as follows: L = 23.575 ±0.030 m,
W = 12.455 ±0.015 m and H = 5.025 ±0.010 m. Calculate the probable
error in the volume of the container.
11.
REVIEW EXERCISE:
1. A 50 m tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m, too long
then the standard length at an observed temperature of 58°C and a pull of
15 kilos. The same tape was used to measure a certain distance and was
recorded to be 673.92 m long at an observed temperature of 68°C and a
pull of 15 kilos. Determine the standard temperature and the true length
of the line. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116 m/°C.
2. A civil engineer used a 30 m tape in measuring an inclined distance. The
measured length on the slope was recorded to be 459.20 m long. The
difference in elevation between the initial point and the end point was
found to be 1.25 m. The 30 m tape is of standard length at a temperature
of 10°C and a pull of 50 N. During measurement the temperature reading
was 15°C and the tape was supported at both ends with an applied pull of
75 N. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 6.50 mm 2 and the modulus
of elasticity is 200 GPa. The tape has a mass of 0.075 kg/m. Determine
the true horizontal distance. K = 0.0000116 m/°C.
3. A rectangular lot was being measured using a 30 m metallic tape which
was 6 mm too long. The recorded dimensions where 70.50 m long by
37.10 m wide.
a. What is the error introduced due to the erroneous length of tape?
b. What are the actual dimensions of the lot?
4. A 50 meter steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its
whole length and found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed
temperature of 31.8°C and a pull of 10 kilos. This tape was used to
measure a line which was found to be 662.702 m at an average
temperature of 24.6°C using the same pull. What is the correct length of
the line? Use coefficient of expansion of 0.0000116 m per degree
centigrade.
5. A line is recorded as 472.90 m long. It is measured with a 0.65 kg tape
which is 30.005 m long at 20°C under a 50 N pull supported at both
ends. During measurement the temperature is 5°C and the tape is
suspended under a 75 N pull. The line is measured on 3% grade. What is
the true horizontal distance? E = 200 GPa, cross-sectional area of tape is
3 mm2 and the coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116 m/°C.
6. A 30 m steel tape is 2 mm long at 20°C with a pull of 55 N. A rectangle
is measured with this tape. The sides are recorded as 144.95 m and
113.00 m. The average temperature during the measurement is 30°C with
a pull of 55 N.
a. If the recorded measurement are used, will the computed area of the
field be too small, or too big, and why?
b. What is the error in area in square meter? Use coefficient of
expansion of steel tape as a 0.0000116 m/°C.
7. A baseline was measured using a 100 m tape which is standardized at
15°C with a standard pull of 10 kg. The recorded distance was found out
to be 430.60 meters. At the time of measurement, the temperature was
20°C and the pull exerted was 16 kg. Determine the true length of the
base if the weight of one cubic cm of steel is 7.86 grams weight of tape is
2.67 kg. E = 2 x 10° kg/cm2, K = 7 x 10-7 m/°C.
8. A rectangular field was measured using a 100 m tape which was actually
10 cm too short. The recorded area was 2500 sq.m. What is the true area
of the field?
9. A 100 m steel tape standardized at 20°C had a length of 100.600 m. It 75 N. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 6.50 mm 2 and the modulus
was used to measure a line A to B on slightly sloping ground. The of elasticity is 200 GPa. The tape has a linear density of 0.075 kg/m, α =
recorded tape distance was 622.70 m. The temperature at the time of 0.0000116/°C. Determine the horizontal distance.
measurement being 29°C. The stadia distance for the same line was only
560.00 meters. Upon investigations the discrepancy was found out to be
due to the fact that a 10 meter length (between 75 m and 85 m) was cut
off.
a. What is the true length of the sloping line?
b. What is the horizontal distance of the same line if the difference of
elevation between A and B is 0.72 meters? (Coefficient of expansion
of the tape per °C per meter is 0.0000116).
10. A civil engineer recorded 51, 52, 53 and 54 paces in walking along a 45-
m course to determine his pace factor. He then took 320, 323, 322 and
319 paces in walking an unknown distance. Compute the distance based
on his pace factor.
11. A distance was measured ten times and the average distance was found
to be 554.215 m. If two measurements 559.125 m and 550.234 m are
deleted from the data as being inconsistent with the other measurements,
then the average of the remaining eight measurement is? REVIEW EXERCISES:
12. A 100 m tape weighing 5.08 kg was used to measure a line. It was 1. The observed compass bearing of a line in 1981 was S 37°30’ E and the
supported at end points, midpoints and quarter points and the tension magnetic declination of the place then was known to be 3°10’ W. It has
applied is 60 Newtons. If the total measured distance is 2345.76 m, what also discovered that during the observation local attraction of the place at
is the correct distance of the line? that moment of 5° E existed. Fin the true azimuth of the line.
13. In every measurement, a 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull 2. The bearing of a line from A to B was measured as S 16°30’ W. It was
of 15kg. It is also supported at 30 m and 75 m marks. If the tape is used found that there was local attraction at both A and B and therefore a
to measure a 543.25 long line, determine the total correction due to sag? forward and a backward bearing were taken between A and a point C at
The tape weighs 5 kg. which there was no local attraction. If the bearing of AC was S 30°10’ E
14. It is required to lay out a distance of 687.78 m with a 50 m tape that is and that of CA was N 28°20’ W, what is the corrected bearing of AB?
0.030 too long. Compute the distance measured with the tape to make the 3. The interior angles of a five-side traverse are as follows: A = 117°30’, B
points the proper distance apart. = 96°32’, C = 142°54’, and D = 132°18’. The angle at E is not measured.
15. A civil engineer used a 30 m tape in measuring an inclined distance. The a. Compute the deflection angles.
measured length on the slope was recorded to be 459.20 m long. The b. Calculate the bearings of the lines assuming AB due North.
difference in elevation between the initial point and the end point was 4. A triangular lot for one of its boundaries a line 1500 m long which runs
found to be 1.25. The 30 m tape is of standard length at a temperature of due East and West. The eastern boundary is 900 m long and the western
10°C and a pull of 50 N. During measurement the temperature reading boundary is 1200 m long. A straight line cutes the wester boundary at the
was 15°C and the tape was supported at both ends with an applied pull of middle point and meets the easterly boundary 600 m from SE corner.
 Find the bearings and length of the line of the south portion of this the true north and south meridian. As surveyed with an assumed
triangular lot and give its technical description starting from the SW meridian, the bearing of one side AB is N 33°20’ W. Find the true
corner going counter clockwise. bearing and azimuth of all sides of the field.
5. The side AB of an equilateral field ABC with an area of 692.80 sq.m. has 10. From the given data of a compass survey, compute the corrected bearings
a magnetic bearing of N 48°45’ E in 1930 when the magnetic declination of all the lines.
was 0°52’ E. Find the length and true bearing of the side AB. Find also
the length and true bearing of line AD connecting corner A and point D Line Forward Bearing Backward Bearing
AB N 30°30’ W S 32°15’ E
on the line BC and making the area of the triangle ABD one third of the
BC S 80°45’ W N 82°45’ E
whole area.
CD S 53°00’ W N 50°15’ E
6. The following are bearings taken on a closed compass traverse. Compute
DE S 13°00’ W N 11°30’ E
the interior angles and correct them for observational errors. Assuming
EA N 66°30’ E S 69°30’ W
the observed bearing of line AB to be correct, adjust the bearings of the 11. Given the magnetic bearing AB = N 72° E, and the magnetic declination
remaining sides. 3° W. Find the true bearing of AB.
Line Forward Bearing Backward Bearing 12. Given the bearings, OA = N 62°15’ E, and OB = N 81°30’ W. Find the
AB S 37°30’ E N 37°30’ W angle AOB.
BC S 43°15’ W N 44°15’ E 13. Given the bearing of OC = S 10°14’ W and the clockwise angle COD =
CD N 73°00’ W S 72°15’ E 83°17’. Find the calculated bearing of OD.
DE N 12°45’ E S 13°15’ W 14. At a given place in 1875 the magnetic bearing of a line was N 89°15’ W,
EA N 60°00’ E S 59°00’ W and the declination of the needle 5° W. At the present time the
7. Given the following deflection angles of a closed traverse. Compute the declination is 2°30’ W. What is the present magnetic bearing of the line?
bearing of all the lines if the bearing of AB is 5.40° E. What is the true bearing of the line?
15. The magnetic bearings of the sides of a field have been observed as
STATION DEFLECTION ANGLES follows: AB = S 25°30’ E; BC = S 12°00’ W; CD = S 68°15’ W; DA =
A 85°20’ L
N 18°45’ E. Find the interior angles.
B 10°11’ R
16. The interior angles of a field are as follows: A = 73°08’; B = 132°22’; C
C 83°32’ L
= 88°47’; and D = 65°43’. The magnetic bearing of AB = N 65°30’ E. If
D 63°27’ L
the direction of the courses is taken to be clockwise, what are the
E 34°18’ L
calculated bearings of the other sides of the field?
F 72°56’ L
G 30°45’ L 17. In a survey the following magnetic bearings have been observed. AB = N
8. In 1925, the magnetic bearing of a line OA was N 15°45’ W, the 62°15’ E; BC = S 81°00’ E; CD = N 75°45’ E; DE = S 13°00’ W; and
magnetic declination at that time is 1°15’ E. The secular variation per EF = S 0°30’ E. Find the deflection angles.
year is 03’ E. What will be the declination of the needle and the magnetic
bearing of the line in 1938?
9. A field is in the form of a regular pentagon. The direction of the
bounding sides was surveyed with an assumed meridian 5° to the right of
 3. Determine the bearings of lines 4-5 and 5-1 of the closed traverse shown
the technical description of which is as follows:

Lines Bearing Distances

A–B S 35° 30’ W 44.37 m
B–C N 57° 15’ W 137.84 m
C–D N 1° 45’ E 12.83 m
D–E - 64.86 m
E–A - 106.72 m
4. From the data shown below, determine the value of the unknown bearing
and distance.

Lines Bearings Distances

AB N 32° 27’ E 110.8 m
REVIEW EXERCISES: BC - 83.6 m
1. From the field notes of a closed traverse shown below, adjust the CD S 8° 51’ W 126.9 m
transverse using. DE S 73° 31’ W -
EA N 18° 44’ W 90.2 m
a. Transit Rule
5. Determine the lengths of the two non-adjacent missing sides of a closed
b. Compass Rule
traverse, the field notes of which are the following:
c. Compute the linear error of closure
d. Compute the relative error or precision Line Azimuth Distance
1–2 250° 55’ 437.26 m
Sta. Occ. Sta. Obs. Bearings Distances
2–3 354° 30’ 299.08 m
A B Due North 400.00 m
3–4 30° 44’ -
B C N 45° E 800.00 m
4–5 86° 40’ 185.85 m
C D S 60° E 700.00 m
5–1 156° 19’ -
D E S 20° W 600.00 m
6. Find the unknown values of the following notes of a transit survey.
E A S 86°59’ W 966.34 m
2. Find the bearing of line 4-5 and the missing side 5-1 of the closed Linea Bearings Distances
traversed shown in the field notes shown. AB N 48° 20’ E 529.60 m
BC - 592.00 m
Lines Bearings Distances
CD S 7° 59’ E 563.60 m
1–2 S 70° 15’ E 32.20 m
DE - 753.40 m
2–3 S 36° 30’ W 31.20 m
EA N 48° 12’ W 428.20 m
3–4 N 66° 30’ W 17.40 m
7. In the survey of a closed lot with five sides, the following data are given
4–5 - 36.30 m
where in all the bearings and distances of all sides except the lengths of
5–1 N 60° 00’ E -
 lines 4-5 and 5-1 were omitted. Find the lengths of these two missing 3. In the plan below shows a differential leveling from benchmark to
lines. another benchmark, along each line represents a sight in the actual rod
reading. The direction of the fieldwork is indicated by the numbering of
Lines Bearing Distance the TPs. Place the data in the form of level notes, compute the elevations,
1–2 S 73° 21’ E 247.20 m
show the arithmetical check and record the error if there’s any.
2–3 S 40° 10’ E 154.30 m
3–4 S 26° 42’ W 611.90 m
4–5 N 14° 20’ W -
5–1 N 12° 20’ E -

REVIEW EXERCISES:

1. A differential leveling was run from BM 1 to BM2 which is approximately 4. Below are the field notes of a profile leveling work where some data are
4200 m from each other and closing the circuit on the same rout. The missing accidentally. Go over the arithmetical computations and
elevation of BM1 is 100 m above sea level and that of BM 2 was found out determine beck the missing data on broken lines.
to have an elevation of 142.53 m above sea level. However, in closing
the circuit the computed elevation of BM 1 was 99.96 m only. What is the Station Backsight HI Foresight Elevation
corrected elevation of BM2? Supposing the computed elevation of BM 1 is BM1 1.56 -------- 569.44
100.06 m, what is the corrected elevation of BM2? 1+000 5.67 565.33
2. Compute the differential level notes shown and show the usual arithmetic 1+100 2.00 -------
1+200 3.40 567.60
check.
1+300 ------ 568.00
STATION BS FS ELEVATION 1+400 6.70 564.30
BM5 1.04 186.38 m PT1 ------ 566.00 8.00 ------
1 3.95 4.93 1+500 3.00 563.00
2 6.56 6.78 1+600 4.10 561.90
3 8.48 1.35 1+700 5.40 560.60
4 9.22 0.91 1+800 ------ 559.00
5 8.37 0.35 1+900 5.00 561.00
6 4.92 2.84 2+000 3.50 ------
7 7.77 8.75 2+100 2.80 563.20
8 9.25 6.82 2+200 2.00 564.00
BM6 5.50 2+300 0.60 565.40
2+400 0.80 565.20
 ------- 6.10 ------ ------ 563.90
2+500 1.72 568.28
2+600 2.78 567.22
5. Arrange the following description in the form of profile level notes
complete the elevation and sketch the profile. A level is set up and
reading of 2.995 m is taken on a benchmark the elevation of which is
12.135. At the beginning of the line to be profiled, the rod reading is
2.625 m; 30 m from the beginning, it is 1.617 m; at 60 m, it is 0.702 m;
at 66 m and 81 m, the rod readings are 1.281 m and 0.762 m,
respectively. On a rock that is not on line, the rod reading is 0.555 m.
The level is then removed ahead, set up and a rod reading of 1.952 m is
observed, the rod still being held on the rock. The readings along the
profile are then resumed: 90 m from the beginning of the line, the rod
reading is 1.159 m; 120 m from the beginning of the line the rod reading
is 1.434 m; finally 150 m from the beginning of the line the rod reading
is 2.196 m.
6. A line of levels was run from BLLM No. 1 to BLLM No. 2 covering a
route of approximately 5 km. Backsight and foresight distances every set
up averages 100 m long. If at every TP the rod settles about 0.04 m, what
would be the corrected elevation of BLLM No. 2. The computed
difference in elevation between BLLM No. 1 and BLLM No. 2 is 100.00
m and the elevation of BLLM No. 1 is 60.00 m.
7. Differential leveling are run from BM1 elevation 103.05 m to BM2, a
distance of 30 km. The backsight distances are averages 150 m in length
and the foresight distances averages 100 m in length. The elevation of
BM2 as deduced from the level notes was 420.50 m. If the level used is
out of adjustment so that when the bubble was centered the line of sight
was inclined 0.003 m upward in a distance of 100 m. What would be the
total error and the calculated value of the elevation of BM 2?
REVIEW EXERCISES:
1. If the vertical angle from one station to another 100 m apart is 60°, the
staff intercept for a tacheometer with K = 100 and C = 0, would be?
2. With the transit at point B and the line of sight horizontal, the stadia
intercept at C is 1.15 m. If the stadia interval factor is 100.32 and the
stadia constant is 0.3, find the distance.
3. The length intercepted on the stadia rod is 2.83 m and the line of sight
makes an angle of 4°30’ with the horizontal. Find the vertical distance,
from the center of the instrument to the rod, if the stadia constant is 0.3
m and the stadia interval factor is 100.
4. In order to determine the stadia interval factor of a transit on the field,
the transit was set up at a certain point on the ground. Observations were
made on the rod placed at a distance of 240 m from the instrument and
the rod readings were 4.505 and 2.105 for the upper and lower stadia
hairs respectively. If instrument interval used has an interior focusing
telescope, what would be the stadia interval factor of the instrument?
5. The constant K and C for a certain instrument were 100 and 0
respectively. The ground makes a uniform slope of 12% from point A to
point B. With the instrument at A and staff at B, readings were taken but
due to obstruction in the line of sight, only the upper reading was
recorded to be 1.915 m. If the vertical angle of the instrument was 6°43’
and height of instrument above A was 1.82 m, determine the horizontal
distance between A and B.
6. Given the following stadia level notes: K = 100 and C = 0
 Station Observation Stadia Intercept Vertical Angle
A 1.11 +3° on 1.50 m
B 1.36 -5° on 1.70 m
The instrument was set up at point C (point along line AB) with
elevation 59 m. The height of instrument is 1.5 m. Compute the
horizontal distance between A and B, the elevation of point A and the
difference in elevation between A and B.
7. The slope distance and vertical angle between points A and B were
measured with a total station instrument as 9585.26 ft and 8°17’40”,
respectively. The height of instrument and rod reading were equal. If the
elevation of A is 1238.42 ft above the mean sea level, compute the
elevation of B.
8. The following tachemetric observations were made on two points P and
Q from station A. The height of the tacheometer at A above the ground
was 1.55 m. Elevation of A is 75.5 m. The stadia interval factor is 100
and the stadia constant is 0.
Vertical Staff Reading
Staff at
Angle Upper Middle Lower
P -5°12’ 1.388 0.978 0.610
Q +27°35’ 1.604 1.286 0.997
Determine the elevation of P and Q.