ASSH2005

Note Taking and Citation

I. Plagiarism
It refers to the act of copying another person’s ideas, words, or work and pretending that they are
your own (Oxford Learners Dictionary, n.d.).
A. Plagiarism of Ideas
According to the University of Lynchburg’s “Statement on Plagiarism,” plagiarism of ideas
occurs when the writer, creator, or inventor presents other’s information, data, interpretations,
and conclusions as to his/her own. This also includes not only written but creative works such
as musical pieces, lyrics, designs, and patterns, etc.
B. Plagiarism of Language
This happens when an author gets important sentences, clauses, or words from the source claim
it as his or her own (Valdez, 2016). There are three (3) different types of plagiarism, according
to Pennsylvania State University College of Liberal Arts (n.d.), word-for-word plagiarism,
plagiarizing by paraphrase, and mosaic plagiarism.
1. Word-for-word Plagiarism
The writer simply copied a huge portion of the text, put it in his/her paper, and assumed the
ownership of the ideas by not placing any mark that the idea was borrowed, such as
parenthetical citation, quotation marks, and indention.
2. Plagiarism by Paraphrase
There are two (2) versions of this type. The first type happens when the exact ideas of the
original text are copied, and there are only a few words or phrases that were substituted
through finding its closest synonym or using a simpler term. Meanwhile, the second type
happens when the original text was paraphrased, but the writer did not put any parenthetical
citation.
3. Mosaic Plagiarism
In this type, words and phrases are lifted directly and scattered in the text or paragraph.
Often a result of disordered notetaking and lack of willingness to paraphrase, the writer
changes the introduction and the ending statement and copies the information in between.

II. Note Taking Techniques

A. Note Taking Techniques (Saqueton & Uychoco, 2016)
1. Annotating
Also known as “close reading,” it refers to the practice of marking and writing comments
to enhance one’s understanding and recall of the text he/she is reading (Eastern Washington
University, 2020).
2. Outlining
Through outlining, the reader could identify the main point of the text and its supporting
details. In pre-writing, outlining helps in rationally organizing ideas while during reading,
it helps in breaking down the information and identifying the pattern that the writer used to
present his/her ideas. This can be done formally using alphanumeric and roman numeral
characters and informally through bullets.
3. Summarizing
According to Monterey Peninsula College (n.d.), “Summarizing reduces a text to its main
idea and necessary information. It is shorter than the original text as it leaves out details
and terms”.

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Freedman (n.d.) views summarizing as a test of one’s judgment on what concepts should
be omitted or preserved. Listed below are some tips that she gave for summarizing a text:
 Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.
 The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the author’s thesis or central
concept, stated in your own words. This is the idea that runs through the entire text–the
one you’d mention if someone asked you: “What is this piece/article about?” Unlike
student essays, the main idea in a primary document or an academic article may not be
stated in one location at the beginning. Instead, it may be gradually developed
throughout the piece, or it may become fully apparent only at the end.
 When summarizing a longer article, try to see how the various stages in the explanation
or argument are built up in groups of related paragraphs. Divide the article into sections
if it isn’t done in the published form. Then, write a sentence or two to cover the key
ideas in each section.
 Omit ideas that are not really central to the text. Don’t feel that you must reproduce the
author’s exact progression of thought. (On the other hand, be careful not to misrepresent
ideas by omitting important aspects of the author’s discussion).
 In general, omit minor details and specific examples. (In some texts, an extended
example may be a key part of the argument, so you would want to mention it).
 Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries (save these for active
reading responses or tutorial discussions).
 Be careful not to plagiarize the author’s words. If you do use even a few of the author’s
words, they must appear in quotation marks. To avoid plagiarism, try writing the first
draft of your summary without looking back at the original text.

III. APA Format (7th Edition)

A. In-Text Citation
1. Short Quotation
According to David (2018), “nationhood is an unending project of creation of a people
who chose to collectively pursue the fulfillment of their individual happiness” (p.15).
David (2018) said that “nationhood is an unending project of creation of a people who
chose to pursue the fulfillment of their individual happiness collectively” (p. 199);
What does nationhood really mean to us, Filipinos?
He stated that “nationhood is an unending project of creation of a people who chose
to collectively pursue the fulfillment of their individual happiness” (David, 2018, p. 15).

2. Long Quotation
We must also take note that bullying harms both the bully and the person being
bullied. In the United States, Shetgiri (2013) found out that: (Signal phrase)
Bullies may experience poor school adjustment and academic performance,
higher rates of alcohol and substance use, and increased externalizing
1/2 inch behavior, such as fighting and weapon-carrying. Long-term consequences
include antisocial development, intimate partner violence perpetration,
unemployment, delinquency, and criminality in adulthood. One study found
that 60% of boys who bullied in 6th–9th grades had at least one criminal

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conviction by age 24 and 35; 40% of these boys had three or more convictions
by this time. Perpetrators of bullying also are more likely to have children
who bully. (pp. 21–22) (Parenthetical follows ending punctuation)
Different countries did certain measures in order to eradicate or at least lessen the
bullying cases among their youth. The Chinese education and legal authorities have
pledged to fight against school bullying and violence since then, and several anti-
bullying and anti-school violence policies have been released with strong actions.

3. Quotations from sources without pages

According to Terry (2020), cross-cultural exposure through travel would create
conditions for checking conscious and unconscious biases (para. 4).

A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across

large-scale studies of student learning (Table 3).

4. Summary or paraphrase
According to David (2018), the main characteristic of nationhood its citizen’s unending
pursuit of individual happiness.

The main characteristic of nationhood its citizen’s unending pursuit of individual

happiness (David, 2018, p.15).

Note: If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, include the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference and remove the page numbers. APA guidelines,
however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase because it
will help the reader find the information.

B. Reference List
1. Books
Author, A. A., (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (# of
the edition, volume). Publisher.

Sample Ramos, J. Q. (2020). English for academic and professional purposes.

(2nd ed.). Ilao Publishing House.

Note: Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to
and including 20 authors. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no
ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.

2. Periodicals

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Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Bagumbayan, A. C. (2020). The dawn of peace. The Daily News,
Print Journal 16(1), 6–7.

Francisco, K., & Toralba, C. (2020). Writing Difficulties in Using

Prepositions of Time: Basis for Instructional Development.
Electronic
Purdue Journal of Languages, 5(1), 24-28.
Journal
https://doi.org/17.7107/4288284315579

Fermin, C. (2018, August). Never say never. Cosmopolite, 182(16),

Magazine 33-34.

Cabangal, M. (2019, March). The government and its people. The

Newspaper Daily Inquirer, 2B, 2C.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth

[Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by
Review R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38(5),
466–467.

Note: A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may not always be available. In these cases, use a
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

3. Electronic Sources
Lastname, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name. URL
Group name. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name. URL
Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Vol.
(Issue), page numbers. DOI
Martinez, D. (2018, March 17). How to stop procrastinating?
GamersHub. https://gamershub.com/how-to-stop-
Webpage
procrastinating-3xi1afkftw

Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006).

Development and validation of the active, empathetic listening
Online
scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161-180.
Periodical
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Esguerra, D. (2020, July 13). PH COVID-19 cases breach 56,000

Online News mark. Inquirer.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1306023/ph-
Article covid-19-cases-breach-56000-mark

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Ramos, J. Q. (2020). English for academic and professional

Electronic purposes. [eBook edition].
Books https://www.ilaopublishinghouse.com/ebooks/eQ3123

Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic

chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry
Dissertation/
students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation,
Thesis from a
University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and
Database
Theses Global.

Online Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Nepotism. In Merriam-Webster.com

Dictionary/ dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from
Thesaurus/ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nepotism
Encyclopedia
Panganiban, C. [X_R3ptileSl4yer]. (2019, June 12). Refuting FE-ers’
arguments. [Online forum post]. Reddit.
Online Forum https://www/reddit.com/domain/theflatearthsociety/commen
ts/t13arthFL

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of

Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR.
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/74229
Blog Post
3305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-
of-racial-equality

Darnit, J. [Josh Darnit]. (2017, January 26). Exact instructions

Online Video challenge - this is why my kids hate me. [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDA3_5982h8

4. Audiovisual Media
Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion
picture [Film]. Production company.
Film
Goldberg, E. & Rogen, S. (Directors). (2014). The Interview [Film].
Columbia Pictures.

Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of

release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s).
TV Series
Liman, D. & Bartis, D. (2011-2019). Suits [TV Series]. Universal Cable
Productions.

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Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On title of

album [Album]. Record label.
Single Song or
Track Osinachi, J. (2016). Waymaker [Song]. On Waymaker - Live [Album].
Sinach.

Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of the

museum, City, State, Country. URL of the museum
Artwork in a
Museum or on Luna, J. (1884). Spoliarium [Painting]. National Museum of the
a Museum Philippines, Manila, NCR, Philippines.
Website https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta
/Collections/Spoliarium.html.

Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph

[Photograph]. Source. URL

Satore, J. (2020). The European wildcat [Photograph]. National

Photograph Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/07/house-
cat-ancestors-found-poland-caves-near-east/#/photo-ark-
european-wildcat2501892.jpg

References:
Eastern Washington University. (2020, May 26). What is annotating and why do it?
https://research.ewu.edu/writers_c_read_study_strategies
Freedman, L. (n.d.). Summarizing. https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/researching/summarize/
Monterey Peninsula College. (n.d.). Summarizing your text. https://www.mpc.edu/home/showdocument?id=12794
Oxford Learners Dictionary. (n.d.). Plagiarize.
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/plagiarize
Pennsylvania State University College of Liberal Arts. (n.d.). Types of plagiarism. https://la.psu.edu/current-
students/documents/TypesofPlagiarism.pdf
Purdue University. (n.d.). APA formatting and style guide 7th edition.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.ht
ml
Saqueton, G. & Uychoco, M. (2016). English for academic and professional purposes. Rex Book Store, Inc.
University of Lynchburg. (n.d.). Statement on plagiarism. https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-center/wilmer-
writing-center-online-writing-lab/citation-style/statement-on-plagarism/

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