COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter contains relevant theories, related literature, related studies, and theoretical

framework.

2.2 Relevant Theories

2.2.1 Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar

cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photo voltaic effect (PV).

Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power

equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaic was to power

orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for

grid-connected systems for power generation.  In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC

to AC.

Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology

which draws upon the planet most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the

sun. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly in solar

modules. [1]
 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

Figure 2.1: Photovoltaic Effect

Image source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Photovoltaic-effect-of-solar-

panel_fig2_322213803

2.2.2 Wind Energy

(i) What is wind energy?

Wind energy (or wind power) refers to the process of creating electricity using the wind,

or air flows that occur naturally in the earth’s atmosphere. Modern wind turbines are used to

capture kinetic energy from the wind and generate electricity.

 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

(ii) How wind turbine works?

When the wind blows past a wind turbine, its blades capture the wind’s kinetic energy

and rotate, turning it into mechanical energy. This rotation turns an internal shaft connected to a

gearbox, which increases the speed of rotation by a factor of 100. That spins a generator that

produces electricity. One example is H-darrieus that we will be uses. [2]

H-darrieus type wind turbine

Figure 2.2: H-darrieus Wind turbine

Image source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Design-procedure-of-the-wind-turbine-a-3D-

solid-model-b-boundary-conditions-and_fig1_305416584
 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

2.2.3 Laws of Illumination

(i) The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance

The inverse square law describes the intensity of light at different distances from a light

source. Every light source is different, but the intensity changes in the same way. The intensity of

light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

The fundamental cause for this can be understood as geometric dilution corresponding to

point-source radiation into three dimensional spaces. [3]

Figure 2.3.i: The Inverse Square Law of Illumination

Image source: https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2018/07/

 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

(ii) Lambert’s Cosine Law

Say’s that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely

reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the

angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal. [3]

Figure 2.3.ii: Lambert’s Cosine Law

Image source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-Lamberts-Cosine-Law

 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

2.2.4 Strength of the Materials

Strength of the materials also known as mechanics of the materials is focused on analyzing

stresses and deflections in materials under load. Knowledge of stresses and deflections allows for

the safe design of structures that are capable of supporting their intended loads.

Stress, Strain and Stiffness

When a force is applied to a structural member, that member will develop both stress and strain

as a result of the force. Stress is the force carried by the member per unit area, and typical units

are lbf/in2 (psi) for US Customary units and N/m2 (Pa) for SI units:

Stiffness, commonly referred to as the spring constant, is the force required to deform a

structural member by a unit length. [4]

Figure 2.4: Strength of Materials

Image source: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/strength-calculation-of-building-

materials/21226/
 COLEGIO DE SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL

2.2.5 Rain Water Harvesting

It’s a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or

tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as

surface runoff). [5]

The system mainly constitutes of following sub components:

 Catchments

 Transportation

 First flush

 Filter

Figure 2.5 Rainwater Harvesting

Image source: http://www.neoakruthi.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-methods.html