GROUP II B – VOLATILE METALS  Astringent and antiseptic action

 Dentin desensitizer (Topical to the

- Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury
teeth as a 10% solution)
- Metals have relatively low melting points
- Zinc and cadmium are soft metals; Zinc – Eugenol Cement
mercury exists as liquid at room
temperature - Used by dentists for their effect on
- In compounds, elements exist as pulpal pain particularly when restoring
divalent ions but Hg in addition has a teeth with deep lesions
unique property of having a monovalent Zinc Oxide
ion, Hg 2 2+¿
- The oxides and hydroxides of these - Synonym: Zinc White, Flowers of Zinc,
metals are weak bases, with base Pompholyx, Nihil Album, Lana
strength increasing going down the Philosophica, Philospher’s wool
group - Protective, mild astringent and weak
antimicrobial compound
ZINC - Uses:
- Amphoteric  Dusting powder
- Does not occur free in nature  Physical sunblock
- Ores:  Component of Lassar’s paste
 Cadmia (zinc ores)  The primary ingredient of Calamine
 Sphaelerite, Zinc blende (ZnFe)S USP
 Smithsonite (ZnCO3) Zinc Stearate
- Used in the manufacture of galvanized
iron - Protective
- Container for batteries and dry cells - Dusting powder
- Essential trace element Zinc Sulfate
- w/ insulin (release from the pancreas)
- deficiency is associated with - Synonym: white Vitriol
parakeratosis and impaired immunity - Astringent, weak antiseptic, emetic
- toxicity: Metal Fume Fever (before)
- antidote for soluble Zn compounds: - Ophthalmic astringent in 0.25% solution
NaHCO3 (only FDA-approved OTC ophthalmic
astringent)
Calamine - Necessity for White Lotion preparation
- synonym: Lapis calaminaria, Prepared White Lotion
calamine, Artificial calamine
- zinc oxide with a small proportion of - Synonyms: Lotio Alba, Lotio Sulfurata,
ferric oxide White sulfide
- a protective with a good drying effect - Zinc sulfate + sulfurated potash
and a mild astringent action - Acting ingredient in White Lotion: ZnS
- Use: parasiticide, topical protectant,
Zinc Chloride antiseptic
- synonyms: Butter of zinc, Burnett’s Zinc Undecylenate
disinfection fluid
- Lucas reagent - Mildly antiseptic and astringent
- Cross and Bevan’s reagent - Dusting powder
- Use:
Zinc Pyrithione
- Antidandruff shampoo formulation
CADMIUM
- Astringent (water-soluble compounds)
- Found in cigarette smoke
- Used in the manufacture of stink bombs
- Cumulative poison
- Itai-itai disease
 Chronic cadmium poisoning
 A local Japanese disease caused by
drinking water contaminated by
cadmium
 The symptoms include sever bone
pain, waddling gait, aminoaciduria,
glycosuria, severe osteomalacia
(bone softening)
Cadmium Sulfide
- Capsebon R
- Shampoo
 For the treatment of dandruff but
causes photosensitization
- Yellow sulfide
Cadmium Sulfate
- Ophthalmic antiseptic
MERCURY
- Synonyms: ___, Asoge, Liquid Silver,
Messenger of gods (Hermes)
- Can be obtained from Cinnabar/ HgS
- Has diuretic, antiseptic, an
- Uses:
 Thermometers, Barometers, Gas
pressure regulators
 Amalgams
 Tisyphilitic, and cathartic action
 Cumulative poison
Chronic toxicity:
a. (Minamata disease) – caused by
methylmercury formed in ocean water by
metabolic action of aquatic organisms on
elemental Hg discharged from factory.
Epidemic birth defects and neurologic disease
in Japanese village of Minamata
b. ___ - behavioral pattern characterized by
changes in mood from shyness, withdrawal,
depression, along with explosive anger
c. ___ - pink palms, pink soles, painful
erythema of the extremities
 Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate
 Dimercaprol (BAL) and Penicillamine
(Cuprimine R)
 Dimercaptosuccinic acid/ Succimer
 Organic Hg:
 Inorganic Hg salts:
 Elemental Hg:
Ammoniated Mercury
- Synonym: White Precipitate, Mercuric
amidochloride
- Use: topical antiseptic
Mercuric Chloride
- Synonym: ___, mercury bichloride
- Extremely poisonous (fatal hemorrhagic
gastroenteritis)
- Uses: (before)
 For syphilis
 Disinfectant (1:1000) for utensils and
surgical instruments
Mercurous Chloride
- Synonyms: ___, mild mercury chloride
- Saline cathartic (before)
- Component of Black Lotion (with lime
water)
 For syphilitic sores
Yellow Mercuric Oxide
- Synonym: yellow precipitate
- Ophthalmic anti-infective
Mercurous Iodide
- Treatment of syphilis
Mercuric Iodide
- Irritant poison
 - Alkaloidal reagent
Chlormerodrin, Hg 197 Injection;
Chlormerodrin Hg 203 Injection
 Uses: scintillation of scanning of the
kidneys or the brain
GROUP III B – SCANDIUM FAMILY
- Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum,
Actinium
- Scandium – eka – Boron
- Rare earths:
 Lanthanides – 14 members
(atomic no. 58-71)
 Actinides – 14 members (atomic
no. 90-103)
GROUP IV B – TITANIUM FAMILY
- Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium
Titanium Dioxide
- Uses:
 Solar ray protective (High refractive
index)
 Sun creams and sun screen
products
 Used as a white pigment in cosmetic
paints since it has good covering
power and is quite inert
Zirconium
- Similar to Aluminum
- Antiperspirant, deodorant
- Causes skin granuloma
Zirconium Oxide/ Zirconium Carbonate
- Former official compounds
- Antiperspirant
- Treatment of athlete’s foot
GROUP V B – VANADIUM FAMILY
- Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), Tantalum
(Ta)
Vanadium
- “Erythronium”
- Principal commercial source: Minas
Ragra
- Essential trace element
Tantalum
- To be left in the human body to
strengthen a broken bone
GROUP VI B – CHROMIUM FAMILY
- Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),
Tungsten (W)
Chromium
- Glucose Tolerance Factor
- Essential trace element
- Most stable oxidation state is 3+
- 2+ oxidation state are good reducing
agents
- Compounds such as dichromates
(Cr2O72-) having 6+ oxidation number
are readily reduced to the 3+ state are
thus good oxidizing agents
Molybdenum
- Essential trace element
- Cofactor for enzymes associated with
flavin-dependent enzymes
- Human Molybdenum Cofactor
Deficiency
Uranium
- Discovered by Becquerel
- Radioactive element used for the
manufacture of atomic bombs
- No pharmaceutical use
GROUP VII B – MANGANESE FAMILY
- Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc),
Potassium Permanganate
- Synonym: mineral chameleon
- Strong oxidizing agent
- Antiseptic
Technetium  Transferrin (siderophilin) – the major
iron transport protein of blood
- Derived from the decay of 99 Mo
plasma
- First element produced artificially
- Most commonly used Toxicity: Hermochromatosis; Hemorrhagic
radiopharmaceutical gastroenteritis
 Technetium 99m – Phytate: Liver
- Antidote: deferoxamine
Imaging
- When iron supplements are prescribed,
 Technetium 99m – Hepatogluconate:
the oral route is the method of choice
Kidney imaging, renal function
 Ferrous form
 Technetium 99m – HIDA:
 Vitamin C
Hepatobiliary studies
- Parental iron preparations are indicated
 Technetium 99m – Etidronate: bone
only in those conditions where either
imaging
iron absorption is defective or the iron
TRIADS salt may be irritating
- Use: Hematinic
- All of the Group VII elements are
- Three officially approved iron salts
grayish-white metals with high melting
available for the oral administration of
and boiling points
iron
- “noble metals”
 Ferrous sulfate (most widely used)
GROUP VIII B – IRON TRIAD  Ferrous fumarate
 Ferrous gluconate
- Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni)
- Intravenous route:
Iron  Iron dextran injection – is a sterile,
colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide
- The chief source of iron in industry is
in complex with partially hydrolyzed
hematite (Fe2O3)
of low MW, in Water for Injection
- The sulfide, iron pyrite (FeS2) looks
 Iron Sorbitex Injection – is a sterile
similar to gold and is often called “fool’s
solution of complex iron sorbitol and
gold”
citric acid that is stabilized with the
- Most of the iron found in the body is
aid of dextrin and excess sorbitol
associated with two types of protein:
Hemoproteins and Iron Basham’s Mixture
storage/transport proteins
- Iron + ammonium acetate
Hemoproteins - Styptic
- Astringent
 Cytochrome c – a respiratory
enzyme in which iron is complexed Cobalt
in a porphyrin ring system
- Central metal in Vitamin B12
 Hemoglobin and myoglobin – stores
- Important in erythropoiesis
and/or transports oxygen
- Used in the manufacture of beers
Iron storage and/or transport proteins
Nickel
 Ferritin and hemosiderin – iron
- Old Nick’s copper” or Kupfernickel
storage proteins found in the liver,
- Moderately lustrous silvery metal; used
spleen, and bone marrow
extensively in alloy
 Ferritin – water
 Raney nickel: Ni and Al alloy
 Hemosiderin – water insoluble