COMSATS

University
Islamabad,
Virtual Campus
HUM111 Pakistan Studies
 COMSATS University Islamabad, Virtual Campus
HUM111 Pakistan Studies
Assignment # 2
Fall 2020

Instructions

 Your assignment should be submitted as a MS Word document.

 The answer should be in proper English. Be careful of grammar. Avoid the use of
ungrammatical expressions within your answer.
 There is a zero-tolerance policy for plagiarism. Assignments found with copy pasted
material or copied from fellows will not be accepted.
 Submit your assignment on your CU Online LMS portal within the given time frame.
Emailed assignments will not be entertained.

Assignment Task [Marks 10, CLO2-A3]

As you know, due to the current year heavy monsoon rains, many cities are affected by the
urban flooding. What do you understand by the term flooding? What measures should be
taken to overcome the natural hazards like urban flooding in Karachi?

Good luck!

Flooding:
Flooding is a situation when water starts to overflow to the
land which is dry. That land can be residential, agricultural or
a plain. The floods are due to excessive rain falls, heavy
storms, breakage of dams, over flowing of rivers or when a
huge amount of snow melts on mountains. However urban
flooding is not same like the normal flood. We can part the
definition into three separate segments: urban flooding is
(1) Brought by downpour that (2) falls on impenetrable
surfaces and (3) overpowers nearby storm water waste limit.
Every one of these segments—hefty precipitation (which is
relied upon to turn out to be more regular because of
environmental change), expanded urbanization, and
inadequate or obsolete storm water foundation—presents a
test all by itself. With urban flooding sitting at the crossing
point of each of the three, it's no big surprise that this is an
unpredictable issue. One significant issue featured is the loss
of people and networks, "for example, loss of time-based
compensations for those unfit to arrive at their working
environments; hours lost in rush hour gridlock rerouting and
traffic difficulties; disturbances in neighborhood, local, and
public flexibly chains; or school closings with resultant effect
on guardians." Urban flooding is one of the common natural
disasters, this year, Karachi faced this disaster due to heavy
rain there, and water has no place to dispose of. For this the
government and people should take measures so that this
situation can be handled next time during monsoon.
Steps to overcome urban flooding can be:
1.Inspection of sewage and drainage system:
It is an orderly cycle of assessing seepage frameworks to
guarantee smooth wastewater changes from pipeline to
sewage frameworks. Drain examination plans to forestall
seepage issues, for example, pipe breaks, consumptions, ice,
and significant stops up including tree roots, tissue
development, and food squander. These examinations are
essential to assist organizations with forestalling potential
dangers, for example, breaks, floods, and other general
wellbeing and security issues. Appropriate execution of
channel investigations can:
 Recognize early issues to dispense with costly fixes;
 Forestall the problem of moderate water seepage and
waste stops up;
 Relieve the danger of damaged pipelines and wastes
frameworks; and
 Increment and advance natural wellbeing.
2.Creating the green space:
Urbanization includes substitution of vegetated surfaces by
impenetrable surfaces; regularly causing an expansion in the
rate and volume of surface spillover of rainwater.
Environmental change may additionally build these variances
and the flood hazard. The fast urban augmentation adjust
regular hydrological measures. Urban green spaces positively
affect penetration and capacity of water in the dirt, bringing
about run-off decrease, supplement and toxin expulsion, and
improved groundwater quality. Along these lines, urban green
spaces in Karachi can assume a significant part in the water
cycle, for the improvement of urban biology and management
3.Impenetrable surfaces:
A huge part of precipitation in forested watersheds is retained
into soils (invasion), is put away as groundwater, and is
gradually released to streams through leaks and springs.
Flooding is less huge in these conditions since a portion of the
runoff during a tempest is consumed into the ground, hence
diminishing the measure of runoff into a stream during the
tempest. As watersheds are urbanized, a great part of the
vegetation is supplanted by impenetrable surfaces, in this way
decreasing the zone where penetration to groundwater can
happen. Along these lines, more storm water runoff happens -
runoff that must be gathered by broad seepage frameworks
that consolidate controls, storm sewers, and trench to convey
storm water runoff straightforwardly to streams. All the more
just, in a created watershed, considerably more water shows
up into a stream substantially more rapidly, bringing about an
improved probability of more incessant and more serious
flooding.
4.Garbage & disposal system:
There must be a proper ways to dispose waste, people throw
garbage in open places and the drainage systems such as
plastic bags and other disposable plates, solid wastes etc.
which blocks the ways from where the rain water passes. The
blocked drains will result in the water blockage on paved
surfaces causing the urban flooding. There should be
accountability of government departments dealing with these
areas so that the damage is as low as possible.
5.Water Infiltration Attenuation of water:
Because of expanding urbanization, what used to be clear
ground is presently being covered by abodes and business
structures. While clear ground can offer characteristic
rainwater infiltration, this turns out to be more troublesome
because of the expanding number of roofed zones, vehicle
parks and streets. Simultaneously, the recurrence of
substantial downpours has expanded because of
environmental change. Rainwater can at this point don't
invade normally and there is an expanding threat, that current
waste frameworks can get over-burden. The immediate effect
of prospering urbanization is the expansion in damage from
rising water just as the expanded expense of drinking water
and sewage release. One answer for this issue is the nearby
infiltration of rainwater. This framework can be utilized
effectively where there is infiltration-accommodating ground
or where there is satisfactory zone. On account of ground not
being great for infiltration or excessively little space
accessible, the rainwater can be briefly constricted and
afterward depleted. Along these lines, the ensuing waste
framework isn't troubled. Measures for nearby infiltration and
constriction of rainwater are progressively requested by
different networks and nations. Today, the expenses for
sewage removal of run-off water into the public seepage
frameworks have expanded broadly. Charging for rainwater
and split sewage water are the most widely recognized
models. The pattern is obviously noticeable: Systems for
infiltration or lessening will turn out to be progressively
compulsory being developed plans later on.
Advantages:
 Freedom because of partition from the public rainwater
framework
 Investment funds on expanding fixing charges (rainwater
charges)
 Improvement of neighborhood microclimate
 Probability of endowment from government awards