FORM 1 MATHEMATICS KSSM: RATIONAL NUMBERS

KURIKULUM STANDARD SEKOLAH MENENGAH
Matematik
Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran
Tingkatan 1
EDISI BAHASA INGGERIS
Content Details
1. Rational Numbers .................................................................................................................................. 27
2. Factors and Multiples ............................................................................................................................. 33
3. Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots ..…………….............................................................. 37
4. Ratios, Rates dan Proportions ............................................................................................................... 43
5. Algebraic Expressions ........................................................................................................................... 47
6. Linear Equations .................................................................................................................................... 51
7. Linear Inequalities .................................................................................................................................. 55
8. Lines and Angles ................................................................................................................................... 59
9. Basic Polygons ...................................................................................................................................... 63
10. Perimeter and Area ................................................................................................................................ 67
11. Introduction to Set .................................................................................................................................. 71
12. Data Handling ........................................................................................................................................ 75
13. The Pythagoras Theorem ...................................................................................................................... 79

FORM 1 MATHEMATICS KSSM
LEARNING AREA
NUMBERS AND OPERATIONS
TITLE
1. RATIONAL NUMBERS
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

9 HOURS
27
1. RATIONAL NUMBERS
CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES
1.1 Integers 1.1.1 Recognise positive and negative numbers based Relate to real-life situations such as
on real-life situations. left and right, up and down
movement.
1.1.2 Recognise and describe integers.
1.1.3 Represent integers on a number lines and make

connections between the values and positions of
the integers with respect to other integers on the
number line.
1.1.4 Compare and arrange integers in order.
1.2 Basic arithmetic 1.2.1 Add and subtract integers using number lines or Other methods such as concrete
operations involving other appropriate methods. Hence, make materials (coloured chips), virtual
integers generalisation about addition and subtraction of manipulative materials and GSP
integers. software.
1.2.2 Multiply and divide integers using various

methods. Hence make generalisation about
multiplication and division of integers.
1.2.3 Perform computations involving combined basic

arithmetic operations of integers by following the
order of operations.
1.2.4 Describe the laws of arithmetic operations which Carry out exploratory activities.
are Identity Law, Communicative Law, Associative
Law and Distributive Law.
28
1. RATIONAL NUMBERS
1.2.5 Perform efficient computations using the laws of Example of an efficient computation
basic arithmetic operations. involving Distributive Law:
2030 × 25 = (2000 + 30) × 25
= 50 000 + 750
= 50 750
Efficient computations may differ
among pupils.
1.2.6 Solve problems involving integers.
1.3 Positive and negative 1.3.1 Represent positive and negative fractions on
fractions number lines.
1.3.2 Compare and arrange positive and negative

fractions in order.

arithmetic operations of positive and negative
fractions by following the order of operations.
1.3.4 Solve problems involving positive and negative

fractions.
1.4 Positive and negative 1.4.1 Represent positive and negative decimals on
decimals number lines.
1.4.2 Compare and arrange positive and negative

decimals in order.
29
1. RATIONAL NUMBERS

arithmetic operations of positive and negative
decimals by following the order of operations.
1.4.4 Solve problems involving positive and negative

decimals.
1.5 Rational numbers 1.5.1 Recognise and describe rational numbers. Rational numbers are numbers that
can be written in fractional form,
that is
p
, p and q are integers, q  0.
q

arithmetic operations of rational numbers by
following the order of operations.
1.5.3 Solve problems involving rational numbers.
30
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
2. FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

6 HOURS
33
2. FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
2.1 Factors, prime factors 2.1.1 Determine and list the factors of whole numbers,
and Highest Common hence make generalisation about factors.
Factor (HCF)
2.1.2 Determine and list the prime factors of a whole

number, hence express the number in the form of
prime factorisation.
2.1.3 Explain and determine common factors of whole Consider also cases involving more
numbers. than three whole numbers.
2.1.4 Determine HCF of two and three whole numbers. Use various methods including
repeated division and the use of
2.1.5 Solve problems involving HCF.
2.2 Multiples, common 2.2.1 Explain and determine common multiples of whole Consider also cases involving more
multiples and Lowest numbers. than three whole numbers.
Common Multiple (LCM)
2.2.2 Determine LCM of two and three whole numbers. Use various methods including
repeated division and the use of
2.2.3 Solve problems involving LCM.
34
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
3. SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

8 HOURS
37
3.1 Squares and square 3.1.1 Explain the meaning of squares and perfect Explore the formation of squares
roots squares. using various methods including the
use of concrete materials.
3.1.2 Determine whether a number is a perfect square. Perfect squares are 1, 4, 9, ...
3.1.3 State the relationship between squares and square Relationship is stated based on the
roots. outcome of exploration.
Square roots of a number are
positive and negative.
3.1.4 Determine the square of a number with and

without using technological tools.
Limit to:
3.1.5 Determine the square roots of a number without
a) perfect squares
using technological tools. b) fractions when the numerators
and denominators are perfect
squares
c) fractions that can be simplified
such that the numerators and
denominators are perfect
squares
d) decimals that can be written in
the form of the square of another
decimal.
38
3.1.6 Determine the square roots of a positive number

using technological tools.
3.1.7 Estimate Discuss ways to improve the

(i) the square of a number, estimation until the best estimation
(ii) the square roots of a number. is obtained; whether in the form of a
range, a whole number or to a
stated accuracy.
3.1.8 Make generalisation about multiplication involving: Generalisations are made based on
(i) square roots of the same numbers, the outcome of explorations.
(ii) square roots of different numbers.
3.1.9 Pose and solve problems involving squares and

square roots.
3.2 Cubes and cube roots 3.2.1 Explain the meaning of cubes and perfect cubes. Explore the formation of cubes
using various methods including the
use of concrete materials.
3.2.2 Determine whether a number is a perfect cube. Perfect cubes are 1, 8, 27, ...
3.2.3 State the relationship between cubes and cube Relationship is stated based on the
roots. outcome of exploration.
39
3.2.4 Determine the cube of a number with and without

using technological tools.
3.2.5 Determine the cube root of a number without using Limit to:
technological tools. a) fractions when the numerators
and denominators are perfect
cubes
b) fractions that can be simplified
such that the numerators and
denominators are perfect cubes
c) decimals that can be written in
the form of the cube of another
decimal
3.2.6 Determine the cube root of a number using

technological tools.
3.2.7 Estimate Discuss ways to improve the

(i) the cube of a number, estimation until the best estimation
(ii) the cube root of a number. is obtained; whether in the form of a
range, a whole number or to a
stated accuracy.
3.2.8 Solve problems involving cubes and cube roots.
3.2.9 Perform computations involving addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division and the
combination of those operations on squares,
square roots, cubes and cube roots.
40
LEARNING AREA
RELATIONSHIP AND ALGEBRA
TITLE
4. RATIO, RATES AND PROPORTION
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

10 HOURS
43
4.1 Ratio 4.1.1 Represent the relation between three quantities in

the form of a : b : c.
4.1.2 Identify and determine the equivalent ratios in Examples of equivalent ratios in
numerical, geometrical or daily situation contexts. geometrical context:
1:2 2:4
4.1.3 Express ratios of two and three quantities in Including those involving fractions
simplest form. and decimals.
4.2 Rates 4.2.1 Determine the relationship between ratios and Carry out exploratory activities.
rates.
Involve various situations such as
speed, acceleration, pressure and
density.
Involve conversion of units.
Rate is a special case of ratio that

involves two measurements of
different units.
4.3 Proportion 4.3.1 Determine the relationship between ratio and Carry out exploratory activities.
proportions.
Involve real-life situations.
44
4.3.2 Determine an unknown value in a proportion. Use various methods including

cross multiplication and unitary
method.
4.4 Ratio, rates and 4.4.1 Determine the ratio of three quantities, given two Involve real-life situations.
proportion or more ratios of two quantities.
4.4.2 Determine the ratio or the related value given

(i) the ratio of two quantities and the value of one
quantity.
(ii) the ratio of three quantities and the value of
one quantity.
4.4.3 Determine the value related to a rate.
4.4.4 Solve problems involving ratios, rates and

proportions, including making estimations.
4.5 Relationship between 4.5.1 Determine the relationship between percentages Carry out exploratory activities.
ratio, rates and and ratio.
proportion, with
percentages, fractions 4.5.2 Determine the percentage of a quantity by Involve various situations.
and decimals applying the concept of proportions.
4.5.3 Solve problems involving relationship between

ratio, rates and proportion with percentages,
fractions and decimals.
45
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
5. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

12 HOURS
47
5. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
5.1 Variables and algebraic 5.1.1 Use letters to represent quantities with unknown Letters as variables.
expression values. Hence state whether the value of the
variable varies or fixed with justification. Involve real-life situations.
5.1.2 Derive algebraic expressions based on arithmetic

expressions that represent a situation.
5.1.3 Determine the values of algebraic expressions

given the values of variables and make connection
with appropriate situations.
5.1.4 Identify the terms in an algebraic expression.

Hence, state the possible coefficients for the
algebraic terms.
5.1.5 Identify like and unlike terms.
5.2 Algebraic expressions 5.2.1 Add and subtract two or more algebraic
involving basic arithmetic expressions.
operations
5.2.2 Make generalisation about repeated multiplication Correlate repeated multiplication
of algebraic expressions. with the power of two or more.
5.2.3 Multiply and divide algebraic expressions with one

term.
48
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
6. LINEAR EQUATIONS
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

12 HOURS
51
6. LINEAR EQUATIONS
6.1 Linear equations in one 6.1.1 Identify linear equations in one variable and Carry out exploratory activities
variable describe the characteristics of the equations. involving algebraic expressions and
algebraic equations.
6.1.2 Form linear equations in one variable based on a

statement or a situation, and vice-versa.
6.1.3 Solve linear equations in one variable. Use various methods such as trial
and improvement, backtracking,
and applying the understanding of
equality concept.
6.1.4 Solve problems involving linear equations in one

variable.
6.2 Linear equations in two 6.2.1 Identify linear equations in two variables and State the general form of linear
variables describe the characteristics of the equations. equations in two variables, which is
ax + by = c.
6.2.2 Form linear equations in two variables based on a

statement or a situation, and vice-versa.
6.2.3 Determine and explain possible solutions of linear

equations in two variables.
52
6. LINEAR EQUATIONS
6.2.4 Represent graphically linear equations in two Including cases of (x, y) when
variables. (i) x, is fixed and y varies,
(ii) x varies and y is fixed.
Involve all quadrants of the
Cartesian system.
6.3 Simultaneous linear 6.3.1 Form simultaneous linear equations based on daily Use software to explore cases
equations in two situations. Hence, represent graphically the involving lines that are:
variables simultaneous linear equations in two variables and (i) Intersecting (unique solution)
explain the meaning of simultaneous linear (ii) Parallel (no solution)
equations. (iii) Overlapping (infinite solutions)
6.3.2 Solve simultaneous linear equations in two Involve graphical and algebraic
variables using various methods. methods (substitution, elimination)
Use technological tools to explore
6.3.3 Solve problems involving simultaneous linear and check the answers.
equations in two variables.
53
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
7. LINEAR INEQUALITIES
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

7 HOURS
55
7. LINEAR INEQUALITIES
7.1 Inequalities 7.1.1 Compare the values of numbers, describe Use number lines to represent
inequality and hence, form algebraic inequality. inequality relations, „>‟, „<‟, „≥‟ and „≤‟.
Involve negative numbers.
7.1.2 Make generalisation about inequality related to Carry out exploratory activities.
(i) the converse and transitive properties,
Converse property  if a < b, then
additive and multiplicative inverse,
b > a.
(ii) basic arithmetic operations.
Transitive property  if a < b < c, then
a < c.
Additive inverse  if a < b, then
a > b.
Multiplicative inverse  if a < b, then
.
Basic arithmetic operations:

additions, subtractions,
multiplications or divisions when
performed on both sides.
7.2 Linear inequalities In one 7.2.1 Form linear inequalities based on daily life
variable situations, and vice-versa.
7.2.2 Solve problems involving linear inequalities in Number lines can be used to solve
one variable. problems.
7.2.3 Solve simultaneous linear inequalities in one

variable.
56
LEARNING AREA
MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
TITLE
8. LINES AND ANGLES
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

8 HOURS
59
8. LINES AND ANGLES
8.1 Lines and angles 8.1.1 Determine and explain the congruency of line
segments and angles.
8.1.2 Estimate and measure the size of line segments

and angles, and explain how the estimation is
obtained.
8.1.3 Recognise, compare and explain the properties of

angles on a straight line, reflex angles, and one
whole turn angles.
8.1.4 Describe the properties of complementary angles, Carry out exploratory activities.
supplementary angles and conjugate angles.
8.1.5 Solve problems involving complementary angles,

supplementary angles and conjugate angles.
8.1.6 Construct Use

(i) line segments, a) compasses and straight edge
(ii) perpendicular bisectors of line segments, tool only,
(iii) perpendicular line to a straight line, b) any geometrical tools,
(iv) parallel lines c) geometry software
and explain the rationale of construction steps. for constructions.
8.1.7 Construct angles and angle bisectors, and explain Use the angle of 60 as the first
the rationale of construction steps. example for construction using
compasses and straightedge tool
only.
60
8. LINES AND ANGLES
8.2 Angles related to 8.2.1 Identify, explain and draw vertically opposite
intersecting lines angles and adjacent angles at intersecting lines,
including perpendicular lines.
8.2.2 Determine the values of angles related to

intersecting lines, given the values of other angles.
8.2.3 Solve problems involving angles related to

intersecting lines.
8.3 Angles related to parallel 8.3.1 Recognise, explain and draw parallel lines and
lines and transversals transversals.
8.3.2 Recognise, explain and draw corresponding

angles, alternate angles and interior angles.
8.3.3 Determine whether two straight lines are parallel

based on the properties of angles related to
transversals.
8.3.4 Determine the values of angles related to parallel

lines and transversals, given the values of other
angles.
8.3.5 Recognise and represent angles of elevation and

angles of depression in real-life situations.
8.3.6 Solve problems involving angles related to parallel Include angles of elevation and
lines and transversals. angles of depression.
61
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
9. BASIC POLYGONS
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

6 HOURS
63
9. BASIC POLYGONS
9.1 Polygons 9.1.1 State the relationship between the number of Carry out exploratory activities.
sides, vertices and diagonals of polygons.
9.1.2 Draw polygons, label vertices of polygons and

name the polygons based on the labeled vertices.
9.2 Properties of triangles 9.2.1 Recognise and list geometric properties of various Geometric properties include the
and the interior and types of triangles. Hence classify triangles based number of axes of symmetry.
exterior angles of on geometric properties.
Involve various methods of
triangles
exploration such as the use of
dynamic software.
9.2.2 Make and verify conjectures about Use various methods including the
(i) the sum of interior angles, use of dynamic software.
(ii) the sum of interior angle and adjacent exterior
angle,
(iii) the relation between exterior angle and the
sum of the opposite interior angles
of a triangle.
9.2.3 Solve problems involving triangles.
9.3 Properties of 9.3.1 Describe the geometric properties of various types Geometric properties include the
quadrilaterals and the of quadrilaterals. Hence classify quadrilaterals number of axes of symmetry.
interior and exterior based on the geometric properties.
Involve various exploratory methods
angles of quadrilaterals
such as the use of dynamic
software.
64
9. BASIC POLYGONS
9.3.2 Make and verify the conjectures about Use various methods including the
(i) the sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral, use of dynamic software.
(ii) the sum of interior angle and adjacent exterior
angle of a quadrilateral, and
(iii) the relationship between the opposite angles
in a parallelogram.
9.3.3 Solve problems involving quadrilaterals.
9.3.4 Solve problems involving the combinations of

triangles and quadrilaterals.
65
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
10. PERIMETER AND AREA
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

6 HOURS
67
10. PERIMETER AND AREA
10.1 Perimeter 10.1.1 Determine the perimeter of various shapes when Various shapes including those
the side lengths are given or need to be measured. involving straight lines and curves.
10.1.2 Estimate the perimeter of various shapes, and

then evaluate the accuracy of estimation by
comparing with the measured value.
10.1.3 Solve problems involving perimeter.
10.2 Area of triangles, 10.2.1 Estimate area of various shapes using various Including the use of 1 unit × 1 unit
parallelograms, kites and methods. grid paper.
trapeziums
10.2.2 Derive the formulae of the area of triangles, Carry out exploratory activities
parallelograms, kites and trapeziums based on the involving concrete materials or the
area of rectangles. use of dynamic software
10.2.3 Solve problems involving areas of triangles,

parallelograms, kites, trapeziums and the
combinations of these shapes.
10.3 Relationship between 10.3.1 Make and verify the conjecture about the
perimeter and area relationship between perimeter and area.
10.3.2 Solve problems involving perimeter and area of

triangles, rectangles, squares, parallelograms,
kites, trapeziums and the combinations of these
shapes.
68
LEARNING AREA
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
TITLE
11. INTRODUCTION TO SET
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

4 HOURS
71
11.1 Set 11.1.1 Explain the meaning of set. Carry out sorting and classifying
activities including those involving
real-life situations.
11.1.2 Describe sets using: Including empty set and its symbol,
(i) description, { } and .
(ii) listing, and
(iii) set builder notation. Involve the use of set notation.
Example of set builder notation:
A = {x: x ≤ 10, x is even number}
11.1.3 Identify whether an object is an element of a set Introduce the symbols  and .
and represent the relation using symbol.
11.1.4 Determine the number of elements of a set and Introduce the symbol n(A).
represent the number of elements using symbol.
11.1.5 Compare and explain whether two or more sets

are equal, hence, make generalisation about the
equality of sets.
11.2 Venn diagrams, 11.2.1 Identify and describe universal sets and Introduce symbols for universal set
universal sets, complement of a set. (), complement of a set (A‟) and
complement of a set and subset ().
72

subsets
11.2.2 Represent
(i) the relation of a set and universal set, and
(ii) complement of a set
using Venn diagrams.
11.2.3 Identify and describe the possible subsets of a set.
11.2.4 Represent subsets using Venn diagrams.
11.2.5 Represent the relations between sets, subsets,

universal sets and complement of a set using
Venn diagrams.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
PERFORMANCE LEVEL DESCRIPTOR
1 Demonstrate the basic knowledge of sets.
2 Demonstrate the understanding of sets.
3 Apply the understanding of sets.
73
LEARNING AREA
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
TITLE
12. DATA HANDLING
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

10 HOURS
75
12. DATA HANDLING
12.1 Data collection, 12.1.1 Generate statistical questions and collect relevant Use statistical inquiry approach for
organization and data. this topic.
representation process,
and interpretation of data Statistical Inquiry
representation 1. Posing / formulating real life
problems
2. Planning and collecting data
3. Organising data
4. Displaying / representing data
5. Analysing data
6. Interpretation and conclusion
7. Communicating results
Statistical questions : questions that
can be answered by collecting data
and where there will be variability in
that data.
Involve real life situations.
Collect data using various methods
such as interview, survey,
experiment and observation.
12.1.2 Classify data as categorical or numerical and Numerical data : discrete or

construct frequency tables. continuous
76
12. DATA HANDLING
12.1.3 Construct data representation for ungrouped data Data representation including
and justify the appropriateness of a data various types of bar charts, pie
representation. chart, line graph, dot plot and stem-
and-leaf plot.
Use various methods to construct
data representations including the
use of software.
12.1.4 Convert a data representation to other suitable

data representations with justification.
12.1.5 Interpret various data representations including Involve histograms and frequency
making inferences or predictions. polygons.
12.1.6 Discuss the importance of representing data

ethically in order to avoid confusion.
77
LEARNING AREA
TITLE
13. THE PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

5 HOURS
79
13. THE PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
13.1 The Pythagoras theorem 13.1.1 Identify and define the hypotenuse of a right-
angled triangle.
13.1.2 Determine the relationship between the sides of Carry out exploratory activities by
right-angled triangle. Hence, explain the involving various methods including
Pythagoras theorem by referring to the the use of dynamic software.
relationship.
13.1.3 Determine the lengths of the unknown side of Determine the length of sides by
(i) a right-angled triangle. applying the Pythagoras theorem.
(ii) combined geometric shapes.
13.1.4 Solve problems involving the Pythagoras theorem.
13.2 The converse of 13.2.1 Determine whether a triangle is a right-angled

Pythagoras theorem triangle and give justification based on the
converse of the Pythagoras theorem.
13.2.2 Solve problems involving the converse of the

Pythagoras theorem.
80

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KURIKULUM STANDARD SEKOLAH MENENGAH

1. Rational Numbers .................................................................................................................................. 27

2. Factors and Multiples ............................................................................................................................. 33

3. Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots ..…………….............................................................. 37

4. Ratios, Rates dan Proportions ............................................................................................................... 43

5. Algebraic Expressions ........................................................................................................................... 47

6. Linear Equations .................................................................................................................................... 51

7. Linear Inequalities .................................................................................................................................. 55

8. Lines and Angles ................................................................................................................................... 59

9. Basic Polygons ...................................................................................................................................... 63

10. Perimeter and Area ................................................................................................................................ 67

11. Introduction to Set .................................................................................................................................. 71

12. Data Handling ........................................................................................................................................ 75

13. The Pythagoras Theorem ...................................................................................................................... 79

SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

1.1.3 Represent integers on a number lines and make

1.1.4 Compare and arrange integers in order.

1.2.2 Multiply and divide integers using various

1.2.3 Perform computations involving combined basic

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

1.3.2 Compare and arrange positive and negative

1.3.3 Perform computations involving combined basic

1.3.4 Solve problems involving positive and negative

1.4.2 Compare and arrange positive and negative

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

1.4.3 Perform computations involving combined basic

1.4.4 Solve problems involving positive and negative

1.5.2 Perform computations involving combined basic

1.5.3 Solve problems involving rational numbers.

SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

2. FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

2.1.2 Determine and list the prime factors of a whole

SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

3. SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

3.1.4 Determine the square of a number with and

3. SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

3.1.6 Determine the square roots of a positive number

3.1.7 Estimate Discuss ways to improve the

3.1.9 Pose and solve problems involving squares and

3. SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

3.2.4 Determine the cube of a number with and without

3.2.6 Determine the cube root of a number using

3.2.7 Estimate Discuss ways to improve the

3.2.8 Solve problems involving cubes and cube roots.

3.2.9 Perform computations involving addition,

SUGGESTED T&L HOURS

4. RATIO, RATES AND PROPORTION

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

4.1 Ratio 4.1.1 Represent the relation between three quantities in

Involve conversion of units.

Rate is a special case of ratio that

4. RATIO, RATES AND PROPORTION

CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING STANDARDS NOTES

4.3.2 Determine an unknown value in a proportion. Use various methods including

4.4.2 Determine the ratio or the related value given

4.4.3 Determine the value related to a rate.

4.4.4 Solve problems involving ratios, rates and