1

July 2002
Drill Bits
An Introduction

Bit Types: Character, Strengths & Weaknesses

Prepared By:
Ian McMillan
 Failure Mechanisms
– Shear Failure PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS
SHEARING
– Compressive Failure

ROLLER CONE BIT

CYCLIC COMPRESSION

3
July 2002
 Rock Strength
• Shear Strength

• Compressive Strength

4
July 2002
Drilling Mechanisms

How Drill Bits Cause Rock Failure

 Drilling Mechanisms
• Pure Shear Failure

6
July 2002
 Drilling Mechanisms
• Compressive and
Shear Failure

7
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• Teeth and hardfacing

8
July 2002
 Drilling Mechanisms
• Compressive Failure

9
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• Tungsten Carbide Inserts

10
July 2002
 Roller Cone Bits
• Rock Bits Cutting Structure Type
• Rolling Cutter Bits Mill Tooth Insert
• Tricone Bits™

Bearing Type
Roller Friction

11
July 2002
 Bearing Types
• Roller Bearing

Usually
sealed,
but may be
unsealed.

12
July 2002
 Bearing Types
• Friction or Journal Bearing

Always
Sealed

13
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• Shear revisited -
– Polycrystalline
Diamond Compact

14
July 2002
 Cutting 19 mm
16 mm
13 mm
Elements 11 mm
8 mm

15
July 2002
 Drilling Mechanisms
• Shear Failure

PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS
SHEARING

16
July 2002
 Drilling Mechanisms
• Shear/Compressive
Failure

NATURAL DIAMOND
OR IMPREG BIT
CONTINUOUS
CRUSHING
17 & ABRASION
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• Natural Diamonds
– Size
– Shape
– Quality

18
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• Impregnated Diamond Blades

19
July 2002
 Cutting Elements
• TSP (Thermally Stable PDC)

20
July 2002
 PDC Body Types

STEEL BLANK

TUNGSTEN
CARBIDE
MATRIX

Matrix Body
21
July 2002
 PDC Body Types

Steel Body
22
July 2002
 Drilling Mechanisms
z Gouging & Scraping Milltooth

z Chipping and Crushing Insert

z Shearing PDC

z Ploughing Natural Diamond

z Grinding Impregnated Diamond

23
July 2002
Bit Classification

A Broad Overview
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P.
Diamond Diamond

25
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

26
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

27
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

28
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

29
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Alternative Names Fixed Rolling

Roller Cone Cutter Cutter

Rock Bit
Tri-Cone P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

30
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

31
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

32
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

33
July 2002
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Rolling
Cutter Cutter

P.D.C. Diamond Milltooth Insert

Roller Friction
Natural Impregnated Bearing Bearing
T.S.P. Diamond
Diamond

34
July 2002
Bit Classification

Application and I.A.D.C. Codes

 IADC Codes
Roller Cone Fixed Cutter
• 5-1-7 • S222
• 1-3-5M • M419
• 1-1-1 • S313
• 8-3-7X

36
July 2002
 Tooth
1-1
Soft

1-3

2-1
3
37
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts

Soft 4-1

4
2 5

7
3 8-3
38 8
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts

Soft

2 4
23 5

7
3
39 8
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts

Soft

1 1-3

2 4
3 5

6
4-1
7

40 8
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts Diamond

Soft

2 4
3 5

41 8
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts Diamond P.D.C.

Soft

2 4
3 5

42 8
July 2002 Hard
 Teeth Inserts Diamond P.D.C. Impregnated
Diamond
Soft

2 4
3 5

43 8
July 2002 Hard
 Bit Application Spectrum
PDC
Penetration Rate

Mill Tooth
Insert

Impreg
& N.D.

44
July 2002 Formation Compressive Strength
DP
Bit Classification

Strengths and Weaknesses

 Fixed Cutter Bits

Advantages
• Very Fast ROP
• Long Life Potential
Considerations
• Impact Damage
• Abrasiveness
• Stability

46
July 2002

DP
 Tooth Bits

Advantages
• Fast ROP
• Good Stability
• Economic
Considerations
• Tooth Wear Rate
• Bearing Life

47
July 2002

DP
 Insert Bits

Advantages
• Cutting Structure Durability
• Range of Formations
• Interbed Tolerance
• Steerability and Stability
Considerations
• Slower ROP
• Bearing Life

48
July 2002

DP
 IMPREG and
Natural Diamond Bits
Advantages
• Very Durable
• Hard Rock Capability
• Low Junk-in-Hole Risk
Considerations
• Slower ROP
• RPM Sensitivity
• High Cost Applications
49
July 2002

DP
Conclusion

Questions?
 Version History
• Version 1.0 This presentation was created in its initial form in Q1 2001
for use on D & M Directional Driller Induction Courses

• Version 2.0 It was adapted in Q1 2001 for use on Reed-Hycalog ECA

Induction Courses

• Version 2.1 Notes were added in May 2001.

• Version 2.2 Minor editing to the notes and animations, plus the addition
of some slides on IADC codes, was carried out in August 2001

• Version 2.3 Two slides added on PDC body material – November 2001

• Version 2.4 All roller cone slides replaced by ‘blue bit’ versions. Minor
alterations to Notes pages text.

•51 Version 3.0 For stand alone introductory presentation

July 2002
 Acknowledgements
• Version 2.1
– My thanks to Mark Jordan for reviewing this material.
• Slides 48, 50-53 and illustrations in slide 7 are from
material created by Tom Wick and David Pearce.
• Most bit and component photographs are from the CD-
Lite for fixed cutter bits and the Electronic Reference
Guide for roller cone bits.

52
July 2002
53
July 2002
 Contact Information
If you have any questions concerning the contents of this presentation contact:

Ian McMillan

Reed-Hycalog,

Kirkton Avenue,

Pitmedden Industrial Estate,

Dyce,

Aberdeen

AB21 0UB

Telephone: +44 [0]1224 801 161

Fax: +44 [0]1224 890 290

e-mail:
54 imcmillan@aberdeen.oilfield.slb.com
July 2002