الفصل الأول - طرق التعبير عن التركيز PDF

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ‬
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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫اﻟﺬرة ‪: atom‬‬
‫ھﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت دون أن ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ‪ .‬وذرات‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف ذراﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪ :‬ذرة أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ ،O‬ذرة ﻧﺤﺎس ‪ ، Cu‬ذرة زﺋﺒﻖ ‪ ،Hg‬ذرة ﻛﺮﺑﻮن ‪.C‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰيء ‪: Molecule‬‬
‫أﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة )ﻋﻨﺼﺮاً أو ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎً( وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻧﻔﺮاد وﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻤﺎدة‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرة ‪: Mono Atomic Molecules‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرة واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪ :‬ﺟﺰيء ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم ‪ ،He‬ﺟﺰيء ﻧﯿﻮن ‪ ، Ne‬ﺟﺰيء آرﺟﻮن ‪ ، Ar‬ﺟﺰيء ﻛﺮﯾﺒﺘﻮن‬
‫‪.Kr‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ)‪ :(He‬ذرة ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم أو ﺟﺰيء ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرات ‪: Diatomic Molecules‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬وھﻲ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪ :‬ﺟﺰيء اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫‪ ، H2‬ﺟﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ ، O2‬ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،N2‬ﺟﺰيء ﻓﻠﻮر ‪ ،F2‬ﺟﺰيء ﻛﻠﻮر‬
‫‪ ، Cl2‬ﺟﺰيء ﺑﺮوم ‪ ، Br2‬ﺟﺰيء ﯾﻮد ‪.I2‬‬
‫ج( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺬرات ‪: Polyatomic Molecules‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذرﺗﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪ :‬ﺟﺰيء اﻷوزون ‪ ، O3‬ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪ ، S8‬ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮر ‪.P4‬‬
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‫د( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ‪: Molecules of Compounds‬‬

‫وھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮي ذرات ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬وﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪ :‬ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء ‪ ،H2O‬ﺟﺰي اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫‪.C6H12O6‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪Properties of Matter‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪: Physical Properties‬‬

‫ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراﻛﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮاس‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن – اﻟﻄﻌﻢ – اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ – درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن – درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ – اﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎن – اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ – اﻟﻮزن –‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪: Chemical Properties‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ – اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪Change of Matter‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ‪: Physical Change‬‬

‫ھﻮ دون ﻇﺎھﺮي ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة دون أن ﯾﻔﻘﺪھﺎ ھﻮﯾﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء – ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء – ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء – اﻧﺼﮭﺎر اﻟﺜﻠﺞ – ﺗﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء – ﻛﺴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎج – ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ‪: Chemical Change‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﻓﯿﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى ذات ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
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‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻔﺤﻢ – اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ – اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ – ﺻﺪأ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ )‪Atomic Weight (Aw‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن اﻟﺬرات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﻮزن ذرة اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ ،1.67 × 10-24 g‬ووزن ذرة اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪.(2.66 × 10-23 g‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ھﺬه اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً أﻣﺮ ﻏﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ أوزان اﻟﺬرات ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ أوزان ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬرات‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً اﻷوزان اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬرات ھﻲ )‪ (H, C, O‬ھﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ )‪(1, 12, 16‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺿﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ وﺣﺪة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪ atomic mass unit‬وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎراً)‪ (a m u‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ( ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪1 amu : H‬‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ( ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪16 amu : O‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻷوزان اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬرات وأن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺬري )‪ (a m u‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪1 a m u = 1.661 × 10-24 g :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ‪:‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪدت ﺑـ ‪ 12‬وﺣﺪة‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ذرات اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ذرﯾﺔ )‪ (a m u‬أو ﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑـ )‪.(u‬‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ = )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮه اﻷول × ﻧﺴﺒﺔ وﺟﻮده( ‪) +‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮه اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ × ﻧﺴﺒﺔ وﺟﻮده( ‪....................... +‬‬
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‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١‬‬
‫ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪24.6 %‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫‪Cl‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ، 75.4 %‬ﻛﻠﻮر‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫‪Cl‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮر‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ (Aw‬ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮر؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪ 75.4‬‬ ‫‪  24.6‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Aw Cl = ‬‬ ‫‪× 35  + ‬‬ ‫‪× 37  = 35.49 u‬‬
‫‪ 100‬‬ ‫‪  100‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫‪Molecular Weight and Formula Weight‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪: Molecular Weight‬‬

‫ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء‪ ،‬وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ .Mw‬وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪C6H12O6‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ وزن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ‪: Formula Weight‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺬرات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﯿﻐﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ .Fw‬وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫وزن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت أو ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫)ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم( ‪.NaCl‬‬
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‫ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
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‫ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‬/‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‬
(٢) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
: ‫ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬Mw ‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬

N2, NO, C2H6, N2O4, C8H18O4N2S, CO2, H2O2, Ca(NO3)2,
Al2(CO3)3, MgSO4.7H2O, C8H10N4O2, C6H12O6, H2SO4, C2H5OH,
Zn(NO3)2.
: ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24.3, Al = 27, S = 32.1,
Ca = 40.1, Zn = 65.4)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw N2 = ( 2 × 14 ) = 28 amu
Mw NO = (14 ) + (16 ) = 30 amu
Mw C2H6 = ( 2 × 12 ) + ( 6 × 1) = 30 amu
Mw N2O4 = ( 2 × 14 ) + ( 4 × 16 ) = 92 amu
Mw C8H18O4 N2S = ( 8 × 12) + (18 × 1) + ( 4 × 16) + ( 2 × 14) + ( 32) = 238 amu
Mw CO2 = (12 ) + ( 2 × 16) = 44 amu
Mw H2O2 = ( 2 × 1) + ( 2 × 16) = 34 amu
Mw Ca(NO3 )2 = ( 40.1) + 2 ( (14 ) + ( 3 × 16) ) = 164.1 amu
Mw Al2 (CO3 )3 = ( 2 × 27 ) + 3 ( (12 ) + ( 3 × 16) ) = 234 amu
Mw MgSO4 .7H2 O = ( 24.3) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 × 16) + 7 ( ( 2 × 1) + (16) ) = 246.4 amu
Mw C8H10 N4O2 = ( 8 × 12 ) + (10 × 1) + ( 4 × 14) + ( 2 × 16) = 194 amu
Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 × 12 ) + (12 × 1) + ( 6 × 16) = 180 amu
Mw H2SO4 = ( 2 × 1) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 × 16) = 98.1 amu
Mw C2H5OH = ( 2 × 12 ) + ( 5 × 1) + (16) + (1) = 46 amu
Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = ( 65.4 ) + 2 ( (14 + 3 × 16) ) = 189.4 amu
19
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‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ وزن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ‪ Fw‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪NaCl, Na2SO4 :‬‬

‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Cl = 35.5, S = 32, Na = 23, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Fw NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 amu‬‬

‫‪Fw Na 2SO4 = (2 × 23) + 32 + (4 × 16) =142 amu‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ أﯾﻀﺎً وزن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ‪The mole‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻮل ھﻮ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو)‪ (NA‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫أو اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ‪...‬اﻟﺦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ )‪(NA‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﺎدة )ﺳﻮاء ً ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ذرات‪ ،‬أﯾﻮﻧﺎت‪ (..............‬ﯾﺤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد‬
‫أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻣﻨﮭﺎ )‪.(NA = 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫‪N A = 6.022 × 10 23‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﺬرة واﺣﺪة وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺼﻐﺮھﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫أن ﻧﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أي‬
‫ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 6.022 × 1023‬ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً أن وزن اﻟﻤﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات‪ ،‬وﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻋﺪدﯾﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪Molar Mass‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ووﺣﺪﺗﮭﺎ ‪g/mol‬‬

‫وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮫ ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺈن ﻟﮫ اﻟﻮزن ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫)‪(amu‬إﻻ أن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ھﻲ ‪ g/mol‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪ amu‬وﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮزن ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ Mw‬ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪g/mol‬‬

‫‪N2, NO, C2H6, N2O4, C8H18O4N2S, CO2, H2O2, Ca(NO3)2, Al2(CO3)3,‬‬
‫‪MgSO4.7H2O, C8H10N4O2, C6H12O6, H2SO4, C2H5OH, Zn(NO3)2.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24.3, Al = 27, S = 32.1,‬‬
‫‪Ca = 40.1,‬‬ ‫)‪Zn = 65.4‬‬
‫‪21‬‬

22
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw N2 = ( 2 × 14 ) = 28 g/mol
Mw NO = (14 ) + (16 ) = 30 g/mol
Mw C2 H6 = ( 2 × 12 ) + ( 6 × 1) = 30 g/mol
Mw N2O4 = ( 2 × 14 ) + ( 4 × 16 ) = 92 g/mol
Mw C8H18O4 N2S = ( 8 × 12 ) + (18 × 1) + ( 4 × 16 ) + ( 2 × 14) + ( 32.1) = 238.1 g/mol
Mw CO2 = (12 ) + ( 2 × 16 ) = 44 g/mol
Mw H2O2 = ( 2 × 1) + ( 2 × 16 ) = 34 g/mol
Mw Ca(NO3 )2 = ( 40.1) + 2 ( (14 ) + ( 3 × 16) ) = 164.1 g/mol
Mw Al2 (CO3 )3 = ( 2 × 27 ) + 3 ( (12 ) + ( 3 × 16 ) ) = 234 g/mol
Mw MgSO4 .7H2 O = ( 24.3) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 × 16 ) + 7 ( ( 2 × 1) + (16 ) ) = 246.4 g/mol
Mw C8H10 N4O2 = ( 8 × 12 ) + (10 × 1) + ( 4 × 14 ) + ( 2 × 16) = 194 g/mol
Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 × 12 ) + (12 × 1) + ( 6 × 16 ) = 180 g/mol
Mw H2SO4 = ( 2 × 1) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 × 16 ) = 98.1 g/mol
Mw C2 H5OH = ( 2 × 12 ) + ( 5 × 1) + (16) + (1) = 46 g/mol
Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = ( 65.4 ) + 2 ( (14 + 3 × 16) ) = 189.4 g/mol
‫( ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻮزن ﻟﻤ ﻮل‬K, Ar, Ne, Al, Fe,…..) ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺬرات اﻷﺣﺎدﯾ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬
. Aw ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ورﻣﺰه‬
22

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات )‪ (K, S, O‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪.K2SO4‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ K2SO4‬ﯾﺤﻮي ‪6.022 ×1023 molecules‬‬

‫• ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ K‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪: K2SO4‬‬
‫‪2 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.2046 × 1024 atoms‬‬
‫• ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪ S‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ K2SO4‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫• ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪: K2SO4‬‬
‫‪4 × 6.022 × 1023 = 2.4092 × 1024 atoms of O‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪O‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ذرات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ذرات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪S‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪K‬‬ ‫‪K2SO4‬‬ ‫‪K2SO4‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪4 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪2 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪1 mol‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫) ‪2 × (4 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫) ‪2 × (6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫) ‪2 × (2 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪2 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪2 mol‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (4 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫) ‪2 × (6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (2 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪3 × 6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪3 mol‬‬
‫‪23‬‬

‫‪24‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت = وزن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام )‪ (g‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮل‬
‫)‪m (g‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g/mol‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : n‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫‪ : m‬وزن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬
‫‪ : Mw‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪g/mol‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )أو اﻟﺬرات أو اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت( ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫)‪N (atoms , molecules, ions‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.022 × 10 23‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت × ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫‪N = n NA‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت = اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬

‫)‪n = M V(L‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : M‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ‪mol/L‬‬
‫‪ : V‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪة )‪ (ml or cm3‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1000‬أي ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪n = M ×  ml or cm ‬‬
‫‪ 1000 ‬‬
‫‪24‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ NaHCO3‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪420 g‬؟‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + ( 3 ×16 ) = 84 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪420 g‬‬
‫= ‪n NaHCO3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪84 g mol -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (1500 molecules‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪C12H22O11‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.49 × 10 -21 mol‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.022 × 10‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن )‪ (0.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﺎﺋﯿﻦ )‪(C8H10N4O2‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ‪(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ أوﻻً ‪:‬‬

‫‪Mw C8H10 N 4O2 = ( 8 × 12 ) + (10 × 1) + ( 4 × 14) + ( 2 × 16) = 194 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m = n Mw‬‬
‫‪m = 0.2 × 194 = 38‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪ 1.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮن)‪.(SiO2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪N = n . NA‬‬
‫‪N = 1.2 × 6.02 × 10 23 = 7.22 × 10 23 molecules‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (18 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز )‪(C6H12O6‬؟‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 × 12 ) + (12 × 1) + ( 6 × 16 ) + (6 × 16 ) = 180 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 180‬‬
‫‪N = n x NA‬‬
‫‪⇒ N = 0.1 × 6.022 × 10 23 = 6.022 × 10 22 molecules‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (48 g‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫أ( ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪(O‬‬
‫ب( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪(O2‬‬
‫ج( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷوزون )‪.(O3‬‬
‫‪26‬‬

‫‪27‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ (AwO = 16 g/mol ) :‬ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ Aw‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪(atomic weight‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬ﻟﺬرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mO‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw O‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪: O2‬‬

‫‪MwO2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻸوزون )‪: (O3‬‬

‫‪MwO3 = 3 × 16 = 48 g/mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷوزون ‪:‬‬
‫‪mO3‬‬ ‫‪48 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O3‬‬ ‫‪48 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن ذرة اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )‪(NA = 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪27‬‬

28
N 1 atom
nO = = = 1.66 × 10-24 mol
N A 6.022 × 10 atoms mol
23 -1
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

m = n Aw
m = 1.66 × 10-24 mol × 16 g mol-1
m = 2.66 × 10-23 g
2.66 × 10- 23 g
m= -1
= 2.66 × 10-26 kg
1000 g Kg
(١٣) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
: ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ذرات أو ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

1.2 mol C6H12O6 (‫أ‬
20 g Ca (‫ب‬
0.5 mol OH- (‫ج‬
(NA = 6.022 × 1023) ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
1.2 mol ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬C6H12O6 ‫أ( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬

N
n=
NA
N = n NA
N = 1.2 mol × 6.022 × 1023 molecules mol-1
N = 7.2 × 1023 molecules
28

‫‪29‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ )‪: (20 g Ca‬‬

‫‪N atoms‬‬
‫= ‪n Ca‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪N atoms = n Ca × N A‬‬
‫‪mCa‬‬
‫= ‪N atoms‬‬ ‫‪× NA‬‬
‫‪Aw‬‬
‫‪ 20 g ‬‬
‫‪N atoms = ‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪× 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪ 40 g mol ‬‬
‫‪N atoms = 3.01 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫ج( ﻋﺪد أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5 mol‬ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬

‫‪N OH-‬‬
‫= ‪n OH-‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪N OH- = n OH- × NA‬‬
‫‪N OH- = 0.5 × 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫‪N OH- = 3.01 × 1023 ions‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤‬‬
‫أي اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ )‪: (S‬‬
‫أ( ‪8 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫ب( )‪0.2 mol (S‬‬
‫ج( )‪5 g (S‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )‪(NA = 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﯿﻦ ب‪ ،‬ج ﺗﺤﻮل وﺣﺪاﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ذرات ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ )‪: 0.2 mol of (S‬‬
‫‪29‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫‪N atoms‬‬
‫= ‪nS‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪N atoms = n S × N A‬‬
‫‪N atoms = 0.2 mol × 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol-1‬‬
‫‪N atoms = 1.2 × 10 23 atoms‬‬
‫ج( )‪: 5 g of (S‬‬

‫‪N atoms‬‬
‫= ‪ns‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪N atoms = n S × N A‬‬
‫‪ m ‬‬
‫‪N atoms =  S  × N A‬‬
‫‪ Aw S ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪N atoms = ‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪× 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫‪ 32 g mol ‬‬
‫‪N atoms = 0.94 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮة أ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪: solution‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬﯾﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ )‪ ،(m1‬وﻣﻦ ﻣﺬاب ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ )‪.( m2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ )‪ (diluted solution‬ھﻮ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪: (concentrated solution‬‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪30‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت )ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﯿﺔ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم )‪ (NaCl‬ﻋﻨﺪ ذوﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺘﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻰ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪NaCl(S) ‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫)‪→ Na + (aq) + Cl- (aq‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﯿﺔ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻋﻨﺪ ذوﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺘﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪C6 H12 O 6 ‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫)‪→ C6 H12 O 6 (aq‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر واﻷﻧﮭﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪31‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ‬

‫‪METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﻌﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ (٢‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ (٤‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ (٥‬اﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫وھﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق أﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎً وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻗﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ (٤‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺍﺏ ‪Weight Percentage‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ ‪ 100 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل(‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺘﮭﺎ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺬاب ) ‪(m 2‬‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤ‬
‫× ‪100‬‬ ‫ﺬاب =‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴ‬
‫ﻮل ) ‪(m s o l‬‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠ‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪W t % m2‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪m so l‬‬
‫ﺬاب ) ‪(m 1‬‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤ‬
‫× ‪100‬‬ ‫ﺬﯾﺐ =‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴ‬
‫ﻮل ) ‪(m s o l‬‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠ‬
‫‪m1‬‬
‫= ‪W t % m1‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪m so l‬‬
‫‪32‬‬

‫‪33‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : m1‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ )‪ (msolvent‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام‬
‫‪ : m2‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪ (msolute‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام‬
‫‪ : msol‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Wt % m‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب)‪.(solute‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ :‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ)‪.(solvent‬‬ ‫‪Wt % m1‬‬
‫وﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪ (msol‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪ (m2‬واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ )‪: (m1‬‬

‫‪msol = m1 + m2‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل إذا ﻋﺮف ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫= ‪dsol‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪msol = d sol . Vsol‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : dsol‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (g/ml‬أو ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪(g/L‬‬
‫‪ : msol‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام )‪. (g‬‬
‫‪ : Vsol‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ )‪ (ml‬أو اﻟﺴﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ )‪ (cm3‬أو اﻟﺪﺳﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ )‪ (dm3‬أو ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ )‪ (L‬أو اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ )‪(m3‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ھﺬه ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 L = 1 × 106 cm3 = 1 × 106 ml‬‬
‫) ‪⇒ (1 dm3 = 1 L ) and (1 ml = 1 cm3‬‬
‫‪33‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪) (NaCl‬ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم( ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺬاب‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ )‪ (43 g‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (108 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %solute‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m NaCl‬‬
‫‪Wt %‬‬ ‫‪NaCl‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪mSol‬‬
‫‪43 g‬‬
‫‪Wt %‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪NaCl‬‬
‫) ‪( 43 g + 108 g‬‬
‫‪Wt % NaCl = 28.5 %‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬﯾﺐ وﻣﺬاب ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ إذا ﻋﺮﻓﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wt%solvent = 100 - Wt%solute‬‬
‫‪Wt% solute = 100 - Wt%solvent‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ ‪ 1.25 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ C2H5OH‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 11.6 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪،H2O‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪34‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل = ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ )‪ + (H2O‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪(C2H5OH‬‬
‫‪msol = mH2O + mC2 H5OH‬‬
‫‪msol = 11.6 g + 1.25 g = 12.85 g‬‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ‪: C2H5OH‬‬
‫‪mC2H5OH‬‬
‫= ‪Wt%C2H5OH‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪1.25‬‬
‫= ‪Wt% C2H5OH‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 9.73%‬‬
‫‪12.85‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪: H2O‬‬
‫‪m H 2O‬‬
‫= ‪Wt % H2O‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪11.6‬‬
‫= ‪Wt % H2O‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪12.85‬‬
‫‪Wt % H 2O = 90.27 %‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wt %solvent = 100 - Wt % solute‬‬

‫‪Wt %solvent = 100 - 9.73‬‬
‫‪Wt %solvent = 90.27 %‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ إذا ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫‪35‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪ (NaOH‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ )‪ (300 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬

‫)‪.(35.7% NaOH‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %solute‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m NaOH‬‬
‫= ‪Wt % NaOH‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m NaOH x 100 = Wt %‬‬ ‫‪NaOH‬‬ ‫‪× m sol‬‬
‫‪Wt % NaOH × msol‬‬
‫= ‪m NaOH‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪35.7 × 300 g‬‬
‫= ‪m NaOH‬‬ ‫‪= 107.1 g‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٨‬‬
‫ﯾﺮاد ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ذي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻗﺪره ‪ 24 %‬وزﻧﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز واﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪msol = 1 Kg = 1000 g‬‬

‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪Wt % × msol‬‬
‫= ‪m2‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪36‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن وزن اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪msucrose‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪24 × 1000‬‬
‫‪msucrose‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 240 g‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫وھﺬه ھﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب)‪ ،(m2‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪msol = m1 + m 2‬‬
‫‪m1 = msol - m2‬‬
‫‪m1 = 1000 - 240 = 760 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 5 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ‬
‫‪ 37.23%‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (1.19 g/cm3‬وﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(H = 1, Cl = 35.5‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m ‬‬
‫‪d sol =  sol ‬‬
‫‪ Vsol ‬‬
‫‪msol = dsol × Vsol‬‬
‫) ‪msol = (1.19 g/cm3 ) × ( 5 cm3‬‬
‫‪msol = 5.95 g‬‬
‫‪37‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪ (m2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫= ‪m2‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪37.23 × 5.95‬‬
‫= ‪mHCl‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪mHCl = 2.215g‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪: HCl‬‬

‫‪m HCl‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬
‫‪Mw HCl‬‬
‫‪2.215‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬
‫)‪(1 + 35.5‬‬
‫‪n HCl = 0.06 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪ (1.84 g/ml‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 98 %‬وزﻧﺎً اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻤﺾ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬اﻟﻨﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪: msol‬‬
‫‪38‬‬

‫‪39‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m 2 × 100‬‬
‫= ‪msol‬‬
‫‪Wt %‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4 × 100‬‬
‫= ‪msol‬‬
‫‪Wt %‬‬
‫‪40 × 100‬‬
‫= ‪msol‬‬ ‫‪= 40.82 g‬‬
‫‪98‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪: Vsol‬‬
‫‪m sol‬‬
‫= ‪d sol‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪m sol‬‬
‫= ‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪d sol‬‬
‫‪40.82 g‬‬
‫= ‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪1.84 g ml-1‬‬
‫‪Vsol = 22.185 ml‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 1.11 g/cm3‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫‪ HNO3‬ھﻲ ‪ 19 %‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 10 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪HNO3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫واﻟﺠﻮاب اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vsol = VH2SO4 = 47.414 cm3‬‬
‫‪39‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺗﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ‪ 70 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫ ‪ 17.9%‬وزﻧﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪(12.53 g, 57.47 g) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ‪ 5%‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaCl‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪3.2 g‬‬
‫‪NaCl‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪64 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٤‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ذو اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (1.84 g/ml‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪ 98%‬وزﻧ ﺎً‪ ،‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬اﻟﻨﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪22.185 ml :‬‬
‫‪40‬‬

‫‪41‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ )ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ(‬
‫‪Mole Fraction‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت أﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪ (n‬اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮫ )‪.(nt‬‬
‫وﺑﻔﺮض أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻮاد )‪ (A, B, C‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد )‪ (nA, nB, nC‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nA‬‬ ‫‪nB‬‬ ‫‪nC‬‬
‫= ‪XA‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫= ‪XB‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫= ‪XC‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫وﻣﺠﻤﻮع ھﺬه اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي داﺋﻤﺎً اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑X = 1‬‬
‫‪XA + XB + XC‬‬
‫‪nA‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪+ B + C = t =1‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫وﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺨﻮض ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻄﺮق ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﺑﻄﺮق ﻋﺪة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬
‫أو اﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أﺑﺴﻂ اﻟﻄﺮق ھﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪41‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ Mw‬ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ )‪ (molecular weight‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﮫ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/mol‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ذﻛﺮه‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٥‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪ Zn(NO3)2‬إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(Zn = 65.4, N =14, O =16‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟـ ‪ 127 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪.Zn(NO3)2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪: Zn(NO3)2‬‬

‫‪Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = (65.4) + (2 × 14) + (2 × 3 × 16) = 189.4 g/mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫‪m Zn(NO3 )2‬‬
‫= ‪n Zn(NO3 )2‬‬
‫‪Mw Zn(NO3 )2‬‬
‫‪127g‬‬
‫= ‪n Zn(NO3 )2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.67 mol‬‬
‫‪189.4 g / mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء )‪ ،(H2O‬و ﻟـ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(0.735 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم و )‪ (6 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪42‬‬

‫‪43‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫‪n t = n NaCl + n H2O‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.735 + 6‬‬
‫‪n t = 6.735 mol‬‬
‫‪n H2O‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ X H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.89‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪6.735‬‬
‫‪n NaCl‬‬ ‫‪0.735‬‬
‫= ‪X NaCl‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.11‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪6.735‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟـ ‪ NaCl‬ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑X = 1‬‬
‫‪X H 2O + X NaCl = 1‬‬
‫‪X NaCl = 1 - X H 2O‬‬
‫‪X NaCl = 1 - 0.89‬‬
‫‪X NaCl = 0.11‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 5 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪43‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
‫‪ m H2O ‬‬

‫‪n H2O = ‬‬
‫‪ Mw H O ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1000 g‬‬ ‫‪1000 g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 55.55 mol‬‬
‫‪(2 × 1 + 16) 18 g/mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n NaCl + n H2O‬‬

‫‪n t = 5 + 55.55 = 60.55 mol‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪:‬‬
‫‪n NaCl‬‬
‫= ‪X NaCl‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫= ‪X NaCl‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0826‬‬
‫‪60.55‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر ‪ H3PO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 12.25 g‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ ‪ 90 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16, H = 1, P = 31 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤﺬاب ﺛﻢ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫‪44‬‬

‫‪45‬‬
‫‪m H2 O‬‬
‫= ‪n H2 O‬‬
‫‪Mw H2O‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫= ‪n H2 O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5 mol‬‬
‫‪(2 × 1 + 16) 18‬‬
‫‪mH3PO4‬‬
‫= ‪n H3PO4‬‬
‫‪Mw H3PO4‬‬
‫‪12.25‬‬ ‫‪12.25‬‬
‫= ‪n H3PO4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.125 mol‬‬
‫)‪(3 × 1 + 31 + 4 × 16‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬
‫‪n t = n H2O + n H3PO4‬‬
‫‪n t = 5 + 0.125 = 5.125 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮر ‪:‬‬

‫‪n H3PO4‬‬
‫= ‪X H3PO4‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪0.125‬‬
‫= ‪X H3PO4‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0244‬‬
‫‪5.125‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٩‬‬
‫إذا أذﯾﺐ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 32%‬وزﻧﺎً‪) .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ أي وزن ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﻔﺮض أن وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 100 g‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺈن وزن اﻟﻤﺬاب اﻟﺬي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫ ‪ 32%‬ھﻮ ‪ 32 g‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن وزن اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪msol = m1 + m2‬‬
‫‪msol = m H2O + m NaOH‬‬
‫‪mH2O = msol - m NaOH‬‬
‫‪mH2O = 100 - 32 = 68 g‬‬
‫‪45‬‬

46
: ‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
: ‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء‬/ ً‫أوﻻ‬
m H2O
n H2O =
Mw H2O
68 g
n H2O =
(2 × 1 + 16)
68 g
n H2O =
18 g/mol
n H2O = 3.78 mol
: ‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬/ً‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
m NaOH
n NaOH =
Mw NaOH
32 g
n NaOH =
(23 + 16 + 1)
32 g
n NaOH =
40 g/mol
n NaOH = 0.8 mol
: ‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
n t = n H2O + n NaOH
n t = 3.78 + 0.8
n t = 4.58 mol
46

‫‪47‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n H2O‬‬
‫= ‪X H2 O‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪3.78‬‬
‫= ‪X H2 O‬‬ ‫‪= 0.825‬‬
‫‪4.58‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪X NaOH‬‬ ‫‪= NaOH‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪0.8‬‬
‫= ‪X NaOH‬‬ ‫‪= 0.175‬‬
‫‪4.58‬‬
‫وﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ وأن ﯾﺴﺎوي واﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪X H2O + X NaOH‬‬
‫‪0.825 + 0.175 = 1.00‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ھﻮ )‪.(0.3‬‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ‪Wt %‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻧﻌﻂ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤﺬاب‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﻔﺮض أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺴﺎوي واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪(nNaCl = 0.3 mol‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪47‬‬

48
n t = n H2O + n NaCl
n H2O = n t - n NaCl
n H2O = 1 - 0.3
n H2O = 0.7 mol
: ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬NaCl ‫وﯾﻜﻮن وزن‬

m NaCl
n NaCl =
Mw NaCl
m NaCl = n NaCl × Mw NaCl
m NaCl = 0.3 × (23 + 35.5)
m NaCl = 0.3 × 58.5 = 17.55 g
: ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ھﻮ‬H2O ‫ووزن اﻟﻤﺎء‬
m H 2O
n H2O =
Mw H2O
m H2O = n H2O × Mw H2O
m H2O = 0.7 × (2 × 1 + 16)
m H2O = 0.7 × 18
m H2O = 12.6 g
: (msol) ‫وﯾﺼﺒﺢ وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

msol = m H2O + m NaCl
msol = 12.6 + 17.55
msol = 30.15 g
48

‫‪49‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt %‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m NaCl‬‬
‫= ‪Wt % NaCl‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪17.55‬‬
‫= ‪Wt % NaCl‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪30.15‬‬
‫‪Wt % NaCl = 58.21 %‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣١‬‬
‫أذﯾ ﺐ ‪ 19.6 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻤ ﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳ ﻔﻮر ‪ H3PO4‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ ﯾ ﺼﺒﺢ وزن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 200 g‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ )اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = :‬‬
‫‪16, P = 31‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪(0.98, 0.02) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٢‬‬
‫إذا أذﯾ ﺐ ھﯿﺪروﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟﻜ ﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺬاب واﻟﻤ ﺬﯾﺐ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 32%‬وزﻧﺎً )اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪(0.825‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪, 0.175) :‬‬
‫‪49‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٣‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻠ ﺢ اﻟﻄﻌ ﺎم ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻟﻤ ﺎﺋﻲ ھ ﻮ ‪ ، 0.3‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪58.2% :‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﳌﻮﻻﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻲ(‬
‫‪Molality‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣ ﻮﻻت اﻟﻤ ﺬاب ) ‪(n 2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫وزن اﻟﻤ ﺬﯾﺐ ‪(m1 ) Kg‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫)‪m1(Kg‬‬
‫ووﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻮﻻل )‪ (molal‬أو ‪mol/Kg‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : m‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ورﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰاً ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ رﻣﺰ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪(m‬‬
‫‪ : n2‬ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب‬
‫‪ : m1‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺮام واﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 kg = 1000 g‬‬
‫‪50‬‬

‫‪51‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣ ﻮﻻت اﻟﻤ ﺬاب ) ‪(n 2‬‬
‫× ‪1000‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫وزن اﻟﻤ ﺬﯾﺐ ‪(m1 ) g‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪m1 (g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮه ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ )‪ (2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 800 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n1‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 2.5 molal‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ إذاﺑ ﺔ ‪ 20 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾ ﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaCl‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪90 g‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪) .‬اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5:‬‬
‫‪51‬‬

‫‪52‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫= ‪n NaCl‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.34 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪58.5‬‬
‫‪m 2 = msol. - m1‬‬
‫‪m 2 = 90 - 20 = 70 g‬‬
‫‪n1‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪0.34‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 4.86 molal‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ‪ (NH4)2SO4‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻠ ﺰم إذاﺑﺘﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 350 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻟﺘﻜ ﻮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪(0.3 molal‬؟‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H =1, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪m (NH 4 )2SO4 = 13.86 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪ (NaCl‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬إذا أذﯾﺐ ﻣﻨﮫ ‪ 43 g‬ﻓﻲ ‪108 g‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء )‪) .(H2O‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ NaCl‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﻮض ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪52‬‬

53
m NaCl
n NaCl =
Mw NaCl
43
n NaCl = = 0.74 mol
(23 + 35.45)
n × 1000
⇒ molality (m) = 2
m1 (g)
n NaCl × 1000
m=
m H 2O (g)
0.74 × 1000
m=
108
m = 6.8 molal (or 6.8 mol Kg -1 )
(٣٨) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
.‫( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬0.1 mol) ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﺣﻀﺮ ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ‬
(1g/cm3 = ‫)ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

m H2O
d H 2O =
VH 2O
m H 2O = d H 2O × VH 2O
m H 2O = (1g/cm 3 ) × (1000 cm 3 )
m H 2O = 1000 g
n2
⇒ molality = × 1000
m H 2O (g)
0.1 × 1000
m= = 0.1 molal
1000
53

‫‪54‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ ‪ 15 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ Na2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 125 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪،‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪) ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Na = 23, O = 16, S = 32 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب )ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ (Na2SO4‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m Na 2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪n Na 2SO4‬‬
‫‪Mw Na 2SO4‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫= ‪n Na 2SO4‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 23 + 32 + 4 × 16‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫= ‪n Na 2SO4‬‬
‫‪142‬‬
‫‪n Na 2SO4 = 0.106 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪m 2 (g‬‬
‫‪n Na 2SO4‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m H2O‬‬
‫‪0.106‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 0.84 molal‬‬
‫‪125‬‬
‫‪54‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ C6H12O6‬ﯾﻠﺰم إذاﺑﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ ‪ 150 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫‪) 0.2 molal‬اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪:‬‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m1‬‬
‫‪m . m1‬‬
‫= ‪n2‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪m . m H2O‬‬
‫= ‪n C6 H12O6‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫= ‪n C6 H12O6‬‬
‫‪( 0.2 molal ) × 150 g‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪n C6 H12O6 = 0.03 mol‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ وزن اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪:‬‬

‫‪m C6 H12O6‬‬
‫= ‪n C6 H12O6‬‬
‫‪Mw C6 H12O6‬‬
‫‪m C6 H12O6 = n C6H12O6 × Mw C6 H12O6‬‬
‫)‪m C6 H12O6 = 0.03 × (6 × 12 + 12 + 6 × 16‬‬
‫‪m C6 H12O6 = 0.03 × 180 = 5.4 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺬاب وﻣﺬﯾﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪NaOH‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪) 0.2 molal‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫‪55‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻧﻌﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ أي وزن ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤﺬاب‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ھﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ وھﻮ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫)‪ (0.2 molal‬وھﻮ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 0.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ ‪ 1000 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪(nNaOH = 0.2 mol‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m H 2O‬‬
‫= ‪n H 2O‬‬
‫‪Mw H2O‬‬
‫‪1000 g‬‬
‫= ‪n H 2O‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 1 + 16‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪n H 2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 55.5 6mol‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n H2O + n NaOH‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.2 + 55.56‬‬
‫‪n t = 55.76 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n H2O‬‬ ‫‪55.56‬‬
‫= ‪X H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.9964‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪55.76‬‬
‫‪n NaOH‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫= ‪X NaOH‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0036‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪55.76‬‬
‫‪56‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 57.5 cm3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ ‪ C2H5OH‬و ‪ 600 cm3‬ﺑﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬
‫‪ ، C6H6‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل ‪ 0.8 g/cm3‬وﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ‪0.9 g/cm3‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ وﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mC2 H5OH‬‬
‫= ‪d C2H5OH‬‬
‫‪VC2 H5OH‬‬
‫‪mC2 H5OH = d C2H5OH × VC2 H5OH‬‬
‫‪mC2 H5OH = 0.8 g cm -3 × 57.5 cm3‬‬
‫‪mC2 H5OH = 46 g‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m C6 H 6‬‬
‫= ‪d C6 H 6‬‬
‫‪VC6 H6‬‬
‫‪m C6 H6 = d C6 H6 × VC6H6‬‬
‫‪m C6 H6 = 0.9 g cm-3 × 600 cm3‬‬
‫‪m C6 H6 = 540 g‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب )اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﻲ واﻟﺬي ﺣﺠﻤﮫ أﻗﻞ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪57‬‬

‫‪58‬‬
‫‪m C2H5OH‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H5OH‬‬
‫‪Mw C2 H5OH‬‬
‫‪46 g‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H5OH‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 12 + 5 + 16 + 1‬‬
‫‪46 g‬‬
‫‪n C2 H5OH‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 mol‬‬
‫‪46 g mol-1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m1‬‬
‫‪n C2 H5OH‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪m C6 H 6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪540‬‬
‫‪m = 1.85 molal‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٣‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (938 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻤ ﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 200 ml‬ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ذي اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪) ،(1.2 g/ml‬اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪m = 0.43 molal :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ( ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻤ ﺎﺋﻲ ‪ NaOH‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿ ﺔ ﻟ ـ ‪ .(14%) NaOH‬اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾ ﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, :‬‬
‫)‪.Na = 23‬‬
‫‪58‬‬

‫‪59‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮض أن وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪ (msol = 100 g‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪Molality = 4.07 molal‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KOH‬اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ 40 %‬وزﻧﺎً(‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ب( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب‬
‫ج( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, K = 39 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪:‬‬
‫ج( ‪X H 2O = 0.823‬‬ ‫ب( ‪X KOH = 0.177‬‬ ‫أ( اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ = ‪11.9 molal‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺬﻛﺮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ ، 100 g‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ‪ 40%‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ 40 g‬ﻷن‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪100 g‬‬
‫‪59‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٦‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮوز ‪ C12H22O11‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮوز ‪0.25‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫أ( اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ب( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪Wt% = 86.36 % :‬‬ ‫أ( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪18.52 molal :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺨﻞ ‪ CH3COOH‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 10.2 molal‬اﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪ (٢‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮض أن وزن اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪1000 g‬‬

‫ب( ‪Wt % = 37.97‬‬ ‫أ( ‪X CH 3COOH = 0.155, X H 2O = 0.845‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ ،NaNO3‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﯿﮫ ‪،0.45‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪) .‬اﻓﺮض أن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل = ‪(1 mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ = ‪45.45 molal‬‬
‫‪60‬‬

‫‪61‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ(‬
‫‪Molarity‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻮﻻت اﻟﻤ ﺬاب ) ‪(n 2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾ ﺔ =‬
‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ)‪Vsol (L‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫= )‪Molarity ( M‬‬
‫)‪Vsol (L‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : Vsol‬ھﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫دورق ﻣﺤﺪود اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪61‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ أو اﻟﺴﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫‪ cm3‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫= )‪Molarity ( M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫) ‪Vsol (ml, cm3‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻮﻻر )‪ (molar‬وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ (M‬أو ‪) mol/L‬وﺑﺪون‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ )‪ (/‬ﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ mol/L‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪(mol L-1) :‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ‪ 1 L = 1 dm3‬ﻓﺈن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ‪1 mol L-1 = 1 mol dm-3 :‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﺪة ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪( M‬‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫)‪n 2 = M . Vsol(L‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪= M .Vsol‬‬
‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫‪m 2 = M . Vsol . Mw 2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪number of moles‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ‪ m = M. Vsol(L) . Mw :‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ذات ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪62‬‬

‫‪63‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﶈﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ Wt % ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × d × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪100 ‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : Wt %‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ : d‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪(g/ml‬‬
‫‪ : M‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪mol /L‬‬
‫‪ : Mw‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪.(g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 3 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز )‪ (C6H12O6‬ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪750 ml‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 4 mol/L‬‬
‫‪750‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ‪ 200 cm3‬ﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪ 2 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪(NaOH‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ .‬اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫‪63‬‬

‫‪64‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw NaOH = 40 +16 + 1= 40 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪n NaOH‬‬ ‫‪= = 0.05 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 40‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫= ‪× 1000‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 0.25 mol L-1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥١‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿ ﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾ ﺔ )‪ (mol/L‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪ 20 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻜﺮ اﻟﻘ ﺼﺐ‬

‫‪ C12H22O11‬ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ )‪ (125 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪1.02 g/ml‬‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw C12 H22O11 = (12 × 12) + (22 × 1) + (11 × 16) = 342 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫= ‪n C12 H22O11‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0585 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪342‬‬
‫‪msol = m1 + m 2 ∴ msol = 20 + 125 = 145 g‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫=‪⇒V‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 142.157 ml‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪0.0585‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫= ‪× 1000‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 0.412 molar‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪142.157‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٢‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء إذا أذﯾﺐ ﻣﻨﮫ )‪ (0.735 mol‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪.(650 ml‬‬
‫‪64‬‬

‫‪65‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪Vsol (ml‬‬
‫‪0.735‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪650‬‬
‫‪M =1.13 mol/L‬‬
‫) ‪M = 1.13 molar (M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم )‪ (CaCl2‬ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪2 L‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪n CaCl2‬‬ ‫‪2 mol‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 mol / L‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaCl2‬ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪500 ml‬‬
‫‪65‬‬

‫‪66‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (ml‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪Vsol(ml‬‬
‫‪n CaCl2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪Vsol(ml‬‬
‫‪2 mol‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪500 ml‬‬
‫)‪M = 4 mol/ L ( or 4 molar‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٥‬‬
‫إذا أذﯾﺐ ‪ 12 g‬ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻً ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ، 510 ml‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V ml‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪M = NaOH × 1000‬‬
‫‪Vml‬‬
‫‪ 12 g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪M= ‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪mol‬‬ ‫‪ × 1000  ml ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪510 ml‬‬ ‫‪ L ‬‬
‫‪M = 0.588 mol/L‬‬
‫‪66‬‬

‫‪67‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 300 ml‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (3.01 × 1023 molecules‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ‪(NA = 6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪3.01 × 10 23‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.500 mol‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.022 × 1023‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪0.500 mol‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪300 ml‬‬
‫‪M = 1.67 mol/L (or 1.67 molar),‬‬ ‫)‪(or 1.67 M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم )‪ (K2SO4‬ﺗﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬
‫)‪ ،(0.3 M‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(O = 16, S = 32, K = 39) :‬‬
‫‪67‬‬

‫‪68‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪Vml‬‬
‫‪n K 2SO4‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪Vml‬‬
‫‪ m K 2SO4 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 1000‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪M= ‬‬
‫‪K 2SO 4 ‬‬
‫‪Vml‬‬
‫‪m K 2SO4 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪Mw K 2SO4 Vml‬‬
‫‪M × Mw K 2SO4 × Vml‬‬
‫= ‪m K 2SO4‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪0.3 × (2 × 39 + 32 + 4 × 16) × 500‬‬
‫‪m K 2SO4‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪0.3 × 174 × 500‬‬
‫‪m K 2SO4‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪m K 2SO4‬‬ ‫‪= 26.1 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺔ ‪ 9 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪ (NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 80 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬اﺣﺴﺐ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ھﻲ ‪1.3 g/ml‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت وزن ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ووزن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪68‬‬

69
m NaCl
n NaCl =
Mw NaCl
m NaCl = n NaCl × Mw NaCl
m NaCl = 9 × (23 + 35.5) = 9 × 58.5 = 526.5 g
m H2O
n H 2O =
Mw H2O
m H2O = n H2O × Mw H2O
m H2O = 80 × (2 × 1 + 16) = 80 × 18 = 1440 g
: ‫وﯾﻜﻮن وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

msol = m NaCl + mH2O
msol = 526.5 + 1440
msol = 1966.5 g
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

msol
dsol =
Vsol
msol
Vsol =
dsol
1966.5 g
Vsol = = 1512.69 ml
1.3 g ml-1
: ‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

n2
M= × 1000
Vsol ml
n NaCl
M= × 1000
Vsol ml
9
M= × 1000 = 5.95 mol L-1
1512.69
69

‫‪70‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (0.12 M‬وﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.00756 mol‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪(HClO4‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪Vsol (ml‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪0.00756‬‬
‫= ‪Vsol‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 63 ml‬‬
‫‪0.12‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ‪ (CuSO4) II‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (0.22 M‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ‪ II‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻗﺪره )‪(125 cm3‬‬
‫ب( ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ‪ II‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ‪II‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(O = 16, S = 32.1, Cu = 63.5‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ CuSO4‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪: (125 cm3‬‬
‫‪70‬‬

71
n2
M= × 1000
Vsol (cm 3 )
n CuSO4
M= × 1000
Vsol (cm 3 )
M .Vsol (cm 3 )
n CuSO4 =
1000
0.22 × 125
n CuSO4 = = 0.0275 mol
1000
: ‫ب( ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
n2
M=
Vsol (L)
n CuSO4
M=
Vsol (L)
n CuSO 4 = M . Vsol (L)
 m CuSO 4 
  = M . Vsol (L)
 Mw CuSO 4 
m CuSO 4 = M × Mw CuSO 4 × Vso (L)

m CuSO 4 = 0.22 × (63.5 + 32.1 + 4 × 16) × 1 = 35.112 g
: CuSO4 ‫ج( ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬
n CuSO4
M= × 1000
Vsol (cm3 )
n CuSO4
Vsol (cm3 ) = × 1000
M
1 mol
Vsol (cm3 ) = × 1000 = 4545.45 cm3
0.22 M
Vsol (cm3 ) = 4.55 L
71

‫‪72‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦١‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KMnO4‬اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 300 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KMnO4‬اﻟﺬي ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺘﮫ ‪0.35 molar‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫= ‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪0.35 × 300‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪= 0.105 mol‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪Mw KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + (4 × 16) = 158 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪0.105‬‬ ‫‪⇒ m = 0.105 × 158 = 16.59 g‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٢‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾ ﺔ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺣﻤ ﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿ ﻚ اﻟ ﺬي ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘ ﮫ ‪ 1.2 g/ml‬وﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪30 %‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ ‪ ،H2SO4‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ واﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪72‬‬

73
 % 
  × d × 1000
M=  100 
Mw H2SO4
 30 
 × 1.2 g ml × 1000
-1

M= 
100 
(2 × 1) + 32 + (4 × 16)
0.3 × 1.2 × 1000
M= = 3.67 molar
98
(٦٣) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
0.2 M ‫ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه‬K2SO4 ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم‬
(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39) : ‫ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬.(1.1 g/cm3) ‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
 Wt% 
  × d × 1000
M=  100 
Mw K 2SO4
 Wt% 
 × 1.1 g ml × 1000
-1

0.2 = 
100 
(2 × 39) + 32 + (4 × 16)
 Wt%  0.2 × 174
 =
 100  1.1 × 1000
0.2 × 174 × 100
Wt% =
1.1 × 1000
Wt% = 3.16 %
73

‫‪74‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ )‪ (30%‬وزﻧﺎً ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 0.982 g/cm3‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ب( ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬ ‫أ( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ‪NH3‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16, H = 1, N = 14) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ب( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪M = 17.33 mol/L :‬‬ ‫أ( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪0.312 :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٥‬‬
‫أذﯾﺐ ‪ 168 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪ ZnSO4‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 395 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪ H2O‬ﻟﯿﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻً ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 0.41 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(Zn = 65.4, S = 32.1, O = 16‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ب( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ج( اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬
‫د( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤﺬاب‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪2.63 molal :‬‬

‫ب( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪Wt% = 29.84 % :‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪M = 2.537 molar :‬‬
‫د( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ‪X ZnSO4 = 0.045 :‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪X H 2 O = 0.955 :‬‬
‫‪74‬‬

‫‪75‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (20 g H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (80 g H2SO4‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1.143 g/ml‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ب( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ج( اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬
‫د( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤﺬاب‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪.(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32.1) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪m = 2.55 molal :‬‬

‫ب( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪Wt % = 20 % :‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪M = 2.33 molar :‬‬
‫د( اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪X H 2O = 0.956 ، X H SO = 0.044 :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺔ × اﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿ ﺔ × ‪1000‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾ ﺔ =‬
‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾ ﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺬاب × ‪100‬‬
‫‪Wt % × d × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪Mw × 100‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (d‬ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن )‪ (g/cm3‬أو )‪(g/ml‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪76‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ(‬
‫‪Normality‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻷوزان اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ )‪ (Eq‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪.(Vsol‬‬
‫وﯾﺼﺎغ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌ ﺎت اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺬاب ‪Eq 2‬‬
‫ﺔ=‬ ‫)‪ (N‬اﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾ‬
‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ)‪Vsol (L‬‬
‫‪Eq 2‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬
‫‪Eq 2‬‬
‫= ‪or N‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪Vsol (cm3 , ml‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (Eq2‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ )‪ (Eq‬؟‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ )‪ (Eq‬ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ وزن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء)‪ (Ew‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Eq‬‬
‫‪Ew‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : Ew‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫)‪n (H+ , OH- , e‬‬
‫‪76‬‬

‫‪77‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : n‬ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (H+‬أو‬

‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ )‪ (OH-‬أو ﻋﺪد اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻹﺧﺘﺰال‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﰲء ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻜﮭﺎ ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪.(H+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﰲء ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻜﮭﺎ ﻛﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ )‪.(OH-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﰲء ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة وﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﺧﺘﺰال ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ )‪ (H2SO4‬ﯾﺤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻟﯿﻦ )‪ (2 moles‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪.(H+‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )‪ (NaOH‬ﯾﺤﻮي ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ)‪.(OH-‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ Ca(OH)2‬ﯾﺤﻮي ﻣﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ذﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪NaOH ‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪→ Na + + OH - .................................... n OH- = 1‬‬
‫‪Ca(OH)2 ‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪→ Ca 2+ + 2OH - ................................n OH- = 2‬‬
‫‪HCl ‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪→ H + + Cl- ...................................................n H+ = 1‬‬
‫‪H 2SO4 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2H + + SO 2-4 ..........................................n H+ = 2‬‬
‫‪MnO-4 + 8H + + 5e ‬‬
‫‪→ Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O....................n e = 5‬‬
‫‪77‬‬

‫‪78‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫أ( ‪ HCl‬ب( ‪ H2SO4‬ج( ‪ NaOH‬د( ‪Al(OH)3‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾ ﺔ ‪(H= 1, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = :‬‬
‫)‪35.5‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬

‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫)‪(H+ , OH-‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫) ‪n (H + ,OH-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ‬
‫‪36.5 g‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪HCl ‬‬
‫‪→ H + + Cl-‬‬ ‫‪36.5‬‬ ‫‪HCl‬‬
‫‪49 g‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪H 2SO 4 ‬‬

‫‪→ 2H + + SO 2-4‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪H2SO4‬‬
‫‪40 g‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪NaOH ‬‬

‫‪→ Na + + OH -‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪NaOH‬‬
‫‪26 g‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Al(OH)3 ‬‬

‫‪→ Al3+ + 3OH -‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪Al(OH)3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬داﯾﻜﺮوﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ K2Cr2O7‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﺰاﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ‪Cr3+‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KMnO4‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﺰاﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ ‪MnO2‬‬
‫‪ Na2SO3 (٣‬اﻟﻰ ‪Na2SO4‬‬
‫‪ Fe2O3(٤‬اﻟﻰ ‪FeO‬‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(O = 16, K = 39, Cr = 52, Mn = 55, Na =23, S = 32, Fe =56‬‬
‫‪78‬‬

‫‪79‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫‪ne‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ أو‬ ‫أو اﻹﺧﺘﺰال‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬
‫‪2(+1) 12‬‬ ‫)‪7(-2‬‬ ‫)‪2(+3‬‬
‫‪K 2 Cr O ‬‬
‫‪→ 2Cr‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪3+‬‬
‫‪6e‬‬ ‫‪294 g/mol‬‬ ‫‪K2Cr2O7‬‬

‫‪2Cr + 6 + 6e ‬‬
‫‪→ 2Cr 3+‬‬
‫‪49 g‬‬

‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫‪ne‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ أو‬ ‫أو اﻹﺧﺘﺰال‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬
‫‪+1‬‬ ‫)‪+7 4(-2‬‬ ‫)‪+ 4 2(-2‬‬
‫‪K Mn O 4 ‬‬
‫‪→ Mn O 2‬‬
‫‪52.67 g‬‬ ‫‪3e‬‬ ‫‪158 g/mol‬‬ ‫‪KMnO4‬‬
‫‪Mn +7 + 3e ‬‬
‫‪→ Mn +4‬‬
‫)‪2(+1) +4 3(-2‬‬ ‫)‪2(+1) +6 4(-2‬‬ ‫‪Na2SO3‬‬
‫‪Na 2 S O3 ‬‬
‫‪→ Na 2 S O4‬‬
‫‪63 g‬‬ ‫‪2e‬‬ ‫‪+4‬‬ ‫‪+6‬‬ ‫‪126 g/mol‬‬
‫‪S ‬‬
‫‪→ S + 2e‬‬
‫)‪+ 6 3(-2‬‬ ‫‪+2 −2‬‬ ‫‪Fe2O3‬‬
‫‪Fe2 O3 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 Fe O‬‬
‫‪80 g‬‬ ‫‪2e‬‬ ‫‪160 g/mol‬‬
‫‪2F3+ + 2e ‬‬
‫‪→ 2Fe 2+‬‬
‫‪79‬‬

‫‪80‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (M‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ )‪(N‬‬
‫)‪N = M × n (H+ , OH- , e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (Eq‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ )‪(n‬‬
‫)‪Eq = n (mol) × n (H+ , OH- , e‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٩‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻷوزان اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ )‪(3 mol H3PO4‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪H 3 PO 4 ‬‬
‫‪→ 3H + + PO 2-4‬‬
‫‪Eq = n H3PO4 × n H +‬‬
‫‪Eq = 3 × 3 = 9 eq‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ NaOH‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 16 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ NaOH‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 400 ml‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1) :‬‬
‫‪80‬‬

81
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Eq 2
N= × 1000
Vsol (ml)
Eq NaOH
N= × 1000
Vsol (ml)
 m NaOH 
 
N=  Ew NaOH 
× 1000
Vsol (ml)
m NaOH
 Mw NaOH 
 
 n OH- 
N= × 1000
Vsol(ml)
16
 23+16+1 
 
N=   × 1000
1
400
0.4
N= × 1000 = 1 N (1 normal, 1 Eq/L)
400
(٧١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( ﻟﻤﺬاب ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬Eq) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻷوزان اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬
(0.25 N)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Eq 2
N=
Vsol (L)
Eq 2 = N × Vsol (L)
Eq 2 = 0.25 × 0.5
Eq 2 = 0.125 eq
81

‫‪82‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٢‬‬
‫أﺟﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻼت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫أ( ‪ 6.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Ca(OH)2‬اﻟﻰ أوزان ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ )‪(Eq‬‬
‫ب( ‪ 0.4 eq‬ﻣﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ج( ‪ 7 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ KOH‬اﻟﻰ أوزان ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫د( ‪ 10 eq‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Mg(OH)2‬اﻟﻰ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(K = 39, Mg = 24.3, O = 16, H = 1, Ca = 40.1, K = 39‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ‪ 6.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Ca(OH)2‬اﻟﻰ أوزان ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Eq (Ca(OH)2 = n Ca(OH)2 × n OH-‬‬
‫‪Eq (Ca(OH)2 = 6.2 × 2‬‬
‫‪Eq (Ca(OH)2 = 12.4 eq‬‬
‫ب( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ‪ 0.4 eq‬ﻣﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬اﻟﻰ أوزان ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Eq (H2SO4 ) = n H2SO4 × n H+‬‬
‫) ‪Eq (H2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪n H2SO4‬‬
‫‪n H+‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫= ‪n H2SO4‬‬ ‫‪= 0.2 mol‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪82‬‬

83
: ‫ اﻟﻰ أوزان ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬KOH ‫ ﻣﻦ‬7 g ‫ج( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬

m KOH
Eq (KOH) =
Ew KOH
m KOH
Mw KOH
Eq (KOH) =
n OH-
7
(39 + 16 + 1)
Eq (KOH) =
1
Eq (KOH) = 0.125 eq
: ‫ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت‬Mg(OH)2 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬10 eq (‫د‬
m Mg(OH) 2
Eq Mg(OH) 2 =
Ew Mg(OH) 2
m Mg(OH) 2 = Eq Mg(OH) 2 × Ew Mg(OH) 2
 Mw Mg(OH) 2 
m Mg(OH) 2 = Eq Mg(OH) 2 ×  
 n
 OH - 
 24.3 + 2(16 + 1) 
m Mg(OH) 2 = 10 ×  
 2 
m Mg(OH) 2 = 291.5 g
83

‫‪84‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء إذ أذﯾﺐ ﻣﻨﮫ )‪ (0.735 eq‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪.(650 ml‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Eq‬‬
‫= ‪N‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪Vm l‬‬
‫‪0 .7 3 5‬‬
‫= ‪N‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪650‬‬
‫‪N = 1 .1 3 n o rm al‬‬ ‫) ‪(o r 1 .1 3 N , 1.1 3 eq L-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ‪ H3PO4‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪0.3 M‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪N = M × n (H+ , OH- , e‬‬

‫‪N = 0.3 × 3 = 0.9 N‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء إذا أذﯾﺐ )‪ (0.5 eq HCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ‬
‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪(500 ml‬؟‬
‫‪84‬‬

‫‪85‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Eq‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 1 N‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋ ﻦ إذاﺑ ﺔ ‪ 19.5 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻟﯿﺘﻜ ﻮن ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل‬
‫‪) 800 ml‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw H2SO4 = (2 × 1) + 32 + (4 × 16) = 98 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪19.6‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬
‫‪Eq = n H2SO4 × n H+ = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 eq‬‬
‫‪Eq‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫= ‪× 1000‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 0.5 N‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٧‬‬
‫ﻛ ﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣ ﺎً ﻣ ﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ‪NaOH‬‬

‫ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺘﮫ ‪ ،0.0412 N‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫‪85‬‬

‫‪86‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪N = M n OH-‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪0.0412‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0412 M‬‬
‫‪n OH-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n NaOH‬‬
‫= ‪M‬‬ ‫‪×1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪M.V‬‬ ‫‪0.0412 × 500‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ n NaOH‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0206 mol‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪⇒ m = n Mw = 0.0206 × 40 = 0.824 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟ ﺴﯿﻮم ‪ Ca(OH)2‬اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه )‪ (0.23 N‬وﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪ 20 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾ ﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, :‬‬
‫)‪.Ca = 40‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪V = 2347.83 ml :‬‬
‫‪86‬‬

‫‪87‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ‪Diluting‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ذي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﻘﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬إﻻ أن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﺗﻈﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ )‪ (M‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪M1V1‬‬ ‫‪= M2 V2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔ ﻒ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : M1‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ(‬
‫‪ : M2‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ – ﺑﻌﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ(‬
‫‪ : V1‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ – ﻗﺒﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ(‬
‫‪ : V2‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ – ﺑﻌﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 11 M‬اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﺪره ‪500‬‬
‫‪ ،ml‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪M1V1 = M2 V2‬‬
‫‪M1V1‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪11 × 250‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬ ‫‪= 5.5 M‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫‪87‬‬

‫‪88‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٠‬‬
‫أراد ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪ 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (3.5 M H2SO4‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (2 M H2SO4‬ﻓﺈﻟﻰ أي ﺣﺠﻢ‬

‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺨﻔﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪M1V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪3.5 M × 50 ml = 2 M × V2‬‬
‫‪3.5 M × 50 ml‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 87.5 ml‬‬
‫‪2M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨١‬‬
‫‪ 50 ml‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣﻌ ﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه ‪ 0.2 M‬أﺿ ﯿﻒ إﻟﯿ ﮫ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮭ ﺎ ‪،20 ml‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺑﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿ ﻒ )‪ = (V2‬ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿ ﻒ )‪ + (V1‬ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‬

‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎف‬
‫‪V2 = 50 + 20 = 70 ml‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M1V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M1V1‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪0.2 × 50‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14 M‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪88‬‬

‫‪89‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٢‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟ ﺪﯾﻨﺎ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه ‪ 1.25 M‬ﻓﻜ ﻢ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻠ ﺰم إﺿ ﺎﻓﺘﮫ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪0.5 M‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪M1V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M1V1‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪M2‬‬
‫‪1.25 × 250‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 625 ml‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻀﺎف = ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ – ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ‬
‫‪VH 2O = 625 - 250 = 375 ml‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ووزن ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺰ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه ‪ 80 %‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘ ﮫ‬

‫‪ 1.42 g/ml‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 200 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪8 M‬؟‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Wt% ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × d × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪100 ‬‬
‫‪Mw NaOH‬‬
‫‪ 80 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 1.42 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪100 ‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪M = 28.4 molar‬‬
‫‪89‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ NaOH‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪: (V1‬‬

‫‪M1V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M 2 V2‬‬ ‫‪8 × 200‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 56.34 ml‬‬
‫‪M1‬‬ ‫‪28.4‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪m=d × V‬‬
‫‪m = 1.42 × 56.34 = 80 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٤‬‬
‫‪ 0.5 L‬ﻣ ﻦ ‪ HClO4‬اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰه ‪ 2.5 M‬أﺿ ﯿﻒ إﻟﯿ ﮫ ‪ 0.8 L‬ﻣ ﻦ ‪ HClO4‬اﻟ ﺬي‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 3.7 M‬وﺧﻔﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 6.31 L‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة أوﻻً ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ أﻋﺪاد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n = M V ⇒ n = 2.5 × 0.5 = 1.25 mol‬‬
‫‪n = M V ⇒ n = 3.7 × 0.8 = 2.96 mol‬‬
‫‪n t = 1.25 + 2.96 = 4.21 mol‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪4.25‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.667 molar‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪6.31‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪ H2SO4‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺰج ‪ 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.5 M H2SO4‬ﻣﻊ ‪ 75 ml‬ﻣﻦ )‪ . (0.25 M H2SO4‬اﻓﺮض‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ‪125 ml‬‬
‫‪90‬‬

‫‪91‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺘﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻷن اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ھﻨﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل وﻟﯿﺴﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺬﯾﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪V (ml‬‬
‫‪M V‬‬
‫‪⇒ n1 = 1 1‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪0.5 × 50‬‬
‫= ‪n1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.025 mol‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪M 2 V2‬‬
‫= ‪n2‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪0.25 × 75‬‬
‫= ‪n2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.01875‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻤﺠﻤﻮع ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ اﻷول واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪: (n1, n2‬‬
‫‪n t = n1 + n 2‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.025 + 0.01875‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.04375 mol‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺰﺟﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vt = V1 + V2‬‬
‫‪Vt = 50 ml + 75 ml‬‬
‫‪Vt = 125 ml‬‬
‫‪125 ml‬‬
‫= ‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪= 0.125 L‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪91‬‬

‫‪92‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺰج اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪0.04375 mol‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪125 ml‬‬
‫‪M = 0.35 molar‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٦‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﻠﻠﺘﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻀﺎف اﻟﻰ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ‬
‫)‪ (H2SO4‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (19.6 %‬وزﻧﺎً‪ ،‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 1.96 g/ml‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪2 M‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪( H = 1, O = 16, S = 32.1 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫أ( ﻧﻮﺟﺪ وزن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫= ‪Wt%‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪Wt% H2SO4‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪Wt% H2SO4‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪d sol × Vsol‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪19.6‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪1.96 g/ml × 250 ml‬‬
‫‪19.6 × 1.96 × 250‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 96.04 g‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪92‬‬

‫‪93‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻮزن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m H2SO4‬‬
‫= ‪n H2SO4‬‬
‫‪Mw H 2SO4‬‬
‫‪96.04‬‬
‫= ‪n H2SO4‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 1 + 32.1 + 4 × 16‬‬
‫‪n H2SO4‬‬ ‫‪= 0.979 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻷوﻟﻲ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n H2SO4‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫)‪V(ml‬‬
‫‪0.979‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪250 ml‬‬
‫‪M = 3.92‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ھﻮ )‪) (M1‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻼزم إﺿﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻔﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
‫)‪(M2 = 2‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ‪ V2‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M1 V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M1V1‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪M2‬‬
‫‪3.92 × 250‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V2 = 490 ml‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﮫ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪VH2O = V2 - V1‬‬
‫‪VH2O = 490 - 250‬‬
‫‪VH2O = 240 ml‬‬
‫‪93‬‬

‫‪94‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wt% × d × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪Mw × 100‬‬
‫‪19.6 × 1.96 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪98 × 100‬‬
‫‪M = 3.92 molar‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮات وأﺳﮭﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 95%‬وزﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 0.809 g/cm3‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻋﺪاد‬
‫‪ 150 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 30%‬وزﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪0.957 g/cm3‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺘﮫ( ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ )‪: (M1‬‬

‫‪Wt% × d × 1000‬‬
‫= ‪M1‬‬
‫‪Mw C2 H5OH × 100‬‬
‫‪95 × 0.809 × 1000‬‬
‫= ‪M1‬‬
‫‪(2 × 12 + 5 × 1 + 16 + 1) × 100‬‬
‫‪M1 = 16.7 molar‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺘﮫ( ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Wt% × d × 1000‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬
‫‪Mw C2 H5OH × 100‬‬
‫‪30 × 0.957 × 1000‬‬
‫= ‪M2‬‬
‫‪(2 × 12 + 5 × 1 + 16 + 1) × 100‬‬
‫‪M 2 = 6.24 molar‬‬
‫‪94‬‬

‫‪95‬‬
‫وﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻼزم أﺧﺬه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪ (M1‬اﻟﻼزم ﻹﻋﺪاد ‪ 150 cm3‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ذي اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ )‪ (M2‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M1 V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M 2 V2‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪M1‬‬
‫‪6.24 molar × 150 cm3‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪16.7 molar‬‬
‫‪V1 = 56.05 cm3‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻼزم أﺧﺬه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M1 V1 = M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪M 2 V2‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪M1‬‬
‫‪M 2 V2‬‬
‫‪V1 = Wt% × d × 1000‬‬
‫‪Mw × 100‬‬
‫‪M × V2 × Mw × 100‬‬
‫‪V1 = 2‬‬
‫‪Wt% × d × 1000‬‬
‫‪6.24 × 150 × 46 x 100‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫‪= 56.02 cm3‬‬
‫‪95 × 0.809 × 1000‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٨‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﻠﻠﺘﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻀﺎف اﻟﻰ ‪ 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ )‪ (HNO3‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 69.8 %‬وزﻧﺎً وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 1.42 g/ml‬ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺾ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 19%‬وزﻧﺎً وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪1.11 g/ml‬؟‬
‫‪95‬‬

‫‪96‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﺤﻞ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )ﻣﺜﺎل ‪.(٤٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪VH2 O = 184.78 ml :‬‬
‫‪96‬‬

‫‪97‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪: Volume Percentage‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ‪ 100 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬

‫أو ھﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ‪ 100 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺬاب‬
‫× ‪100‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪V%‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪ : V2‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺬاب‪ : Vsol ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻓ ﺈن وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻟﯿ ﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺳﻨﻔﺮض أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺠﻤﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺬﯾﺐ واﻟﻤ ﺬاب‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﻷﻧ ﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻗﺪ ﯾﻘﻞ أو ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺠﻤ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺬاب )‪ (V2‬واﻟﻤ ﺬﯾﺐ )‪ (V1‬وھ ﺬا‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﺿﺤﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ )اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪97‬‬

‫‪98‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ‪ ،90 ml‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﯿﺜ ﺎﻧﻮل )‪ (CH3OH‬اﻟ ﻼزم ﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﮫ ‪ 13%‬ﺣﺠﻤﺎً؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪V%‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪V% × Vsol‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪90 × 13‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 11.7 ml‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﻠﻠﺘﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻓﯿﮫ ‪ 17%‬ﺣﺠﻤ ﺎً وﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪500‬‬
‫‪ L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺬاب؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪V%‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪Vsol‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪V%‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫= ‪Vsol‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 2941.18 ml‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪98‬‬

‫‪99‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ )‪:Strength (S‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬

‫‪S (g/L) = M × Mw‬‬
‫‪S (g/L) = N × Eq‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩١‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ ﺻﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺘﮫ ‪ 0.2 N‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )‪.(S‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 32) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪S = N × Ew‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪S=N × ‬‬
‫‪ n - ‬‬
‫‪ OH ‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪S = 02 ×   = 8 g/L‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪ H2SO4‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 0.5 M‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪S= M × Mw‬‬
‫‪S = 0.5 × 98 = 49 g/L‬‬
‫‪99‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٣‬‬
‫إذا أذﯾ ﺐ ‪ 25 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﺘ ﺮات اﻟﻔ ﻀﺔ ‪ AgNO3‬ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 150 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈذا أﺻ ﺒﺢ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪ ،130 ml‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(N = 14, O = 16, Ag = 108‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw Ag NO3 =108 + 14 + (3 × 16) = 170 g/mol‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.147 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 170‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪0.147‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪× 1000 = 1.13 M‬‬
‫‪130‬‬
‫‪S = M × Mw‬‬
‫‪S = 1.13 × 170 = 192.1 g/L‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪Mole Fraction Percentage‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

‫‪n2‬‬
‫=‪X%‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪n sol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٤‬‬
‫إذا أذﯾﺐ ‪ 2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ AgNO3‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 9 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪100‬‬

101
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
n sol = 2 + 9 = 11 mol
n2 2
X% = × 100 = × 100 = 18.18 %
n sol 11
(٩٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬180 g ‫ ﻓﻲ‬NaCl ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬20 g ‫إذا أذﯾﺐ‬

.(‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol

m 20
n NaCl = = = 0.34 mol
Mw 58.5
Mw H 2O = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18 g/mol
m 180
n H 2O = = = 10 mol
Mw 18
n sol = 0.34 + 10 = 10.34
n2 0.34
X% = × 100 = × 100 = 3.29 %
n sol 10.34
101

‫‪102‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Concentration of Pure Substances‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى أو‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ وھﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻷي ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ وأن ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ھﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى أن ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ إذ أﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة وﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪.(100 %‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﺠﻮز أن ﻧﺴﺄل ﻋﻦ ﻛﺴﺮھﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ أو ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل؟ واﻟﺠﻮاب‪ ،‬ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل أﺳﺎﺳﺎً‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ أن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪n H2O‬‬
‫= ‪X H2O‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1000g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 55.55 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 18 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪102‬‬

‫‪103‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = 55.55 mol‬‬
‫‪n H2 O‬‬ ‫‪55.55‬‬
‫= ‪X H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪55.55‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم )‪ (NaCl‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻮاه ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪n NaCl = n t‬‬
‫‪n NaCl‬‬
‫= ‪X NaCl‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪103‬‬

‫‪104‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت أي ﻣﺎدة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ (n‬ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪m (g‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫أي ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮل ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام‪ ،‬أي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (d‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮ )‪ ، (g/L‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (Mw‬وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣ ﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻮﻻرﯾ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟﻨﻘﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾ ﺌﻲ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻮل‬
‫‪d g L-1‬‬
‫= ‪molarity, M‬‬
‫‪Mw g mol-1‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫‪mol L-1‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ أي ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ )‪ (d‬أي ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺮام )‪ (g/L‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Mw‬أي ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮام )‪ (g/mol‬أﯾﻀﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن )‪ (d‬ﺗﺴﺎوي داﺋﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاراً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ إﻻ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة و )‪ (Mw‬ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫داﺋﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاراً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً أﯾﻀﺎً ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ أي ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﺳﺘﺴﺎوي ھﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻘﺪاراً ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ إﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪104‬‬

‫‪105‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺿﺎً أن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪(1 g/cm3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪d (g/L‬‬
‫= ‪molarity‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (d‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (g/L‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (1 cm3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪(1 g‬‬
‫‪d = 1000 g/L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 18 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪d (g/L‬‬
‫= ‪molarity‬‬
‫‪1000 g L-1‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪18 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪M = 55.55 mol/L‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ھﻮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬
‫)‪ (1000 g/Kg‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮام ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪105‬‬

‫‪106‬‬
‫‪1000 g kg-1‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬
‫‪Mw g mol-1‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪mol kg-1‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪molal‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﺛﺎﺑﺖ داﺋﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي داﺋﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاراً‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً وﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ أي ﻇﺮف ﻛﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻧﻘﯿﺎً ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺘﮫ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫= ‪molality‬‬ ‫‪= 55.55 molal‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ إﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة )‪.(1000 g‬‬
‫إن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ أي ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي داﺋﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاراً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا‬
‫ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳﯿﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫‪106‬‬

‫‪107‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪SI Units‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﯾﻦ واﻟﻤﻘﺎﯾﯿﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٦٠‬م ﻣﻦ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﯿﺎس دوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ أﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺮي‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪Basic Units‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﺳﺒﻊ وﺣﺪات أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬

‫‪Kg‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻏﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻦ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪mol‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫أﻣﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪cd‬‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺪﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪة اﻟﻮﻣﯿﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪Derived Units‬‬
‫وھﻲ وﺣﺪات ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪m2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ )‪(area‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(volume‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪m/s‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪(velocity‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪kg/m3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪(density‬‬
‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪kg/ m.s2‬‬ ‫*اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪(pressure‬‬
‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪kg m2/s2‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ)‪(work and energy‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪kg . m/s2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة )‪(force‬‬
‫‪107‬‬

‫‪108‬‬
‫* اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(kg) (m/s2 ) ( kg m s‬‬

‫‪-2‬‬ ‫*‬
‫*‪F N m . g‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫= =‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪= kg m-1 s-2 (or kg/m s2‬‬
‫‪A A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫* ‪ g‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (9.81 m/s2‬أو )‪(981 cm/s2‬‬
‫*)‪ : (kg m s-2‬ھﻲ )‪ (N/m2‬وھﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ )‪(SI‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪Value‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪Symbol‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ ‪Prefix‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫دﯾﺴﻲ )‪(deci-‬‬
‫‪10-2‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ )‪(centi-‬‬
‫‪10-3‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﻲ )‪(milli-‬‬
‫‪10-6‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺮو )‪(micro-‬‬
‫‪10-9‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ)‪(nano-‬‬
‫‪10-12‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻜﻮ )‪(pico-‬‬
‫‪10-15‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺘﻮ )‪(vimto-‬‬
‫‪103‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ )‪(kilo-‬‬
‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻐﺎ )‪(Miga-‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﻏﯿﻐﺎ )‪(giga-‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮا)‪(Tera-‬‬
‫‪108‬‬

109
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
: Length ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬
1 km = 1 × 103 m
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1 × 103 mm = 1 × 10 6 μm = 1 × 109 nm = 1 × 1010 A ο
1ο A= 1 × 10- 8 cm = 1 × 10-10 m
: Volume ‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬
1 ml = 1 cm3 , 1 L = 1 dm3 , 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3 , 1 m3 = 1000 L = 1000 dm3

1 m3 = 1000 L = 1000 dm3 = 1 × 106 ml = 1 × 106 cm3 = 1 × 109 mm3
: Mass ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
1 g = 1 × 103 mg = 1 × 106 μg, 1 Kg = 1 × 103 g = 1 × 106 mg = 1 × 109 μg
: Temperature ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

ο
F - 32
K = ο C + 273, ο
C=
1.8
Pressure ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
1 atm = 76 cm Hg = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
109

‫‪110‬‬
‫• ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫• ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺠﻮﻡ‬
‫‪110‬‬

‫‪111‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 121.8 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪ Zn(NO3)2‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪1.107 g/ml‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ب( ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ج( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫د( ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(Zn = 65, N = 14, O = 16, H = 1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫وزن اﻟﻤﺬاب )‪ (m2‬ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪121.8 g = (Zn(NO3)2‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل = ‪1 L = 1000 ml‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪dsol = 1.107 g/ml‬‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪msol‬‬
‫= ‪d sol‬‬
‫‪Vsol‬‬
‫‪msol = d sol .Vsol‬‬
‫)‪msol = 1.107 (g ml-1 ) × 1000 (ml‬‬
‫‪msol = 1107g‬‬
‫‪111‬‬

112
: ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ m H 2O ‫وﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬
msol = mH2O + m Zn(NO3 )2

mH2O = msol - m Zn(NO3 )2
mH2O = 1107 - 121.8
mH2O = 985.2 g
: ‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

m Zn(NO3 )2 × 100
% Zn(NO3 )2 =
msol
121.8 × 100
% Zn(NO3 )2 =
1107
% Zn(NO3 )2 = 11%
: ‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬

n 2 × 1000
m=
m1 g
n Zn(NO3 )2 × 1000
m=
m H2O
 m Zn(NO3 )2 
  × 1000
Mw
m=
Zn(NO3 )2 
m H2O
 121.8 
 (65 + 2 (14 + 3 × 16)  × 1000
m= 
985.2 g
 121.8 
  × 1000
m=  189 
985.2
m = 0.65 molal (or 0.65 mol Kg -1 )
112

‫‪113‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m Zn(NO 3 ) 2‬‬ ‫‪121.8‬‬
‫= ‪n Zn(NO 3 ) 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.64 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw Zn(NO 3 ) 2‬‬ ‫‪189‬‬
‫‪m H 2O‬‬ ‫‪985.2‬‬
‫= ‪n H 2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 54.73 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H 2 O‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪n t = n Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + n H 2 O‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.64 + 54.73‬‬
‫‪n t = 55.37‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ )اﻟﻤﺬاب( واﻟﻤﺎء )اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ( ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nZn(NO3 )2‬‬ ‫‪0.64‬‬
‫= ‪XZn(NO3 )2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.012‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪55.37‬‬
‫‪nH2O‬‬ ‫‪54.73‬‬
‫= ‪XH2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.988‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪55.37‬‬
‫‪Xt = XH2O + XZn(NO3 )2‬‬
‫‪Xt = 0.012 + 0.988 = 1‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪:‬‬

‫‪n Zn(NO3 )2‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪VL‬‬
‫‪0.64‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.64 molar (or 0.64 mol/L‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪113‬‬

‫‪114‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮوز ‪ C12H22O11‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 12.5%‬وزﻧﺎً ﺳﻜﺮوز؟‬

‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H =1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺸﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ أﺷﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﻔﺘﺮض أن ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ ، 12.5 g‬وأن وزن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 100 g‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮزن اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ )اﻟﻤﺎء( ﯾﻌﺎدل ‪:‬‬
‫‪msol = mH2 O + mC12H22O11‬‬
‫‪mH2O = msol - mC12 H22O11‬‬
‫‪mH2O = 100 - 12.5‬‬
‫‪mH2O = 87.5 g‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m C12 H 22O11‬‬
‫= ‪n C12H 22O11‬‬
‫‪Mw C12 H22O11‬‬
‫‪12.5‬‬
‫= ‪n C12H 22O11‬‬
‫)‪(12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16‬‬
‫‪12.5‬‬
‫= ‪n C12H 22O11‬‬
‫‪342‬‬
‫‪n C12 H 22O11 = 0.036 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪:‬‬

‫‪n C12 H22O11‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪m H2O‬‬
‫‪0.036‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪87.5 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪m = 0.411 molal‬‬
‫‪114‬‬

‫‪115‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 150 ml‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 93 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ C2H4(OH)2‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫‪m C2 H4 (OH)2‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H 4 (OH)2‬‬
‫‪Mw C2 H4 (OH)2‬‬
‫‪93‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H 4 (OH)2‬‬
‫)‪2 × 12 + 4 × 1 + 2(16 + 1‬‬
‫‪93‬‬
‫‪n C2 H 4 (OH)2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪62‬‬
‫‪n C2 H 4 (OH)2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.5 mol‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪:‬‬

‫‪n C2H4 (OH)2 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪Vml‬‬
‫) ‪1.5 mol × 1000 (ml L-1‬‬
‫=‪M‬‬
‫‪150 ml‬‬
‫) ‪M = 10 M (or 10 mol L-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(١٠٣‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KOH‬ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.400 N‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮة‪.‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(K = 39.1, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬
‫‪115‬‬

‫‪116‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ KOH‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ‪:‬‬
‫‪( KOH‬‬ ‫) ‪→ K + + OH -‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪n OH - = 1‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫‪n H+‬‬
‫)‪(39.1 + 16 + 1‬‬
‫= ‪Ew‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ew = 56.1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪:‬‬
‫‪m = N × VL × Ew‬‬
‫‪m = 0.400 × (500 × 10-3 ) × 56.1‬‬
‫‪m = 0.400 × 0.5 × 56.1‬‬
‫‪m = 11.22 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن ﺑﺮوﻣﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaBr2‬اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ )‪ (150 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ‪(3.5‬‬
‫)‪mol/L‬؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Ca = 40.1, Br = 80 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪105 g :‬‬
‫‪116‬‬

‫‪117‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻀﺮ ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ )‪ (1.0 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﯿﻨﻮل )‪ (C6H5OH‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (50 g‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪(0.22 molal) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KOH‬ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ )‪ (400 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬
‫)‪(0.12 M‬؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑـﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(K = 39.1, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪2.69 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم إذا ﻛﺎن ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (12 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 750 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪(0.27 M or 0.27 mol L -1) :‬‬
‫‪117‬‬

‫‪118‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ KOH‬ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.400 N‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮة؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(K = 39.1, :‬‬
‫‪O = 16, H = 1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪11.2 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪ C12H22O11‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪67%‬؟‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ = ‪ ، 5.96 molal‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮوز = ‪0.097‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻀﺮ ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ )‪ (195 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ )‪ (H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪) 875 cm3‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, S = 32.1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪2.27 mol /L :‬‬
‫‪118‬‬

‫‪119‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪ MgSO4.7H2O‬ﺗﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬

‫‪ 500 cm3‬ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺘﮫ )‪) .(0.150 M‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Mg = 24.3 , S = 32.1,O = :‬‬
‫‪16, H = 1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪18.5 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪ K2SO4‬ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.500 M‬ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(K = 39.1, S = 32.1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪87.2 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٣‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻷﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻮم ‪ Al2(SO4)3‬ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ‪ 300 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬

‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻷﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻮم ‪ Al2(SO4)3‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪0.200 M‬؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪( Al = 27, S = :‬‬
‫‪32.1, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪20.5 g :‬‬
‫‪119‬‬

‫‪120‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل إذا أذﯾﺐ ‪ 12 g‬ﻣﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﯿﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻً ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪500 ml‬؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Na = 23, O = 16, :‬‬
‫)‪H = 1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪0.60 mol L -1 :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٥‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ ‪ HNO3‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪250 ml‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.2 M HNO3‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 70 %‬ﻣﻦ ‪HNO3‬‬
‫وزﻧﺎً؟‬
‫ب( إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ ،1.42 g/L‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ؟‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, N = 14, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ب( ‪ 31.7 ml‬ﻣﻦ ‪ HNO3‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ‪ 45.0 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ HNO3‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪:‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪121‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﯾﻚ ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪(37.0 %‬‬
‫)‪ HCl‬وزﻧﺎً‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪1.18 g/ml‬؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, Cl = :‬‬
‫‪.35.5‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪12.0 M :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 12.5 %‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ C6H12O6‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء؟‬

‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪0.794 molal :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 0.500 M‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪ C12H22O11‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء؟‬

‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ ، (1.064 g/ml‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮوز ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪342.3‬‬
‫‪g/mol‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪0.560 molal :‬‬
‫‪121‬‬

‫‪122‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٩‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ AgNO3‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 0.600 M‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Ag = 108, N = 14, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪ 25.5 g :‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 186 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﯿﻜﻮل ‪ C2H4(OH)2‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل؟‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪3 mol/L :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢١‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮرﻣﯿﻚ )‪ (HCOOH‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 23.6 M‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪ 1.20 g/ml‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬

‫ھﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = :‬‬
‫‪.16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪90.5 % :‬‬
‫‪122‬‬

‫‪123‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺨﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺨﻞ‬
‫)‪ (CH3COOH‬ﻓﯿﮫ )‪(6.00 M‬؟‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪85.7 ml :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم )‪ (K2CO3‬اﻟﺬي ﻣﻮﻻﻟﯿﺘﮫ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪3.10‬‬
‫‪ molal‬وﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺘﮫ ‪2.82 M‬؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(K = 39.1, C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪1.30 g/ml :‬‬
‫‪123‬‬

‫‪124‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﱰ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫د( اﻟﻜﺎﻟﻔﻦ ‪. K‬‬ ‫ج( اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ ‪N‬‬ ‫ب( اﻟﺠﻮل ‪J‬‬ ‫أ( اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل ‪Pa‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫أﺑﻌﺎد وﺣﺪة اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫د( ‪kg. m. s-1‬‬ ‫ج( ‪kg m2. s-2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪kg m-1.s-2‬‬ ‫أ( ‪km-2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٦‬‬
‫‪ 5 × 103 ºA‬ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫د( ‪500 nm‬‬ ‫ج( ‪7.05 × 103 L‬‬ ‫ب( ‪5 × 10-9 µs‬‬ ‫أ( ‪5 kg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٧‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (200 K‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫د( ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ج( ‪– 273‬‬ ‫ب( ‪– 73‬‬ ‫أ( ‪– 110‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٨‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 7.2 km/h‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (m/s‬‬

‫د( ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ج( ‪20.0‬‬ ‫ب( ‪72000‬‬ ‫أ( ‪1200‬‬
‫‪124‬‬

‫‪125‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫‪ 0.998 g/cm3‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪: g/L‬‬

‫د( ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ج( ‪998‬‬ ‫ب( ‪99.8‬‬ ‫أ( ‪9.98‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ‪:‬‬
‫د( اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ج( اﻟﻤﻮل‬ ‫ب( اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ‬ ‫أ( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣١‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ‪) :‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟـ ‪ (O = 16‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ذرة اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪1.06 × 10-2‬‬ ‫ج( ‪16‬‬ ‫ب( ‪2.66 × 10-26‬‬ ‫أ( ‪6.022 × 10-23‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٢‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن )‪ (AwNa = 23‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ )‪ (0.01 g‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪1.38 × 1025‬‬ ‫ج( ‪23‬‬ ‫ب( ‪6.02 × 1023‬‬ ‫أ( ‪2.62 × 1020‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫د( ‪6.022 × 1023 atom‬‬ ‫ج( ‪6.02 × 1023‬‬ ‫ب( ‪3 molecule‬‬ ‫أ( ‪4 atom‬‬
‫‪125‬‬

‫‪126‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٤‬‬
‫‪ (١٠‬أي اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ‪ 16g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ‪: CH4‬‬
‫ب( ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (12 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫أ( ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن‬
‫د( ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 2.4 × 1024‬ذرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ج( ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 9.63 × 1024‬ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٥‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ (O = 16, S = 32‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪ (100 g‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (SO2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪1.5 × 1023‬‬ ‫ج( ‪15 × 1024‬‬ ‫ب( ‪7.525 × 1023‬‬ ‫أ( ‪2.023 × 10-23‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٦‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ (O = 16, Mg = 24.3, P = 31‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ )‪ (2 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم ‪: Mg3(PO4)2‬‬
‫د( ‪7.61 × 10-1‬‬ ‫ج( ‪7.61 × 10-2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪7.61 × 10-4‬‬ ‫أ( ‪7.61 × 10-3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٧‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد ذراﺗﮫ ‪: 1 × 1023‬‬

‫د( ‪1.7‬‬ ‫ج( ‪2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.17‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16‬‬

‫ﻓﺄي ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪10 g H2O‬‬ ‫ج( ‪10 g H2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪10g CO2‬‬ ‫أ( ‪10 g NH3‬‬
‫‪126‬‬

‫‪127‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(Na = 23, Al = 27, Fe = 55.8, Zn = 65.4) :‬‬
‫ﻓﺄي ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪10 g Zn‬‬ ‫ج( ‪10 g Fe‬‬ ‫ب( ‪10 g Al‬‬ ‫أ( ‪10 g Na‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, Al = 27, Ni = 58.7, Hg = 200.6) :‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﯿﻨﯿﻮم ﺗﺰن ‪ 26.98 g‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪60 g Hg‬‬ ‫ب( ‪3.0 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪58.69 g Ni‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤١‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن )‪ (AwCa = 40.1‬ﻓﺈن وزن ‪ 0.036 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ھﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫د( ‪7.2 g‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.007 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.9 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪1.44 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٢‬‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪ 16‬وﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ = ‪ ( 1‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺰن ‪ 2 g‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪8 g O2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪32 g O2‬‬ ‫أ( ‪16 g O2‬‬
‫‪127‬‬

‫‪128‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٣‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم )‪ (K2CO3‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ إذاﺑﺔ ‪(15‬‬
‫)‪ g‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ )‪ (60 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪45‬‬ ‫ب( ‪75‬‬ ‫أ( ‪14.77‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ‪ 60 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 15 %‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪45 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪9 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪75 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٥‬‬
‫ﯾﺮاد ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ذي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻗﺪره ‪ 24.8%‬وزﻧﺎً ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻼزم ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪240 kg‬‬ ‫ج( ‪240 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪760 kg‬‬ ‫أ( ‪760‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٦‬‬
‫أذﯾﺐ )‪ (10 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ KOH‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 900 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬وأﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 904.7 ml‬وﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺎدة ‪ KOH‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫د(‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫ج(‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫ب(‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫أ(‬
‫‪904.7‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬ ‫‪910‬‬ ‫‪910‬‬
‫‪128‬‬

‫‪129‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪ ،(H = 1, O = 16 :‬وﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺔ )‪ (6 mol‬ﻣﻦ )‪(NaCl‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (36 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪0.75‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.14‬‬ ‫ب( ‪1.0‬‬ ‫أ( ‪25‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪ ، (H = 1, O = 16 :‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (4 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ و )‪ (1 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪0.6‬‬ ‫ج(‪0.5‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.2‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.8‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٩‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ب( ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫أ( ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫د( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬ ‫ج( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ ،(Xe = 131.3, He = 4‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫)‪ (He‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (50 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم و )‪ (50 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﺰﯾﻨﻮن )‪(Xe‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪0.970‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.500‬‬ ‫أ( ‪1.000‬‬
‫‪129‬‬

‫‪130‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥١‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺈذاﺑﺔ )‪ (25 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة )‪ (A‬وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (125 g/mol‬ﻓﻲ )‪(75 g‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻜﺎن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺎدة )‪ (A‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪8.58 × 10-4‬‬ ‫ج( ‪42.58 × 10-2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪4.58 × 10-3‬‬ ‫أ( ‪4.58 × 10-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٢‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ج( ‪ 1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل د( ‪ 1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬ ‫ب( ‪ 1 kg‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬ ‫أ( ‪ 1 kg‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٣‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ ،((N = 14, O = 16, Ag = 107.9‬ﻓﺈذا أذﯾﺐ ‪(9.1‬‬
‫)‪ g‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ AgNO3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ أﺿﯿﻔﺖ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫‪ ،500 ml‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪AgNO3‬‬
‫د( ‪0.107 M‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.193‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.309 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.669 M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٤‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪ ،(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﺣﻤﺾ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ )‪ (H2SO4‬اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ )‪ (375 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (3.00 M‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪0.107 M‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.193‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.309 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.669 M‬‬
‫‪130‬‬

‫‪131‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل )‪ (HClO4‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (0.12 M‬وﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪(0.00756‬‬

‫)‪ mol‬ﻣﻦ ‪ HClO4‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ﻻﺷﻲء ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ج( ‪16.67‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.94‬‬ ‫أ( ‪63‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٦‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 3.0 molar‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ‪ HCl‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ‪ 0.8 mol‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪417 ml‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.267 ml‬‬ ‫ب( ‪266.7 ml‬‬ ‫أ( ‪3.75 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٧‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪ ، (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) :‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ C2H5OH‬ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (1.35 L‬وﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (127 g‬ﻣﻨﮫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪1.27 M‬‬ ‫ج ‪4.6 M‬‬ ‫ب( ‪3.2 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪2.04 M‬‬
‫‪131‬‬

‫‪132‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﯾﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 11 M‬اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺪره ‪ ،500 ml‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪11 M‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.02 M‬‬ ‫ب( ‪250 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪5.5 M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫‪ 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 0.2 M‬أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 20 ml‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪0.14 M‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.55 M‬‬ ‫ب( ‪44 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪2 M‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪،(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :‬‬

‫وزن ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaOH‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 80%‬وزﻧﺎً وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪1.42‬‬
‫‪ g/ml‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ‪ 200 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 8 M‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪160 g‬‬ ‫ج( ‪80 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪40 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪20 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦١‬‬
‫‪ 0.5 L‬ﻛﻢ ‪ HClO4‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 2.5 M‬أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮫ ‪ 0.8 L‬ﻣﻦ ‪ HClO4‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه‬
‫‪ ،3.7 M‬اﻓﺮض أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 6.31 L‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪1.25 M‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.667 M‬‬ ‫ب( ‪4.21 M‬‬ ‫أ( ‪2.96 M‬‬
‫‪132‬‬

‫‪133‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦١‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻼزم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (12 M‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ )‪(25 ml‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪: (1.5 M‬‬
‫د( ‪5.125 ml‬‬ ‫ج( ‪4.124 ml‬‬ ‫ب( ‪2.125 ml‬‬ ‫أ( ‪3.125 ml‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٢‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻼزم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪ (2 M‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه )‪: (0.2 M‬‬
‫د( ‪1 L‬‬ ‫ج( ‪100 ml‬‬ ‫ب( ‪50 ml‬‬ ‫أ( ‪10 L‬‬
‫‪133‬‬

‫‪134‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت )‪: (0.8 eq H3PO4‬‬

‫د( ‪1.6 g‬‬ ‫ج( ‪98 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪32.67 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪26.136 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٤‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر ‪ H3PO4‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 0.3 M‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫د( ‪0.15 N‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.1 N‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.9 N‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.1 N‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٥‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16, S = 32) :‬‬

‫ﻓﺈن ﻋﯿﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ إذاﺑﺔ ‪ 19.5 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﯿﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 800 ml‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫د( ‪100 N‬‬ ‫ج( ‪1 N‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.5 N‬‬ ‫أ( ‪0.1 N‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٦‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ )‪ ، (O = 16, K = 39, Mn = 55‬ﻓﺈن وزن‬

‫‪ KMnO4‬اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ 80 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪0.125‬‬
‫‪) N‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.(Mn2+‬‬
‫د( ‪5 g‬‬ ‫ج( ‪0.025 g‬‬ ‫ب( ‪0.316 g‬‬ ‫أ( ‪155 g‬‬
‫‪134‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫د( ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ‪: Molecules of Compounds‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪Properties of Matter‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪: Physical Properties‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪Change of Matter‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ‪: Physical Change‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ )‪Atomic Weight (Aw‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 75.4‬‬ ‫‪  24.6‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪: Molecular Weight‬‬

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‫ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‬/‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‬

: ‫ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬Mw ‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫أوﺟﺪ وزن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ‪ Fw‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪NaCl, Na2SO4 :‬‬

‫‪Fw NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 amu‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ‪The mole‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ )‪(NA‬‬

‫‪N A = 6.022 × 10 23‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪Molar Mass‬‬

‫ھﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ووﺣﺪﺗﮭﺎ ‪g/mol‬‬

‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ Mw‬ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪g/mol‬‬

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‫ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‬/‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات )‪ (K, S, O‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪.K2SO4‬‬

‫ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ K2SO4‬ﯾﺤﻮي ‪6.022 ×1023 molecules‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ‬

‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت = اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ NaHCO3‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪420 g‬؟‬

‫‪Mw NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + ( 3 ×16 ) = 84 g/mol‬‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (1500 molecules‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪C12H22O11‬؟‬

‫ﻣﺎ وزن )‪ (0.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﺎﺋﯿﻦ )‪(C8H10N4O2‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ أوﻻً ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪ 1.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﯿﻠﯿﻜﻮن)‪.(SiO2‬‬

‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (18 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز )‪(C6H12O6‬؟‬

‫‪Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 × 12 ) + (12 × 1) + ( 6 × 16 ) + (6 × 16 ) = 180 g/mol‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (48 g‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ب( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪: O2‬‬

‫ج( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻸوزون )‪: (O3‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ وزن ذرة اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام؟ )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16‬‬