Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Introduction to Fluid Statics Outline

and Manometers • Review course introduction
• Pressure independent of direction
Larry Caretto • Pressure-density-distance relationship
Mechanical Engineering 390 in a static (nonmoving fluid)
Fluid Mechanics • Use of manometers for pressure
measurements
January 24 and 29, 2008 • Calculations with manometers.

Review Review Typical Units

• Dimensions and units Quantity SI units EE units BG units
– SI, BG and EE unit systems Density kg/m3 lbm/ft3 slug/ft3
• Fluid density, ρ, (mass/volume) and Pressure & kPa = 1 psi = 1 lbf/in2 =
specific weight (weight/volume), γ = ρg, shear stress kN/m2 144 psf = 144 lbf/ft2
and specific gravity Velocity m/s ft/s
• States of matter and vapor pressure Viscosity N·s/m2 = lbf·s/ft2 = lbf·s/ft2 =
• Viscosity kg/m·s 32.2 lbm/ft·s slug/ft·s
• Surface tension Specific N/m3 lbf/ft3
weight = ρg Tabulated values at standard gravity
3 4

Review States of Matter Viscosity

∂u
Boiling line • Triple point: Newtonian
τ=μ
shows Pvapor
= f(T)
solid, liquid and Fluids
have a linear
∂y
vapor coexist
variation of
Critical • No liquid-gas
Pressure

Liquid shearing stress

Point transition above with rate of
Solid

critical point shearing strain

• Vapor pressure – slope is
Triple Point Gas viscosity
for liquid-gas
Figure 1.4 (p.
transition 15)
Temperature 5
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & 6
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 1

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Review Surface Tension Pressure Relations

• Pressure is a scalar
• The force exerted by a pressure is the
same in all directions
• Want to see how pressure changes in a
static (nonmoving) fluid
• Vertical force balance: γπR2h = 2πRσcosθ
• Look at balance of pressure force and
– Surface tension depends on fluid, temperature;
wetting angle, θ, depends on fluid and surface
fluid weight over a differential volume
element, δxδyδz
2σ cos θ
h=
γR Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 7
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
8
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

∑ Fz = 0 = −ρ(δxδyδz )g
Gravity in –z direction ⎛ ∂p δz ⎞
+⎜ p− ⎟δxδy
⎝
⎛
∂z
∂p
2⎠
δz ⎞
Integrating the Result
−⎜ p+ ⎟δxδy
⎝ ∂z 2⎠
• Since ∂p/∂x =∂p/∂y = 0, p = f(z) only, and
Sum we can write ∂p/∂z = –γ as dp/dz = –γ
forces in
each
• Multiply by dz and integrate between
direction
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce two points (p1, z1) and (p2, z2)
Munson, Donald Young, and p2 z2
and divide Theodore Okiishi,Copyright ©

∫ dp = p2 − p1 = − ∫ γdz
2005 by John Wiley & Sons,

by δxδyδz
Inc. All rights reserved.

p1 z1
Results • To integrate γdz we have to know how γ
∂p ∂p ∂p depends on z
=0 =0 +γ=0
∂x ∂y ∂z 9 10

Incompressible Fluid Incompressible Fluid II

• An incompressible fluid has constant p2 + γz2 = p1 + γz1 • Which pressure is
density (and specific weight) higher?
• For an incompressible (constant density) z2 p2 p1 = p2 + γ ( z 2 − z1 )
fluid then
z2 z2
h p1 = p2 + γh > p2
p2 − p1 = − γdz = − γ dz = − γ ( z2 − z1 )
∫ ∫ z1 p1 • Pressure
z1 z1 increases with
p2 + γz 2 = p1 + γz1 depth

11 12

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 2

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Problem Solution
• If the pressure at the surface of a body Depth = 10 m
of water (γ = 9789 N/m3 at 20oC) is 101 p2 = p1 + γ ( z1 − z 2 ) = 101 kPa +
[0 m − (− 10 m)] kPa ⋅ m = 198.9 kPa
2
kPa, what are the pressures at depths 9789 N
of 10 m and 100 m? m 3
1000 N
• Given: p1 = 101 kPa at z1 = 0
Depth = 100 m
p3 = p1 + γ ( z1 − z3 ) = 101 kPa +
• Find: p at z2 = –10 m and z3 = –100 m
• Equation:
kPa ⋅ m 2
p2 + γz2 = p1 + γz1 ⇒ p2 = p1 + γ ( z1 − z 2 )
9789 N
[0 m − (− 100 m )] = 1080 kPa
m3 1000 N
13 14

Pressure Head ΔP = 1 Atm for Water at 20oC

p1 = p2 + γ ( z2 + z1 ) • Fluid height p2 − p1 • At 20oC, γwater = 9789 N/m3 = 62.32 lbf/ft3
p1 = p2 + γh > p2 equivalent to h = γ (p 761, text)
a pressure 14.696 lb f 144 in 2
z2 p2
difference p − p1 in 2 ft 2
h h= 2 = = 33.96 ft
• h is called pressure head γ 62.32 lb f
z1 p1 • For p2 – p1 = 14.696 psia = ft 3
101.325 kPa, h = 0.76 m = 101.325 kPa
1000 N
29.92 in for Hg p − p1 kPa ⋅ m 2 = 10.35 m
h= 2 =
• What is h for water at this γ 9789 N
Δp? 15 m3 16

Free Surface Free Surface II

• Surface of liquid open to atmosphere is
called a “free surface”
– Pressure, p0, is atmospheric pressure, p0
– Height, z0 = 0
– In the liquid, p + γz = p0 + γz0, where z < 0
– Depth h = z0 – z > 0
– p = p0 + γ(z0 – z) = p0 + γh
• Pressure, p, at depth, h, not influenced
• Pressure, p, at depth, h, not influenced by size or shape of container
by size or shape of container
Figure 2.4, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
17 Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright ©
18
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 3

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Reference Pressure Gage Pressure

• Free surface equation: p = p0 + γ(z0 – z) • For taking pressure differences, we can
• Apply this to two different pressures use any reference pressure
– p1 = p0 + γ(z0 – z1) • Many pressure measurement methods
– p2 = p0 + γ(z0 – z2) measure the difference between actual
• Find p2 – p1 from these equations and atmospheric pressure
– Result: p2 – p1 = p0 + γ(z0 – z2) – [p0 + γ(z0 • We can used this measured pressure
– z1)] = γ(z1 – z2) independent of p0 or z0 difference, called gage pressure,
• Reference pressure cancels in taking directly in Δp calculations
pressure differences • pabsolute = pgage + patmosphere
19 20

Gage and Absolute Pressure Barometric Pressure

• Mercury barometer used
to measure atmospheric
pressure
– Top is evacuated and fills
with mercury vapor
– Patm = γh + pvapor
– pvapor = 0.000023 psia =
0.1586 Pa at 68oF (20oC)
– h = 760 mm = 29.92 in
for standard atmosphere
Figure 2.7, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Figure 2.8, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright ©
21 Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright ©
22
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What a Barometer Measures Gage/Absolute Notation

• It actually measures the local pressure • For pressure differences a specification
• A barometer in a undersea submersible, of gage or absolute is not required
pressurized to 4 times atmospheric • Traditional notation is psig (or psfg) and
pressure would measure this level psia (or psfg) for gage and absolute
• Weather barometer readings are pressure, respectively
corrected to mean sea level • Can also use kPa(abs) or kPa(gage)
• Standard atmosphere: 760 mm Hg, • Munson uses psi or kPa for gage
760 torr, 29.921 in Hg, 101.325 kPa, pressures and psi(abs) or kPa(abs) for
14.696 psia, 2116.2 psfa, 1013.25 mbar absolute pressures
23 24

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 4

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Variable Density Variable Density II

• Problem: integrate dp/dz = –γz when • Result: the pressure change of 0.1181
density (and hence γ) is not constant kPa is only 0.12% of patm = 101.325 kPa
• Simple solution: for gases γ is small so • Simple solution: for gases with small
that p does not change much with z elevation changes we can assume that
– E. g. air at atmospheric pressure and T = the specific weight is constant!
20oC has γ = 11.81 N/m3 • This is not valid for changes of several
– If γ = 11.81 N/m3 were constant an kilometers as in the atmosphere
elevation change of 10 m gives Δp = (11.81
– Standard atmosphere defined and used for
N/m3)(10 m) = 118.1 N/m2 = 0.1181 kPa
aerospace designs
25 26

U. S.
Standard
Atmosphere
(See appendix C
Constant specific for more data)
weight is a good
assumption for gases
Figure 2.6,
except for large Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
elevation changes by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
reserved.

Figure E2.2, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce 27 28

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright ©
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Open means
p = patm
Piezometer Problem
• A passage between a container • Find the pressure at point A if
(such as the pipe at A) and the the fluid is water at 20oC, h1 =
atmosphere is called a 0.2 m, and patm = 101 kPa
piezometer tube
• From table B.2,
• For a piezometer γ1 = γwater = 9.789
tube the pressure kN/m3 at 20oC
in the fluid, pA =
• pA = p1 = patm +
p1 = patm + γ1h1
γ1h1
• patm(gage) = 0
Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 29 Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 30
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 5

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Solution Simple U-Tube Manometer

• h1 = 0.2 m, patm = 101 kPa, • Manometers measure pressure
and γ1 =γwater = 9.789 kN/m3 by measuring height differences
• pA = patm + γ1h1
• Point A is
(0.2 m ) kPa ⋅ m
2
9.789 kN
PA = 101 kPa + 3 fluid (γ = γ1)
m 1 kN
in a pipe
• pA = 103 kPa
(absolute) • h1 and h2 are measured
• pA = 1.96 kPa • Gage fluid has γ = γ2
(gage) • What is pressure at A?
Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
31 32
Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple U-Tube Manometer II Simple U-Tube Manometer III

• Right side: p3 = patm + γ2h2 • Result for absolute pressure:
patm pA = patm + γ2h2 – γ1h1
• Left side: p2 = pA + γ1h1
• p3 = p2 gives
patm + γ2h2 =
pA + γ1h1
p2 = p3 = p0 – γ2h0
• Result for gage pressure:
• Conclusion: h0 pA = γ2h2 – γ1h1
pA = patm + γ2h2 – γ1h1
p
33 0 34
Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Given: Known specific weights and

measured heights shown above
p A = p1 + γ1h1 p1 = p2 = p3 p3 = p4 + γ 2 h2
• Find: pA – pB Equation: pα + γzα = pβ + γzβ p5 = p4 p B = p5 + γ1 (h1 + h2 )
35 36
FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 6

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

FigureE2.5,
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore
Okiishi Copyright ©
2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved.

Combine first set of equations Combine result from p A = p4 + γ 2 h2 + γ1h1

previous page with
p A = p1 + γ1h1 p1 = p2 = p3 p3 = p4 + γ 2 h2 second set of equations p5 = p4 p B = p5 + γ1 (h1 + h2 )
p A = p1 + γ1h1 = p3 + γ1h1 = p4 + γ 2 h2 + γ1h1 p A = p5 + γ 2 h2 + γ1h1 = p B − γ1 (h1 − h2 ) + γ 2 h2 + γ1h1
37
FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and p A − p B = (γ 2 − γ1 )h2 38
Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Incline Manometer Problem Incline Manometer Problem II

p1 = p A + γ1h1 p1 = p2 + γ 2 ( z2 − z1 ) = p2 + γ 2 l 2 sin θ
• Incline used to increase accuracy for
small pressure differences p2 = p B + γ 3h3 ⇒ p B = p2 − γ 3h3
• Want to find pB – pA when we know γ1, p B = p2 − γ 3h3 = p1 − γ 2 l 2 sin θ − γ 3h3
γ2, γ3, h1, l2, h3, and θ p B = p A + γ1h1 − γ 2 l 2 sin θ − γ 3h3

Equation: p A − pB =
pα + γzα = pβ + γzβ γ 3h3 + γ 2 l 2 sin θ − γ1h1
Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
39 40
Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Solving Manometer Problems Solving Manometer Problems II

• Basic equation: pressures at two depths open
in same fluid: p2 = p3 + γ(z3 – z2) = p3 + γh
• “Open” means p = patm
– patm = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 psia
– For gage pressure, patm = 0
• Same pressures at same
level on two sides of a
manometer
– p 2 = p3
• Write equations for (1) pressures at two open
depths in same fluid and (2) equal
3 pressures at same level (with same fluid) 3
at all branches in manometer.
• Eliminate intermediate
pressures from equations to
get desired ΔP
• Watch units for length, psi or
psf, N or kN
41 • For gases γΔz ≈ 0 42

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 7

Fluid Statics and Manometers January 24 and 29, 2008

Problem Problem Continued

• Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig, and • Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig, and
γoil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other data shown γoil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other data shown
on diagram. Find: z and h on diagram. Find: h popen =
p A − pair = γ oil z z = 4 ft p A + γ oil (2 ft ) = 0 psig
p A − pair
z= popen + γ mano h
γ oil
2 lb f 0.5 lb f
− γ mano = SGmano γ H 2O
2
= in in 2 ⎛ 62.4 lb f ⎞ 190.3 lb f
54.0 lb f ft 2 = 3.05⎜⎜ 3
⎟=
⎟
3 ⎝ ft ⎠ ft 3
ft 144 in 2
Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce 43 Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce 44
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Problem Concluded Problem 2.38

• popen = 0 psig, γmano = 190.3 h=? lbf/ft3, A hemispherical shell on
p A + γ oil (2 ft ) = popen + γ mano h the ocean floor has an
p A + γ oil (2 ft ) − popen
internal barometric
h= h = 2.08 ft pressure of 765 mm Hg.
γ mano 0 A mercury manometer
measures the differential
2 lb f 144 in 2 54.0 lb f
+ (2 ft ) pressure between the
in 2 ft 2 ft 3 sea outside and the
h= shell interior as shown in
190.3 lb f
the diagram.
ft 3 What is the pressure at
Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005
45 the ocean surface? 46
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Problem 2.38 Part 2 Problem 2.38 Part 3

PoceanP
left = Pshell + γ Hg (0.735 m) • Rearrange equations from previous
Pshell = Pright = Pocean + slide and substitute given data
γ sea (10 m + 0.36 m) Pleft = Pshell + γ Hg (0.735 m) = Pright = Pocean + γ sea (10.36 m)
water
water
Equal Pocean = Pshell + γ Hg (0.735 m) − γ sea (10.36 m)
pressure line
Use specific weight water
data from Table 1-6 ⎛ 133 kN ⎞ 101.745 kN
Pshell = γ Hg hbaro = ⎜ ⎟(0.765 m) =
(ignore difference in ⎝ m3 ⎠ m2
Pshell = temperature) 101.745 kN 133 kN 10.1 kN
γHghbaro Pocean = + (0.735 m) − (10.36 m)
γHg = 133 kN/m3 m3 m3 m3
hbaro = 765 mm Hg γsea water = 10.1 kN/m3 94.9 kN
Pocean = = 94.9 kPa
47
m2 48

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 8