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(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module –Steel Design – Flexural Members (NSCP 2001) and Biaxial Bending (Steel Purlins)
NSCP 2001 (Allowable Stress Design - ASD) For any value of 𝑙/𝑟𝑇 :
CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL STEEL 82,740 𝐶𝑏
SECTION 502 – DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 𝐹𝑏 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
(𝑙𝑑/𝐴𝑓 )
502.6 LOCAL BUCKLING where,
502.6.1 Classification of Steel Sections 𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 = distance between cross sections braced against twist or lateral
displacements of the compression flange. For cantilevers braced
502.6.1.1 Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender against twist only at the support, 𝑙 may conservatively be taken
element sections. For a section to qualify as compact, its flanges must be as the actual length.
continuously connected to the web or webs and the width-thickness ratios of its 𝒓𝑻 , 𝒎𝒎 = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
compression elements must not exceed the applicable limiting width-thickness flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an
ratios from Table 502-1. Steel sections that do not qualify as compact are classified axis in the plane of the web.
as non-compact if the width-thickness ratios of the compression elements do not 𝐴𝑓 , 𝑚𝑚2 = area of the compression flange.
exceed the values shown for non-compact in Table 502-1. If the width-thickness
ratios of any compression element exceed the latter applicable value, the section
is classified as slender element section. MOMENT GRADIENT MULTIPLIER, 𝑪𝒃
𝑀1 𝑀1 2
SECTION 506 – BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS 𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( ) ≤ 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎
𝑀2 𝑀2
506.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS: 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 for simply supported and cantilever beams
STRONG AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 when moment at any point within the unbraced length is
greater than at the ends
506.2.1 Members with Compact Sections 𝑀1 = smaller end moment
506.2.1.1 For members with compact sections as defined in Section 502.6.1 𝑀2 = larger end moment
(excluding hybrid beams and members with yield points greater than 448
MPa) symmetric about, and loaded in, the plane of their minor axis the SIGN FOR 𝑴𝟏 /𝑴𝟐
allowable stress is:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦
provided that the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs
and the laterally unsupported length of the compression flange 𝐿𝑏 does not
exceed the value of 𝐿𝑐 , as given by the smaller of:
200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝑜𝑟
√𝐹𝑦 (𝑑/𝐴𝑓 )𝐹𝑦
𝑀1
= 𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸, (+)
506.2.2 Members with Non-Compact Sections 𝑀2
𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
506.2.2.1 For members meeting the requirements of Section 506.2.1 except
that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up members and members
with yield points greater than 448 MPa), the allowable stress is:
𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (0.79 − 0.000762 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦
𝑀1
506.2.2.3 For members with a non-compact section (Section 502.6), but not = 𝑁𝐸𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸, (−)
𝑀2
included above, and loaded through the shear center and braced laterally in 𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
the region of compression stress at intervals not exceeding 200𝑏𝑓 /√𝐹𝑦 the
allowable stress is: 506.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS: WEAK AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 MEMBERS, SOLID BARS AND RECTANGULAR PLATES
=

506.3.1 Lateral bracing is NOT required for members loaded through the
506.2.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Sections with
shear center about their weak axis NOR for members of equal strength about
Unbraced Length Greater than 𝑳𝒄 .
both axes.
506.2.3.1 For flexural members with compact or non-compact sections as
506.3.1.1 Members with Compact Section
defined in Section 502.6.1, and with unbraced lengths greater than 𝐿𝑐 as
defined in Section 506.2.1, the allowable bending stress in tension is 506.3.1.1.1 For doubly symmetrical I- and H-shape members with compact
determined from equation: flanges (Section 502.6) continuously connected to the web and bent about
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 their weak axes (except members with yield points greater than 448 MPa);
solid round and square bars; and solid rectangular sections bent about their
506.2.3.2 For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the weaker axis, the allowable stress is:
plane of their web, the allowable bending stress in compression is
determined as the larger value from equations 𝐹𝑏 = 0.75 𝐹𝑦
506.3.1.2 Members with Non-compact Sections
703,270 𝐶𝑏 𝑙 3,516,330 𝐶𝑏 506.3.1.2.1 For members not meeting the requirements for compact sections
When √ ≤ ≤√ of Section 502.6 and not covered in Section 506.4, bent about their minor
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦
axis, the allowable stress is:
2 𝐹𝑦 (𝑙/𝑟𝑇 )2 𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 ( − ) ≤ 0.60 𝐹𝑦
3 10.55 × 106 𝐶𝑏
506.3.1.2.2 Doubly symmetrical I- shape and H- shape members bent about
their weak axes (except members with yield points greater than 448 MPa)
𝑙 3,516,330 𝐶𝑏 with non-compact flanges (Section 502.6) continuously connected to the web
When >√ may be designed on the basis of an allowable stress of:
𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦
1,172,100 𝐶𝑏 𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (1.075 − 0.0019 √𝐹 )
(𝑙/𝑟𝑇 )2 2𝑡𝑓 𝑦
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

FLEXURAL MEMBERS (STEEL BEAMS) BASED ON BIAXIAL BENDING (STEEL PURLINS)

2001 NSCP
Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with sagrods at
SITUATION 1. A W section is used as a beam with a simple span of 12 m. A36 midspan
steel is used with 𝐹𝑦 = 250 MPa.
Properties of W section:
A = 24700 mm2 tw = 10 mm Sy = 620 x 103 mm3
d = 800 mm Ix = 2800 x 106 mm4 rx = 335 mm
bf = 220 mm Iy = 90.7 x 106 mm4 ry = 60 mm
tf = 20 mm Sx = 6650 x 103 mm3
Determine the following:
a. Allowable bending stress if lateral supports are provided every 2-meters.
b. Allowable bending stress if lateral supports are provided at quarter points.
c. Allowable bending stress if lateral supports are provided at midspan.
d. Allowable bending stress if the beam is laterally unsupported.

SITUATION 2. A steel beam with a simple span of 8m is subjected to a moment

M at the left end (counterclockwise) and 150% of M at the right end
(counterclockwise). The beam is not restrained against lateral buckling and the
section has the following properties:
rT = 53 mm Sx = 2077x103 mm3 d = 533 mm
Fy = 248 MPa bf = 210 mm tf = 16 mm
a. Find the maximum slenderness ratio to which we consider the beam short
with respect to lateral buckling.
b. Determine the allowable bending stress.
c. Compute the value of M. Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with sagrods at
third points
SITUATION 3. Consider the framing plan shown.
S=2m L = 10 m
Superimposed DL=5.0
kPa
LL = 3.6 kPa

Properties of Beam:
W460 x 97
A = 12320 mm²
d = 465 mm
bf = 193 mm
tf = 19 mm
tw = 11 mm
Ix = 445x106 mm4
Iy = 23 x 106 mm4
Fy = 345 MPa
Consider bending about
the x-axis. (Use rt = 50 mm).
a. What is the maximum bending stress in beam BF?
A. 125 B. 62 C. 119 D. 237
b. Lateral supports are to be provided. Find the biggest distance between
lateral supports so that the maximum flexural strength can be utilized.
A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1
c. The compression flanges are laterally supported only at midspan. With this
condition, what is the permissible flexural stress? Cb = 1.0 BIAXIAL BENDING
A. 148 B. 130 C. 107 D. 113 For biaxial bending condition, the interaction value shall be taken from the
equation:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

NOTE: When the lateral loads applied to the top flange of the beam does NOT
pass thru the centroid of the section, reduce the effective section modulus for the
y-axis by 50%.

501.5.2 Wind and Seismic Stresses

501.5.2.1 Allowable stresses may be increased 1/3 above the values otherwise
provided when produced by wind or seismic loading, acting alone or in
combination with the design dead and live loads, provided the required section
computed on this basis is not less than that required for the design dead and live
load and impact (if any) computed without the 1/3 stress increase, and further
provided that stresses are not otherwise required to be calculated on the
basis of reduction factors applied to design loads in combinations. The
above stress increase does not apply to allowable stress ranges provided in
Section 511.5.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

SITUATION 3. Light gage cold- formed steel channels used as purlins are
simply supported on roof trusses 6 m apart. Sagrods are provided at
midspan.

Given:
Roof Slope = 1V: 4H
Dead Load (purlin weight included), D = 720 Pa
Live Load, L = 1000 Pa
Wind Pressure, W = 1440 Pa

Wind Pressure Coefficients

At Windward Side, Pressure = 0.18
At Leeward Side, Suction = 0.60

Properties of C Purlins: C200X76

Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm3
Fbx = Fby = 207 MPa

Assume that all loads pass through the centroid of the C section.
For D + L + W, a one third increase in allowable stresses is allowed.

a. What is the safe purlin spacing (m) due to D + L?

b. What is the maximum spacing of purlins (m) due to loads, D, L and W
at the leeward side?
c. How much is the safe spacing of purlins (m) due to loads D + L + W at
the windward side?

SITUATION 1. Light gage cold – formed steel channels used as purlins are
simply supported on roof trusses 6m apart. Purlin has a spacing of 1.2m on
centers.
Given:
Roof slope: 1V : 4H
Dead load (purlin weight included) = 720Pa
Live load = 1000Pa
Wind load = 1440Pa

Wind pressure coefficients:

At windward side, Pressure = 0.18
At leeward side, Suction = 0.60
Properties of C Purlins: C 200mmx 76mm
Sx = 6.19x104 mm3
Sy = 1.38x104 mm3

Assume that all loads pass through the centroid of the C section.
a. Determine the bending stress fbx for D + L.
b. Determine the bending stress fby for D + L.
c. Determine the bending stress fbx for D + L + W in the windward side.

SITUATION 2. Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The

top chord of the truss is inclined 1V:4H and distance between trusses is equal
to 3m. The purlin has a weight of 80 N/m and spaced at 1.2m on centers.
The dead load including the roof materials is 1200 Pa, live load of 1100 Pa
and wind load of 1500 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward
are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. Sag rods are placed at the middle thirds.

Fbx = Fby = 138 MPa.

Sx = 4.50 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3

Using the interaction formula, determine the following:

a. Maximum ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for combination
of (D + L) load.
b. Maximum ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for combination of
0.75(D+L+W).
c. Maximum ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for combination of
(D + L) if one line of sag rod was placed at the mid-span.