ENGL111

FUNCTIONS IN THE SENTENCE Dependent Clause:

Categories, Phrases, Function Although the woman in a green shirt is very hungry,
Complementizer Noun Phrase Verb Adj Phrase
CATEGORIES (they are referring to 1 word; adj, adv,
noun, etc) Independent Clause:
o Grammatical Category she gave the young boy some of her food.
o Lexical Category
Noun Verb Noun Phrase Noun Phrase

PHRASES (group of words) 2 Main Parts of a Sentence

o Noun Phrase Subject
o Verb Phrase
o Prepositional Phrase o do-er or be-er of the sentence
o Adjective Phrase o what the sentence is all about
o Adverb Phrase Predicate
Phrases and Clauses have functions in the sentence o completer of the sentence
COMMON SENTENCIAL FUNCTIONS: o the part of a sentence or clause that
expresses what is said of the subject and that
o Subject usually consists of a verb with or w/o objects,
o Predicate complements or adverbial modifiers
o Complement  Complement – any word or phrase
 Direct Object that modifies the noun (subject or
 Indirect Object object)
 Subject Predicate (or subject  Adverbial – a word, phrase or clause
complement) that modifies the verb, adjective, or
 Object Predicate (or object the complete sentence
complement)
o Adverbial Example:

PHRASE VS. CLAUSE Adverbial Whenever you meet a woman,

Phrase Subject the first thing you do

o A group of words used as a single part of
speech (w/o subject-verb component)
Clause
o A group of words containing a subject and a
verb.
2 Kinds of Clause
1. Independent Clause – a simple sentence; can
stand on its own.
2. Dependent Clause – cannot stand on its own;
needs an IC to complete a sentence (although,
since, if, when, and because)
Predicate is greet her with a smile.
3 Diagnostic Test for Subjects
1. Subjects invert in Yes/No questions.
 She baked some cookies. Did she
bake some cookies?
2. Subjects agree in number with the verb or
auxiliary verb.
 Travelling and hiking are Rick’s
hobbies.
3. Subjects are repeated in tag questions.
 Mike is a Filipino, isn’t he?
Pleonatic or Expletive Subjects

Example: o a.k.a. dummy pronouns, a word that carries

no meaning but has a grammatical function in
Although the woman in a green shirt is very hungry,
a sentence.
she gave the young boy some of her food.
 It is raining.

Direct and Indirect Objects
Direct Objects
o nouns or pronouns receiving the action
Passivation of Direct Objects
o Active Voice:
Grandma gave Mark a pair of shoes.
o Passive Voice:
A pair of shoes was given to Mark.
Mark was given by grandma with a pair of
shoes.
Object Predicates /object complement
 Modify the object of a sentence.
 Often realized by an Adj(P), a N(P), or a P(P)
She made her room clean. (clean=obj prdc)
Joe considers Sara an admirable woman.
(admirable woman=obj prdc)
Indirect Objects
o nouns or pronouns affected by the action
o always realized by a N(P)
I gave a book to Liz.
o can be passivized
Liz was given a book.
o Can be preceded by to or for
Ji bought a ticket for me.
o Can be moved
Ji bought me a ticket.
Grandma gave Mark a pair of shoes.
Indirect object - Mark
Direct object - pair of shoes
VERBS
6 Categories of Verbs
1. Transitive Verb – takes objects
The man borrowed his neighbor’s car
object
 Monotransitive Verb (SVO) – takes
only on direct object. (isang object
lang, direct obj)
The man borrowed his neighbor’s car.
 Ditransitive Verb (SVOO) – takes both
direct and indirect objects. (2 object,
direct and indirect)
The guy next door wrote me a letter.
 Complex Transitive Verb (SVOC) –
takes a direct object and an object
complement. (direct object and object
complement)
People find her intelligent.
2. Instransitive Verb – cannot or does not take
an object.
Gary is sleeping. (no object, complete even
w/o object)
3. Copula Verb (usually follows SVC) – a.k.a.
linking verb, takes a subject complement.
Her sister is a teacher.
ADVERBIALS, PREPOSITION VERBS, AND
PHRASAL VERBS
What are the 4 sentential functions?
 Subject
 Predicate
 Complement
 Adverbial
Adverbials
Are they the same with adverb?
Adverb – a part of speech. (one word)
Adverbial – a sentence element or a functional
category. (sentencial function, can be a word, phrase
or clause)
Adverbs can be adverbials. But an adverbial is not
necessarily an adverb.
o A word or a group of words that modifies or
more closely defines the sentence or the verb.
o Can be:
Word – quickly, happily, easily
Phrase – next week, on the table, at the
bookstore
Clause – after he saw the movie, although he
is busy, whenever I see girls and boys
o 5 common Placement of adverbial
 Sentence Initial (Before the
Sentence) (usually in adverbs of
time)
Yesterday, I ran a marathon.
 Sentence Final (after/ end of the
sentence) (adverbs of time)
I ran a marathon yesterday.
 Pre-Verbal (adverbs of frequency)
I always drink water.
  Post Verbal (put the adverb after the
verb)
I finished the food quickly before my
brother sees it.
 Within the verb group (between the
auxiliary verb and the main verb)
(usually it is in the negative)
I have never won a race. o Prepositional Verbs can be Passivized

Prepositional Verbs Prepositional Verb VS Phrasal Verb

o A verb that is followed by a preposition. (verb Prepositional Verb (2 words)

+ preposition) o Always has an object that comes after the
Example: preposition
o The verb and preposition cannot be separated
stretch for abide by from each other.
refer to glance at o Some prepositional verbs take a direct object
after the verb followed by the prepositional
lean against add to phrase.
allow for care for Phrasal Verb (2 words)
insist on yearn for o Not all phrasal verbs need an object
o Often have meanings which we cannot easily
guess from their individual parts.
o Prepositional Verbs require a Prepositional Often, but not always, less formal than a
Phrase. single word with the same meaning. (e.g. put
up – build)

3 Tests for Prepositional or Phrasal Verbs

Pausing – a pause can occur between a phrasal verb

and its direct object, but a pause cannot occur
between the verb and the particle.
o Prepositional Verbs can be passivized
Example:
Phrasal Verbs
I called up ----- the mayor. (correct)
o Combination of two or three words from
different grammatical categories; adverbs or I called ----- up the mayor.
prepositions (verb +adverb / preposition +
noun phrase) Coordination – NP objects of prepositional verbs can
Example: be coordinated, but a particle of a phrasal verb cannot
bash out call up be coordinated with an NP. (verb phrase+ more than
bring up cover up 1 object, and simply use coordinator and /or)
take away turn in Example:
put down take off
hand in put on I glanced at the clock and my friend. (Prep)
o Phrasal Verbs are Verb + Particle They covered up the scandal and the hole in the
carpet. (Phrasal)

Movement – The NP object of a prepositional verb

can be moved, but the particle and the NP cannot be
moved.
Example:

Against the table, he leaned. (Prepositional Verb)

(cannot be move)

In her assignment, she turned. (Phrasal Verb) (can be

move)

Prepositional Phrasal Verb (at least 3 words)

o A verb is combined with an adverb AND

preposition for a whole new meaning.
(verb + adverb + preposition)
stand up ---- stand up for
put up ----- put up with
look up ---- look up to
get on ----- get on with

8 Verb Types

1. Intransitive Verb (1 word) (no object)

2. Monotransitive Verb (1 word) (takes 1 direct
object)
3. Ditransitive Verb (1 word) (direct and indirect
object)
4. Complex Transitive Verb (1 word) (direct obj +
obj complement) (modify the direct obj not
the subj) (SVOC, c will describe the object)
5. Copula Verb (1 word) (SVC)
6. Prepositional Verb (2 words)
7. Phrasal Verb (2 words)
8. Prepositional Phrasal Verb (3 words)