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Sequential Circuits: Latches and Flip-Flops
Sequential Circuits: Latches and Flip-Flops
SR ("set-reset")
D ("data" or "delay")
T ("toggle")
JK
Usually, all the CLEAR inputs are connected together, so that a single pulse can
clear all the flip-flops before counting starts.
The clock pulse fed into FF0 is rippled through the other counters after
propagation delays, like a ripple on water, hence the name Ripple Counter.
A counter with n flip-flops can have 2 to the power
n states. The number of states in a counter is known as
its mod (modulo) number. Thus a 2-bit counter is
a mod-4 counter.
For a 4-bit counter, the range of the count is 0000 to
1111 (24-1). A counter may count up or count down or
count up and down depending on the input control. The
count sequence usually repeats itself.
When counting up, the count sequence goes from 0000,
0001, 0010, ... 1110 , 1111 , 0000, 0001, ... etc.
When counting down the count sequence goes in the
opposite manner: 1111, 1110, ... 0010, 0001, 0000, 1111,
1110, ... etc.
Synchronous counters
A synchronous counter, is one whose output bits
change state simultaneously, with no ripple.
The external clock signal is connected to the
clock input of every individual flip-flop within
the counter so that all of the flip-flops are clocked
together simultaneously (in parallel) at the same
time giving a fixed time relationship.
The result of this synchronization is that all the
individual output bits changing state at exactly the
same time in response to the common clock signal
with no ripple effect.
The external clock pulses are fed directly to each of the J-K flip-
flops in the counter chain and that both the J and K inputs are all
tied together in toggle mode.
In flip-flop FFA(LSB) they are connected HIGH, logic “1”
allowing the flip-flop to toggle on every clock pulse. Then the
synchronous counter follows a predetermined sequence of states
in response to the common clock signal, advancing one state for
each pulse.
The J and K inputs of flip-flop FFB are connected directly to the
output QA of flip-flop FFA, but the J and K inputs of flip-
flops FFC and FFD are driven from separate AND gates which are
also supplied with signals from the input and output of the
previous stage.
These additional AND gates generate the required logic for the JK
inputs of the next stage.
When all the counter stages are triggered in parallel at the same
time, the maximum operating frequency of this type of frequency
counter is much higher than that for a similar asynchronous
counter circuit.