Introduction To DD

Introduction to Directional Drilling
Introduction
Historical background
What is Directional Drilling?
Why do we need Directional Drilling?
Methods
- 2D Rotary assemblies
- Jetting
- Whipstocks
- Motors
- Rotary Steerable systems
2 Initials
A.de Verteuil, April 2005
Historical Background
- the 1930’s
1st directional wells drilled
(initially to keep wells straight, then for unethical proposes, i.e to
cross property lines- Huntington Beach, California)
- 1934
Controlled DD was used to kill a blowout.
3 Initials
Significant Events
Measurement development
¾ 1930 Magnetic Single Shot (survey after drilling)
¾ 1980 MWD (mud pulse telemetry)
¾ 1990’s GeoSteering (well placement based on real time resistivity)
Steering development
¾ 1960’s Mud Motors / Turbines
¾ 1980’s Steerable Motors
¾ 1988 Horizontal Drilling
¾ 1999 Rotary Steerable Drilling
4 Initials
What is Directional Drilling?
5 Initials
Definition
Directional Drilling (an Art and a

Science)
• is the engineering effort of
deviating a well bore along a
planned course to a subsurface
target whose location is a given
lateral distance and direction from
the vertical.
6 Initials
Why Directional Drilling?
7 Initials
Why Directional Drilling
Sidetracking Inaccessible Locations
Salt Dome Drilling Fault Controlling

8 Initials
Why Directional Drilling
Relief Wells Single Surface Location
9 Initials
Horizontal Drilling Multi-Laterals
Methods
10 Initials
Stabilization
• Stabilized BHA can be designed to build, hold or drop inclination
• Critical elements:
•Stabilizer gauge and position
•Drill collar flexibility (OD/weight/moment of inertia)
•Hole inclination
•WOB, RPM, flow rate
•Hole gauge
•Bit Type
• 2D control only / Difficult to predict tendency
11 Initials
Jetting
• Used in soft formations
• One large bit nozzle oriented to the desired
direction
• Near Bit Stabilizer and limber assembly
• Wash a “pocket” in the formation
• Spud and rotate, wash, until angle is built
• Continue building with rotary BHA
• Azimuth corrections more difficult with
increased inclination
12 Initials
Open Hole Whip-stocking
• Used in medium to hard formations
• Bit, NB Stab. pinned to whip and conveyed to
bottom
• Tool Face oriented
• Whip is wedged on bottom and pin sheared
• Undersized pilot hole is drilled
• Only one joint drilled before POOH
• Pilot hole opened up and process repeated
13 Initials
Turbines / PDMs
• Hydraulic power to Mech. power driving the Bit
• String kept stationary - only the bit turning when orienting

(slide drilling)
• Initially, bent sub above motor provided side force, later

PDM’s with adjustable Bent Housing
• 3D control possible
• Very efficient when compared to contemporary deflection

devices, (jetting, whipstocks ..)
14 Initials
Rotary Steerable –3DS
Steering with whole string rotating
3 D Control
Better hole cleaning
Push bit or Point bit systems
DL capability is controlled by stabilization,
flexibility and % steering
15 Initials
Motors
16 Initials
PowerPak Motors
• 80 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in.
• PowerPak XP & GT extended power sections
• PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling
• Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings
17 Initials
PDM - Basic Components
• Power Section - Rotor/Stator
• Transmission shaft transforms eccentric
rotation to concentric rotation.
• Bearing assembly
• Drive Sub
• Only Drive Sub & Bit turn when orienting
(sliding)
18 Initials
Slide Drilling & Reactive Torque
Reactive torque increases with:
– WOB
– Depth
– Motor output Torque (delta p.)
– Bit aggressiveness
Decreases with:
– Bit balling
– Formation characteristics
– Motor wear
– Bit tooth wear
Tool Face Control issues:

– Weight transfer problems
– Aggressive PDC bit
– MWD TF updates
– Laminar formations
19 Initials
Directional Drilling with PDM’s
• Workhorse of industry in the 90’s (many places still is)
• Hydraulic power to Mechanical for powering the Bit.
• Versatility - flexible components, sensors added, variety of formations &
conditions.
• 3D control (relatively cheap)
• Short & Medium radius curves possible
• Horizontal drilling possible
• Steering accomplished by “sliding” i.e holding toolface in desired direction (only
bit revolving).
• Dogleg severity controlled by limiting % sliding (and of course by Bent Housing
angle set at surface)
20 Initials
Limitations of motor steering
• Hole tortuosity issues (higher dogleg when sliding)

• Stator strength issues (more power = greater length = poorer BHA
response)
• Extended reach (high drag) making slide drilling impossible
• Poor hole cleaning when sliding (string not rotating)
21 Initials
Rotary Steerable Systems
22 Initials
PowerDrive Xtra RSS (1)
U nit it
B ias ol U n
o ntr
C
• Side force or “push the bit” tool

• Pads extend dynamically from a rotating housing
• Not suitable for open hole sidetracks or bi-centre
23 Initials
bits
Bias Unit
• Has 3 pads driven by hydraulic actuators
• The pads apply lateral force to the formation and push the
assembly in the required direction
24 Initials
Bias Unit actuator pads

Approximately
3/4” of travel
Pad out Pad in
25 Initials
BUILD
Stationary
Stationary control
control valve valve
RIGHT
TURN
26 Initials
PD Xtra (Push Bit) Video
27 Initials
Command Range BUILD
100 %
0 TO 100 % DOGLEG
80 %
0 TO 360 0 TOOLFACE
60 %
40 %
20 %
LEFT TURN 900 0% RIGHT TURN 900
DROP
•Map of up to 81 positions, customized at the rig site
•Each position is defined by Toolface 0 / Dogleg % e.g.. 0/100% is the maximum build
setting, 180/50% the half drop setting.
28 Initials
PowerDrive Xceed RSS (1)
A ‘point the bit’ system

Collar supplies drilling torque to the bit shaft
Bit shaft has fixed offset from axis of collar (0.6 deg)
DC motor holds offset toolface geo-stationery by rotating the
offset mandrill at collar rpm in opposite direction.
29 Initials
PowerDrive Xceed RSS (2)
Tool has two modes when drilling

¾ Steering: Tool face held geo-stationery
¾ Straight: Tool face indexes by 112.5 deg every 10 secs
DL capability is varied by changing mode % within drill cycle
Open hole sidetracks and bi-centre bits …no problem
Tough drilling, hard stringers etc…….no problem
30 Initials
Xceed (Point Bit) in Steer Mode
Offset
Offset
mandrill
mandrill
31 Initials
Xceed (Point Bit) in Straight Mode
32 Initials
Directional Control
• Drill cycles of 5 mins

• Direction and % of time oriented can be down linked by sequenced
flow changes
• Automatic trajectory control now available (HTL software)
33 Initials
Benefits of Rotary Steering
¾ Continuous drillstring rotation (same for steering as for
drilling straight)
¾ Better hole cleaning
¾ Fewer wiper trips
¾ Optimized drilling parameters
¾ Optimized bit cutting structure
¾ Higher overall ROP
¾ Long Reach & Designer Trajectories possible
34 Initials
Available Systems
¾Schlumberger – Powerdrive Xtra (Push bit)

¾ Powerdrive Xceed (Point Bit)
¾BHI - Autotrak (Push bit) stabilizer non rotating
¾Halliburton-Sperry – Geopilot (Point bit)
¾Cambridge Tool – (Point bit)
¾Rotary Steerable Tools (USA) – (Point Bit)
¾Pathfinder - ??
¾Precision Drilling – Revolution (Point bit, small hole sizes
only)
35 Initials
The Future
Increased telemetry rates (48 bps already possible, wired drill

pipe coming)
More and better FE measurements nearer the bit
Smarter tools (automatic geosteering)
Onshore control
Whatever you want…….
36 Initials
Questions??
37 Initials

Introduction To DD

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Introduction To DD

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Introduction to Directional Drilling

Directional Drilling (an Art and a

Sidetracking Inaccessible Locations

Salt Dome Drilling Fault Controlling

Relief Wells Single Surface Location

• String kept stationary - only the bit turning when orienting

• Initially, bent sub above motor provided side force, later

• Very efficient when compared to contemporary deflection

• PowerPak XP & GT extended power sections

• PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling

• Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings

Tool Face Control issues:

• Hole tortuosity issues (higher dogleg when sliding)

• Side force or “push the bit” tool

Bias Unit actuator pads

Pad out Pad in

LEFT TURN 900 0% RIGHT TURN 900

A ‘point the bit’ system

Tool has two modes when drilling

• Drill cycles of 5 mins

¾ Fewer wiper trips

¾ Optimized drilling parameters

¾ Optimized bit cutting structure

¾ Higher overall ROP

¾ Long Reach & Designer Trajectories possible

¾Schlumberger – Powerdrive Xtra (Push bit)

Increased telemetry rates (48 bps already possible, wired drill

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