‫ محمود فاخر محمد‬: ‫مدرس المادة‬ 0201/0202 ‫محاضرات اتصاالت‬

Communication
Is the process of link between two point for information change

CH -1-
(1) Time and frequency domain:
(1-1) Time Domain :
The time –domain is changes in signal amplitude with respect to time .

(1-2) Periodic Function :

A signal is said to be periodic if there is a positive number (To) such that:

X(t) = X(t+nTo)

Where:

N: is an integer

The smaller positive number (To) is called the periodic.

V(t)

To

V(t) To

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(1-3) Non Periodic Function or (Aperiodic)

Random signal are those signals that take random values at any given
time . like all message signal and noise .

V(t)

(1-4) Frequency Domain:

A peak amplitude of the signal with respect to frequency .

W=2πf [rad]

F=1/T [HZ ]

Example : Sketch the time and frequency domain of the Y= 4 volt?

Solution:

V(t) V(W) V(F)

4V 4V W

t F

Time domain Frequency domain

Example : Sketch the time and frequency domain of the signal?

1) V(t) = 10 Volt

2) V(t) = 10 cos50π t Volt

3) V(t) =5 + 10 cos5π t Volt

4) V(t) = (20cos50t)2 Volt

5) V(t) = ( 5 + 20cos50t)2 Volt

6) V(t) = ( 3cos2t + 20cos50t)2 (Home work )

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Solution :

1)

V(t) V(F)

10V 10V

t F

Time domain Frequency domain

2) V(t) = 10 cos50π t Volt

W=2πf = 50π [rad ]

f = w/2π

f = ( 50π/2π ) = 25 [ HZ ]

T = 1/25 [ sec ]

V(t) V(W) V(F)

10 10

1/25 t 25HZ F

50π W

3) V(t) =5 + 10 cos 50πt volt

W = 50π

2πf = 50π

f = 50π/ 2π

f = (50/2) =25 Hz [HZ]

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‫‪T = 1/25‬‬ ‫]‪[sec‬‬

‫)‪V(W‬‬

‫)‪V(t‬‬ ‫)‪V(F‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪1/25sec‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪25HZ‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪50π‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬

‫‪4) V(t) = (20cos50t)2‬‬

‫‪V(t) = 400cos250t‬‬

‫]‪Where : cos2A= 0.5 [1+cos2A‬‬

‫‪V(t) = (400/2)[ 1 + cos100t] = 200 + 200cos100t‬‬

‫‪W = 100‬‬ ‫]‪[rad‬‬

‫‪2πf = 100‬‬

‫‪f = 100/ 2π‬‬

‫‪f = 50/π‬‬ ‫]‪[HZ‬‬

‫‪T = π/50‬‬ ‫]‪[sec‬‬

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V(t) V(W)

400 V(F)

200 200

π/50sec t 50/πHZ F

100 W

5) v(t) = (5 + 20cos50t)2

V(t) = 25 + 200cos50t + 400cos250t

V(t) = 25 + 200cos50t + (400/2)[1 + cos100t]

Where : cos2A= 0.5 [1+cos2A]

V(t) = 25 + 200cos50t + 200 +200 cos100t

V(t) = 225 + 200cos50t +200 cos100t

V(t)

425

225

25

π/50sec π/25sec t

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‫)‪V(W‬‬ ‫)‪V(F‬‬

‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪25/πHZ‬‬ ‫‪50/πHZ F‬‬

‫‪Notes:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫{ =‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫{ =‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫=‬ ‫{‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫{ =‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪cos2‬‬ ‫‪( 1 + cos2‬‬ ‫)‬

‫‪Cos2‬‬ ‫‪= 1 -2 sin2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Cos2 = 2 cos‬‬ ‫‪- 1‬‬

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(1-5) Fourier series:

Any periodic signal un sinusoidal wave can representation infinity
from different sinusoidal wave in amplitude, frequency, and phase
although to dc component.

( ) ∑ ( ( ))

Vo = DC component

Vn = spectral amplitude

nwo : Radians frequency

wo = 2πfo ………….. fo = wo / 2π

fo = 1/To (fundamental frequency)

Reciprocal of the periodic To is called fundamental frequency

( ) ∑ ( ( ))

= Vo + V1 cos(wot + 1) + V2cos(wot + 2) + V3 cos(wot + 3)

constant fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic

+ ………+ ………..

The Fourier series is the key to the frequency domain analysis of

the signal .

V(t) V(F)

t F

fo 2fo 3fo 4fo

V(t) V(F)

t F

fo 2fo 3fo 4fo

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(a) Fourier cosine series: The Fourier series of an even periodic

function f (x) having period 2π contains cosine terms only (i.e. contains
no sine terms) and may contain a constant term.

(b) Fourier sine series: The Fourier series of an odd periodic function
f (x) having period 2π contains sine terms only (i.e. contains no constant
term and no cosine terms).

(1-6)Even and odd functions:

Even functions: A function y = f (x) is said to be even if f (−x)= f (x) for
all values of x.

Graphs of even functions are always symmetrical about the y-axis.

(i.e. is a mirror image).

Two examples of even functions are y  x and y  cos x as shown in

2

figure below.

Even Function

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Odd functions: A function y = f (x) is said to be odd if f (−x)= − f (x) for

all values of x.

Graphs of odd functions are always symmetrical about the origin.

Two examples of odd functions are y  x and y  sin x as shown in

3

figure below.

Odd Function

‫ محمود فاخر محمد‬: ‫مدرس المادة‬ 0201/0202 ‫محاضرات اتصاالت‬