3.

TRANSLATION

Subjects

A. Theory of translation: Definition, Process, Principles, Techniques, Difficulties and How to

be Good Translator.
B. Applications of translation theories through exercises.

Goals

By knowing and understanding the subject completely, students can be able:

1. to apply the translation theories smartly.
2. to translate the English-Indonesian or Indonesian-English of daily expressions and mining
texts appropriately.

1. Definition of Translation

Translation is the transfer of meaning, message, concept, thought or ideas and the
replacement of textual material (such as: actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences,
paragraphs, etc.) from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) whether the
languages are in written form or oral form.

2. Process of Translation

The process of translation is a model intended to describe the process of thinking done by a
translator during translating. The following is the diagram model indicates the process of
translation:

1. Form of Source IV. Evaluating & Revising 4. Form of Target

Language Language

V. Internal process
I. Analyzing & III. Restructuring
External process

2. Concept/ Meaning/ 3. Concept/ Meaning/

Message of Source Message of Target
Language II. Transferring Language

English for Mining Engineering-2020 1

I. Analyzing
This activity is intended to recognize and analyze source language text in an overall
manner of language terms, such as: style, tone, idiom, cultural background, types of
texts, and textual or grammatical materials also, so the overall meaning of the source
language text can be properly identified and appropriately transposed. In this step, most
of translators analyze the text in the sentence level. It can be done by breaking the
source language text into clauses, phrases, words and examining the syntactical relation
one another.

Examples:
1. Form of Source Language
Hello, guys. Let me introduce myself. My name is Perfecta, I come from Bali. I am
glad to be one of mining engineering college students this year.

When analyzing the source language expressions, most of non-native English speaker
usually try to search the meaning of every single of the expressions by chopping them
word-by-word.

2. Concept/meaning/message of SL
Hello, // guys. // Let // me // introduce // myself. // My // name // is // Perfecta, // I
// come // from // Bali. // I // am // glad // to be // one // of // mining // engineering
// college // students // this // year. //

II. Transferring
In this stage, translator try to find and determine equivalent terms related to the field
being translated as well. The translator performs the language in his brain to transfer
what is in the source language into the target language.

3. Concept/meaning/message of TL
Halo, // teman-teman. // Ijinkan // saya // mengenalkan // diri saya sendiri. //
Punyaku // nama // adalah // Perfecta, // saya// datang // dari // Bali. // Saya //
adalah // senang // menjadi // satu // dari // pertambangan // teknik // perguruan
tinggi // siswa // ini // tahun. //

III. Restructuring
At this stage the understanding of the recipient language message is reorganized or
rewritten into the target language. This step is the real translation activity. The
translator selects the corresponding word equivalent in the target language, so that the
author's message can be delivered smoothly. Sometimes the translator follows the
source-language structure if there is no discrepancies in translating it into the target
language, but if the source tree's structure is deemed inappropriate, then the translator
may alter it with the unchanged message or meaning. In this step, translators try to
make new structure in target language after the source language text has been split
English for Mining Engineering-2020 2
 structurally and semantically into clauses, phrases and words to get accurate, clear,
natural and communicative or understandable meaning.

4. Form of Target Language

Halo, teman-teman. Ijinkan saya untuk mengenalkan diri saya. Nama saya adalah
Perfecta, saya datang dari Bali. Saya senang menjadi satu siswa perguruan tinggi
teknik pertambangan tahun ini.

IV. Evaluating & Revising

If the restructuring process is completed then further test or evaluate the translation
text. The editing process is a process whereby we review/reconstruct and understand
the translation text we produce will be a nearly closed to original meaning, accurate,
clear, natural and easy-to-understand translation. If the translation result is judged to
have high accuracy message to the original, then this process is sufficient.

Revising 1: Form of Target Language

Halo, teman-teman. Ijinkan saya untuk mengenalkan diri saya. Nama saya Perfecta,
asal saya dari Bali. Saya senang menjadi salah satu siswa perguruan tinggi jurusan
teknik pertambangan tahun ini.

If the translation result is still awkward or unnatural, then the process should be done
from the beginning, starting from analyzing the source language messages, transferring
them into the target language messages, do the restructuring into the form of target
language more and more until the final result translation gained adequately.

Revising 2: Form of Target Language

Halo, teman-teman. Perkenalkan, nama saya Perfecta, saya berasal dari Bali. Saya
senang menjadi mahasiswa teknik pertambangan tahun ini.

V. Internal & External Process

During the process of translation, there are two others processes involved. They are
internal and external process. Internal process is a process of translation which is all of
activities accomplished or happened as a result of situated within, affecting, relating to
the inside of translators’ mind, knowledge, skill and ability. Whereas external process
of translation is the opposite of those, the process of translation to obtain the nearly
closed to original messages carried out by the translators are from outside. They are
able to consult with some dictionaries, encyclopedias, knowledge reference books,
experts or linguists or sometimes with the native speakers of target language too. Many
ways can be executed to acquire the natural, accurate, clear, communicative and easy-
understand messages of target language.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 3

3. The Principles of Translation
There are several things to consider related to the translation principles, such as:
A. Meaning
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing
should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can
be transposed.
Examples:
SL : Apakah sudah kau perpanjang perijinan usaha pertambangan kita?
TL : Have you administered our mining business licence for the next period?

SL : The peak coal production in some States occurred many decades ago, whereas
in other States the coal industry has been revitalized in recent times.
TL : Puncak produksi batubara di beberapa negara terjadi pada beberapa dekade
lalu, tetapi industri batubara di negara-negara lain telah diperbaharui baru-
baru ini.

B. Form
The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely
as possible. This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees,
contracts, etc., but differences in language structure often require changes in the form
and order of words.
Examples:
SL :
PIAGAM

Diberikan dengan ucapan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya

kepada:

Nama : Fajar Permadi

NIM : 112 200 048
Program Studi : Teknik Pertambangan

Atas ketertiban, kerapihan dan kedisiplinannya selama mengikuti Program

Pengenalan Kehidupan Kampus di Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan Fakultas Teknologi
Mineral Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta, 26 September 2020

Ketua Himpunan Mahasiswa
Teknik Pertambangan
Mengetahui,
Ketua Jurusan,

Dr. Ir. Eddy Winarno, S.Si., MT M. Yogi Pratama

NIP. 19600608 1990008 1 001 NIM 112 170 036
English for Mining Engineering-2020 4
 TL :

CHARTER

Awarded with deepest gratitude and highest appreciation to:

Name : Fajar Permadi

IDN : 112200048
Study Program : Mining Engineering

Because of his/her orderliness, tidiness and disciplinary action when attending

Campus Life Introduction Program in Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of
Mineral Technology, University of Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta, 26 September 2020

Chief of Student Association
of Mining Engineering
Mining Engineering Department
Chief,

Dr. Ir. Eddy Winarno, S.Si., MT M. Yogi Pratama

NIP. 19600608 1990008 1 001 NIM 112 170 036

C. Register
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context, but to
resolve these differences, the translators must distinguish between formal or fixed
expressions and personal expressions, in which the author or speaker sets the tone
(the pitch of a word used to determine its meaning or to distinguish differences in
meaning. It is a particular or relative pitch of a word, phrase, or sentence).
Examples:
SL : Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, or Dear Mr. …
TL : Dengan hormat,

SL : Hormat saya,
TL : Sincerely yours, or Faithfully yours, or Truly yours,

SL : Your Majesty, or Your Excellency,

TL : Paduka Mulia, or Yang Mulia,

English for Mining Engineering-2020 5

 D. Style and Clarity
A style of translation is to be determined to have clarity of the intended message,
maintain fidelity to the original text, and fulfill receptor’s expectations with regard to
target language. So, the translator should not change the style of the original. But if
the text is sloppily written, or full of repetitions or mistakes in writing, the translator
may correct the defects for the reader’s sake.

Examples:
SL : What you have to do is to drop that “Sir and Mr. Brown” business. Call me
Arnold!
TL : Jangan panggil aku dengan sebutan “Pak atau Tuan Brown.” Panggil aku
Arnold saja!

SL : Kurangnya pegawai pertambangan yang mahir mulai mencuat pada berbagai

konferensi pertambangan dan pertemuan yang setingkat, hal ini merupakan
perhatian utama dalam industri pertambangan.
TL :The lack of skilled personnels has begun to emerge at various conferences
and similar high-level meetings, this matter is as a major concern for the
mining industry.

E. Source language Influence

One of the most frequent criticism of translation is that it does not sound natural. This
is because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by
the original text. A good way of shaking off the source language influence is to set the
text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory. This will suggest natural
patterns of thought in the first language, which may not come to mind when the eye
is fixed on the source language text.
Examples:
SL : Hei, jangan main-main…dia anak tambang loh.
(TL1 : Hi, don’t play … he is son of mining.)
(TL2 : Hi, don’t play with him … he is mining children.)
(TL3 : Hey, don’t play with him, he is truly children of mining.)
TL : Hey, don’t you dare make fun with him…he is a mining student.
TL : Hey, you dare not make fun with him, he’s a mining, bro!

In here, if we can’t directly translate the expression ‘jangan main-main’ into ‘don’t play
with’ or ‘don’t play with him’ and the expression ‘dia anak tambang loh’ into ‘he is son
of mining’ or ‘he is mining children’ or ‘he is truly a children of mining’, because the
meaning is lost and it sounds a little bit odd or strange. So the appropriate translation
and the meaning is “Hey, don’t you dare making fun with him, he is a mining student”.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 6

 F. Idiom
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable expressions. These include
similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargons, slangs, and colloquialisms and
phrasal verbs of English.
Examples:
SL : He has to report to the person who used to be his subordinate. If I were in
his shoes, I would feel badly hurt.
TL : Dia harus melapor ke orang yang dulu bawahannya. Jika aku di posisinya,
aku merasa hal itu sangat menyakitkan hati.

SL : Jangan repot-repot membanting tulang mencari penghasilan tambahan

untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari, kami sudah bersyukur dengan jerih-payahmu.
TL : Don’t bother trying to make ends meet, we’re satisfied with your hard-
working.

Translation has got some principles that confronted by some experts, but actually the point
of the principles of translation is that the translation loyalty, it should loyal to the text or to
the reader. Loyal to the text means focus on the source language, on the other hand, loyal
to the reader means focus on the target language.

a. Loyal/Faithful to the Text

1. A translation must give the words of the original.
2. A translation should read like an original work.
3. A translation should reflect the style of the original.
4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original.

Related to the text, there are several types of translation, such as:
 Technical Translation
The term “technical translation” can be understood in two ways:
o In its broadest sense, it is about translating user manuals, instructions leaflets,
internal notes, medical translation, financial reports, minutes of proceedings,
administrative terms in general, and so forth. These documents share the
distinction of being for a specific and limited target audience and usually have
a limited shelf-life.
o In its most limited sense, technical translation refers to “technical”
documentation such as engineering, IT, electronics, mechanics, and industrial
texts in general. Technical translation requires a knowledge of the specialized
terminology used in the sector originating the text.

 Scientific Translation
As a sub-group of technical translation, as its name indicates, scientific translation
deals with documents in the domain of science: articles, theses, papers, congress
booklets, presentations, study reports etc.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 7

  Financial Translation
Financial or economic translation, of course, deals with documentation relating to the
likes of financial, banking, and stock exchange activity. This includes annually
company reports, financial statements, financial contracts, financing packages, and
so forth.

 Legal Translation
Legal translation covers a wide range of very different documents. These may include
legal documents such as summons and warrants; administrative texts such as
registration certificates; corporate statutes and remittance drafts, technical
documents such as expert opinions and texts for judicial purposes; and a number of
other texts in addition to reports and minutes of court proceedings.

 Judicial Translation
Judicial translations, not to be confused with legal or certified translation, refers to
the task of translation undertaken in a court setting. Judicial translators specialize in
translating documents such as letters oratories, minutes of proceedings, judgments,
expert opinions, deposition, minutes of interrogation sessions etc.

 Juridical Translation
Juridical translation refers to legally-binding documentation. For example, this could
be the translation of documents such as laws; regulations and decrees; general sales
and purchase conditions; legally binding contracts such as labor; license and
commercial contracts; partnership agreements, accords; protocols and conventions;
internal regulations; insurance policies; and bail assurance, among others. The
juridical translator must have a solid legal background in addition to their linguistic
training.

 Certified Translation
A certified translator may use their signature to authenticate official translations.
These are usually documents which require legal validation and are thus referred to
as “certified”. Certified translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators,
or act in the capacity of a legal expert, as well as providing translations of civil status
documentation, marital agreements, divorce settlements, deceases, and wills, for
example.

 Literary Translation
This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation, as obviously, the
translator must first try to render the semantic content of the original text (as should
be the case for the translation of any kind of text), and then in addition deal with a
number of other difficulties, such as :
o Polysemy word play specific to literary texts, as behind a word or a phrase,
there lie a number of connotations which the writer has tried to transmit
or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to render.
o The author’s own particular literary style; the translator must try to
transmit the unique way in which the writer has couched their ideas.
o Rhythm, meter and the innate balance of the phrase; this is particularly
important in poetry but equally present in prose, where the translator must
work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the music
inherent to the text — assonance, alliteration and asyndeton.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 8

 b. Loyal/Faithful to the Reader
1. A translation must give the ideas of the original.
2. A translation should read like a natural translation work.
3. A translation should posse the style of translator.
4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator.

Related to the reader, there are several thing to be recognized, such as:
 The translator must make the text clear to the reader. However, differences in the
language structure often require change in the form and order of words. When in
doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls, then
make some footnotes to add appropriate description of them.
 One of the frequent criticisms of translation is that it does not sound ‘natural’. This is
because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by the
original text.
 A good way to avoid the influence of the source language is to set the text aside and
translate a few sentence aloud from memory. This is suggest natural patterns of
thought in the first languange which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on
the text.
 It is necessary to prioritize the accuracy of the message to the detriment of style, if
necessary and to convey the message, the translators have to substitute the cultural
elements in the original text with cultural elements that are more well-known to
readers of the target language, even if they are not totally equivalent.
 The most important thing is the meaning of the message that the author aims to
transmit. The translators have to convey message to readers of the target language
in a natural way. Fidelity to the language, register and tone used by the author of the
original text is secondary. These two views are total opposites, although less radical
positions can be found in the middle.
 Translation is not an exact science; therefore, every time the translators undertake a
job, they have to firstly identify with the author to understand the message they are
aiming to convey, and secondly identify with the potential reader and use language
that will allow them to easily understand this message. To carry out their task, the
translators have to avoid being too rigid; on the contrary, they have to open their
mind, make it more flexible and use their common sense.

4. Techniques of Translation

The translation techniques can be divided into two categories:

1. Direct Technique
This technique is used when the structural and conceptual elements of the source
language can be transposed or transferred into the target language directly.

2. Oblique Technique
This technique is used when the structural and conceptual elements of the source
language cannot be transposed or transferred into the target language directly.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 9

I. DIRECT TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE
Direct translation techniques are used when the structural and conceptual elements of the
source language can be transposed into the target language directly.

There are four types for Direct Translation Techniques, they are as follow:

A. Borrowing Technique.
It is the carry-over of lexical items from the source language to the target language, normally
without formal or semantic modification. Here, we can say that it is a taking of words directly
from source language into target language without translation. The original expressions
should be written in italic forms in target language.

Borrowing technique can be divided into three forms, they are as follow:
a. Pure Borrowing technique: there is no change in form and meaning.
(website, software, internet, magic jar, handphone, video, mineral, data, program, adit,
shaft, nasi goreng, batik, wayang, Bahasa, Bangkabor)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: You may record your basic mining field activity with your handphone as video.
TL: Kalian diperbolehkan merekam video tentang kegiatan kuliah lapangan
pertambangan dasar ini dengan handphone.

SL: Andy gets some information about underground mining from the internet.
TL: Andy memperoleh informasi tentang pertambangan bawah tanah dari internet.

SL: Because of their utility and value, minerals have been integral and essential to man’s
existence.
TL: Karena kegunaan dan nilainya, bermacam mineral menjadi tumpuan dan kebutuhan
penting bagi kehidupan manusia.

SL: Accessing underground ore can be achieved via a declined ramp, inclined/vertical
shaft or adit.
TL: Akses/jalan masuk menuju bijih dalam tambang bawah tanah itu dapat dicapai
melalui declined ramp, inclined/vertical shaft atau adit.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Nasi goreng termasuk makanan favorit tamu manca negara, yaitu merupakan
masakan asli Indonesia terbuat dari nasi dengan potongan-potongan daging dan
sayuran.
TL: Nasi goreng is the favorite food for some tourists, it is an Indonesian rice dish with
colourful bits of meat and vegetables added.

SL: Bangkabor adalah istilah yang dipakai oleh para petambang Indonesia untuk
menyebut ‘Emperor Drill Bit’.
TL: Bangkabor is an expression used by Indonesian miners to call ‘Emperor Drill Bit’.
English for Mining Engineering-2020 10
 SL: Saya bisa berbicara Bahasa Indonesia dengan lancar setelah saya tinggal selama tiga
tahun.
TL: I can speak Bahasa fluently after living three years in Indonesia.

b. Naturalized Borrowing Technique: there is a change in form but not in meaning.

(combination=kombinasi, expression=ekspresi, flashdisc=flesdisk, coldcash=kulkas,
access=akses, Jawa=Java, padi=paddy, sate=satay)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: May I borrow your flashdisc to copy the files of English subjects for mining
engineering?
TL: Bolehkah saya pinjam flesdisk-mu untuk mengkopi file-file materi bahasa Inggris
untuk teknik pertambangan?

SL: Accessing underground ore can be achieved via a declined ramp, inclined/vertical
shaft or adit.
TL: Akses/jalan masuk menuju bijih dalam tambang bawah tanah itu dapat dicapai
melalui ‘declined ramp’, ‘inclined/vertical shaft’ atau ‘adit’.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Amyra suka sekali makan sate, yaitu suatu makanan yang terbuat dari daging atau
ikan yang dipotong kecil-kecil ditusuk dengan lidi kemudian dibakar, dan dihidangkan
dengan bumbu kacang.
TL: Amyra was very fond of eating satay, it is a food consisting of small pieces of meat
or fish cooked on a stick, and served with a spicy peanut sauce.

SL: Kawasan pertambangan ini sebelum dibangun, sebenarnya merupakan ladang padi
yang sangat luas, subur dan kaya makmur.
TL: Before this mining area was built up, actually, it was a wide, fertile and productive
paddy field.

c. Mixed Borrowing Technique: it sometimes consists of the combination of pure and

naturalized, pure and others, or naturalized and others too.
(sedimentary rock=batuan sedimen, conveyor belt=sabuk konveyor)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: May I borrow your flashdisc to copy the files of English subjects for mining
engineering?
TL: Bolehkah saya pinjam flesdisk-mu untuk mengkopi file-file materi bahasa Inggris
untuk teknik pertambangan?

English for Mining Engineering-2020 11

 SL: Unlike surface mining, there is little distinction in the cycle of operations for the
various underground methods (except in coal mining), the difference occurring in the
direction of mining (vertical or horizontal) at least.
TL: Tidak seperti tambang terbuka, pada beberapa metode penambangan bawah tanah
ada sedikit perbedaan pada siklus operasinya (kecuali pada tambang batubara),
perbedaan tersebut terletak pada arah penambangan-nya (vertikal atau horisontal).

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Most of the mining companies need conveyor belt to transport coals from ground to
the stockpile.
TL: Hampir semua perusahaan pertambangan memakai sabuk konveyor untuk
mengangkut batubara dari tambang bawah tanah ke ‘stockpile’.

SL: Modern mining engineers must therefore be concerned not only with the production
and processing of the mineral commodities, but also with the damage mitigation or
changes to an environment as a result of that production and processing.
TL: Ahli pertambangan modern harus terlibat tidak hanya dengan masalah proses dan
produksi pada komoditas mineral saja tetapi juga pada mitigasi kerusakan atau
perubahan lingkungan sebagai akibat dari proses dan produksi tersebut.

B. Loan Technique
It is the linear substitution of elements of one language by elements of the other, it is normally
in noun phrase forms. Loan technique is used to transfer the meaning of an expression of
source language which has the same meaning literally with the other expression in the target
language already, but then this expression sometimes can be borrowed to translate any
others.
(desk lamp= lampu meja/ lampu belajar/ lampu baca; whiteboard=papan putih/ papan tulis;
showroom=ruang pameran/ruang pertunjukan/ruang pajangan; field trip= kuliah lapangan/
praktek lapangan / kerja praktek)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: He bought his antique desk lamp three years ago when he went to Japan.
TL: Dia membeli lampu mejanya yang antik tiga tahun yang lalu ketika dia pergi ke Jepang.

SL: While he was arranging all of his refence book on the shelves, he put his mining
encyclopedia on the table beside his desk lamp.
TL: Ketika dia menata semua buku referensinya di rak-rak buku, dia meletakkan buku
ensiklopedia pertambangan miliknya di atas meja dekat lampu belajar.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Agar dia dapat dengan mudah mengerjakan PR Bahasa Inggrisnya malam hari ini, dia
membutuhkan lampu baca yang memadai.
TL: To be able to do his English homework easily tonight, he needs a suitable desk lamp.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 12

SL: Karena adanya wabah penyakit yang disebabkan virus korona, kuliah lapangan bagi
mahasiswa jurusan pertambangan dilakukan secara daring.
TL: Because of corona virus - an epidemic disease, the fieldtrip for mining engineering
students is held online virtually.

C. Calque Technique
It is a term used to translate noun phrase by having loan words that are transposed literally.
(Vice President=Wakil Presiden; Vice Rector=Wakil Rektor; Vice Dean=Wakil Dekan; General
Manager=Jendral Menejer; Directorate General=Direktorat Jendral; interface=antar muka;
international=antar negara; quality insurance=kualitas asuransi; Cafe Coffee=kafe kopi/
kedai kopi / warung kopi; photocopy= fotokopi; exploration geophysics= eksplorasi geofisika)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: She was so thankful that she had a good quality insurance to be taken out, when she
was involved in the accident on holyday.
TL: Dia sangat bersyukur dia memiliki kualitas asuransi yang baik yang menjaminnya,
ketika dia mengalami kecelakaan ketika liburan.

SL: Petra had a part-time job at photocopy shop near his bording house when he was
studying at UPNVY five years ago.
TL: Petra bekerja paruh waktu di warung fotokopi dekat rumah kosnya ketika dia kuliah di
UPNVY, 5 tahun yang lalu.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Karena memprovokasi rekan-rekannya untuk berdemo, Patrick wajib menghadap Wakil
Rektor III.
TL: Because he provoked his associates to have a strike, Patrick was obliged to face Vice
Rector III.

SL: Banyak rekan mahasiswa yang lebih suka mengadakan pertemuan kerja kelompok di
kedai kopi ketimbang di kampus.
TL: Most of college students prefer arranging teamwork meeting in Café Coffee rather than
at campus.

D. Literal Technique
The replacement of source language syntactic structure by target language structure,
normally at clause level, in terms of number and type of lexical item and synonymous in term
of content. It is a taking words in their usual or most basic sense, free from distortion or
without any metaphor or allegory or representing the exact words of the original text. Literal
technique is also called as word-for-word translation.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 13

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:
SL: She wore a beautiful dress at the party tonight.
TL: Dia memakai gaun yang indah pada pesta tadi malam.

SL: Don’t sign anything before you read the agreement yet.
TL: Jangan mentanda-tangani apapun sebelum kamu membaca perjanjiannya.

SL: According to my opinion, the meaning of “the industry is still in its youth with a very low
level of financialization” is the company is still in short operation period and has low
financial investment.
TL: Menurut pemikiran saya, makna dari “perusahaan masih dalam kondisi remaja dengan
tingkat keuangan yang rendah” hal itu berarti bahwa perusahaan tersebut masih baru
dan tingkat penanaman modalnya masih rendah.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Saya mencoba untuk mengerem sekuat-kuatnya, tetapi jalan sangat licin. Jadi saya
selip kearah kaki lima dan menabrak sebuah mobil yang sedang parkir.
TL: I tried to brake sharply, but the road was slippery. So I skidded towards the pavement
and smashed into a parked car.

SL: Ketika penambangan pertama kali dilakukan, yang dapat ditambang yaitu bijih-bijih
yang berada di atas air tanah.
TL: When mining first began it was only possible to mine those ores that were above the
level of the ground water.

II. OBLIQUE TRANLATION TECHNIQUE

Oblique translation techniques are used when the structural and conceptual elements of the
source language cannot be transposed into the target language directly.

There are four types for Oblique Translation Techniques, they are as follow:

A. Transposition Technique
This technique is used when the translator render the source language element to the target
language elements which are semantically, but not formally equivalent because of the word-
class changes.

There are some types of transposition

 The change from singular to plural (and vice versa) or in the position of the adjective.
 The change in grammatical structure or word order from SL to TL.
 The change of part of speech or word class from SL to TL, when the literal translation
of SL text may not acceptable in the natural usage of TL.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 14

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:
SL: No entrance. (No = adjective, entrance = noun)
TL: Dilarang masuk. (Dilarang = verb, masuk = verb)

SL: Keep the grass green. (Keep = verb, the grass = noun-ph, green = adjective)
TL: Dilarang menginjak rumput. (Dilarang=v, menginjak=v, rumput=n)

SL: The young mining engineers explore the remote area to find gold.
TL: Ahli pertambangan yang masih belia itu mengekplorasi kawasan terpencil untuk
menemukan emas.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Selain petugas dilarang masuk. (Selain=adv, petugas=n, dilarang=v, masuk=v)
TL: Staff only. (Staff = noun, only = adjective)
TL: Authorized personnel only. (Authorized=adj, personnel=n, only=adj)

SL: Sandro sampai di area pertambangan di Kalimantan sesuai rencana.

TL: Sandro departs to mining area at Kalimantan as schedule.
TL: Sandro departed to mining area at Kalimantan as schedule.

B. Modulation Technique
This technique is used when the translator has different point of view of something with the
author or speaker. He may switch or shift the author or speaker point of view as far as the
original meaning is transferred (not lost).

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: The explorers think we weren’t wrong in finding mining gold in Papua.
TL: Para penjelajah itu berpikir kita benar dalam menemukan tambang emas di Papua.

SL: It’s normal to feel a little apprehension before starting a new job.
TL: Kita merasa kuatir atau was-was, sebelum memulai pekerjaan baru, dan hal seperti itu
lumrah.

SL: After removing the overburden, the mining engineers endeavor to excavate deeply to
grab mineral deposit.
TL: Ahli pertambangan itu berusaha menggali lebih dalam untuk mendapatkan mineral
deposit setelah menghilangkan lapisan penutupnya.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Supervisor lapangan berpikir kita belum dewasa dalam menentukan sikap di lapangan.
TL: The field supervisor think we’re still green in standing at attention in field.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 15

SL: Tolong, katakan apa yang terjadi tadi malam, aku sungguh ingin tahu jalan ceritanya.
TL: Come on, satisfy my curiosity, what happened last night?

SL: Aku punya penghidupan yang layak meski aku putus kuliah umur 21 tahun, dan aku
tidak menyesalinya.
TL: I left university at 21, but I've had a great life and I have no regrets.

SL: Bukan saja pesanan-pesanan dari negara industri barubara yang penting; China sedang
mengembangkan kesempatan mengekspor peralatan pertambangan keluar negeri.
TL: China is developing the opportunities to export mining equipment to aboard, because of
not only thinking orders from the country's coal industry that were important.

C. Equivalence Technique
This is a translation procedure which uses a completely different expression to transmit the
same reality. It is used when the replacement of a stretch of source language (particularly
idioms, collocations, jargons, proverbs and the like) done by its functional equivalent.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: I always remember my mom’s advice that the time is money, so I may not waste my
age for doing nothing.
TL: Aku selalu ingat nasehat ibu kalo waktu itu berharga, jadi aku harus menjadi orang
yang berguna dan tidak menyia-nyiakan waktu.

SL: By the way, why don’t you start writing application letter to your favorite mining
company?
TL: Omong-omong, kenapa kamu belum menulis surat lamaran ke perusahaan tambang
favoritmu?

SL: As he was caught red-handed passing through the restricted area, he got the sack all at
once.
TL: Karena dia tertangkap basah memasuki/melewati daerah terlarang, dia langsung
dipecat seketika itu juga.

SL: I get the low-down on the campus activity which is not only taking up much time and
attention but also shaking down much energy and thought.
TL: Saya mendengar seluruh hal ihwal tentang kegiatan kampus yang tidak hanya menyita
waktu dan perhatian tetapi juga menguras tenaga dan pikiran.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 16

Examples of Indonesian – English daily & mining expressions:
SL: Ketika Irene bertemu Danisha setelah sekian lama tidak berjumpa, kata yang terucap
pertama kali adalah apa kabar.
TL: When Irene met Danisha after very long time no see, the first word they uttered was
how are you.

SL: Seumur-umur baru kali ini saya terperangah dan terpesona dengan mesin
pertambangan yang sedahsyat dan secanggih itu.
TL: In all my born days and for the first time, I have taken aback and been in a great awe
to the extraordinarily powerful huge enhanced and sophisticated mining machine.

D. Adaptation Technique
This technique is used to translate culture backgrounds, as far as we know that there is a
recompense for cultural differences between the two languages. Here, we are not only
borrowing the source language expressions, but we are also adapting its cultures.
Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally
different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. Adaptations are
equivalents and can be seen more clearly in the translations of television shows or movies,
where conversations or cultural references must be adapted for foreign audiences.
Adaptation, however, is not to be confused with localization, which is used when the target
audience speaks a different variant of the same language.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: Now, if you'd all please raise your glasses, I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and
the groom. Cheers.
TL: Ayo, angkat gelas kita bersama-sama, selamat untuk pengatin kita. Cheers!
(This expression is used when celebrating something, and there is no equivalent
word/expression in Indonesian.)

SL: After working in surface mining area all day long, Adnan takes a shower directly, takes
a healthy dinner prepared by his wife, and while he is taking a rest take, he reads a
book for a while, then goes to bed early.
TL: Setelah bekerja seharian di area tambang terbuka, Adnan langsung mandi, makan
malam dengan makanan sehat yang disiapkan istrinya, ketika istirahat dia sambil
membaca buku sebentar, kemudian segera tidur.

Examples of Indonesian– English daily & mining expressions:

SL: Tidak kusangka makanan favorit temanku yang berasal dari Kanada ternyata nasi
goreng dan nasi rendang.
TL: I never thought that my friends from Canada fond of nasi goreng and nasi rendang as
their favorite foods.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 17

SL: Setiap peserta memakai baju batik pada saat upacara pembukaan acara stadium
general bulanan.
TL: Every participant is wearing batik in the opening ceremonial of a monthly scheduled
mining stadium general.

5. Difficulties of Translation
During the process translation, translators sometimes have stuck in the middle of their works.
They seem face some difficulties to get a nearly closed meaning to the original. The difficulties
found, it can be related to, as the following:

A. Language Structure
Every language sits inside a defined structure with its own agreed upon rules. The general
English sentence patterns consist of Subject, Predicate, Object and Complement. It is a simple
sentence patterns, sometimes each part of the patterns consists of single word, compound
words (compound nouns, two word verbs), or group of words (phrases or clauses). This simple
sentence patterns usually combine with others to construct new sentence patterns as
compound sentences, complex sentences or compound complex sentences. The complexity
and singularity of this framework directly correlates to the difficulty of translation.

B. Difficult in translating the meaning of words.

The lexical meaning of a word or lexical unit may be thought of as the specific value, it has in
a particular linguistic system and the ‘personality’ it requires through usage within that
system, but sometimes a word has multi meaning too, that can make us being confused to
get appropriate meaning.
(rice=padi/gabah/beras/nasi/meniran; crane =burung bangau or mesin keruk; apple = buah
or merek ‘handphone’ atau ‘laptop’; kanker=kantong kering/penyakit kanker)

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: Mother is cooking the rice in the kitchen.
TL: Ibu menanak nasi di dapur. (?)
TL: Ibu menanak beras di dapur. (?)

SL: There were many cranes at the mining area near the lake.
TL: Ada banyak burung bangau di kawasan pertambangan dekat danau. (?)
TL: Ada banyak mesin keruk di kawasan pertambangan dekat danau. (?)

Examples of Indonesian – English daily expressions:

SL: Siapa saja kalo baru kanker tidak bisa apa-apa.
TL: Whoever gets cancer can’t do anything. (It refers to the disease/illness) (?)
TL: Anyone who has no money can do nothing. (It refers to the acronym ‘kanker = kantong
kering) (?)

English for Mining Engineering-2020 18

SL: Harga apel baru-baru ini meningkat sangat pesat.
TL: The price of apples nowdays increase rapidly. (Fruit or Laptop?)

C. Difficult in translating the meaning of phrases.

A phrase sometimes has a specific meaning, it is because based on the meaning of words
which construct it.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily & mining expressions:

SL: Mr. John is an English teacher, he teaches us Open Pit Methods.
TL: Mr. John seorang guru Bahasa Inggris, beliau mengajar Metode Tambang Terbuka. (?)
TL: Mr. John seorang guru berkebangsaan Inggris, beliau mengajar Metode Tambang
Terbuka. (?)

Examples of Indonesian – English daily expressions:

SL: Ibu membelikanku banyak blackberries tadi malam.
TL: Mother bought me some blackberries last night. (Fruit or Handphone?)

SL: Maaf, aku enggak bisa ikut makan siang di kantin, maklum baru bokek.
TL: Sorry, I can’t join having lunch at the canteen, I am broke this moment. (?)
TL: Sorry, I can’t join having lunch at the canteen, I’ve no money right now. (?)

D. Difficult in translating the meaning of sentence patterns.

There are so many patterns to construct sentences that must be comprehended. If we fail or
careless to understand it or our grammar background is less, we will translate wrongly and
loose the meaning.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:

SL: Coming home late last night, my mother scolded me.
TL: Karena saya pulang terlambat, ibu memarahi saya. (?)
TL: Karena (ibu) pulang terlambat, ibu memarahi saya. (?)

Examples of Indonesian – English daily expressions:

SL: Karena bapaknya di rumah sakit, ia meminta-minta di jalan.
TL: Because his father is at hospital, he begs on the street. (?)
TL: Because his father is sick at home, he begs on the street. (?)

E. Difficult in translating the meaning of (whole) text.

If the translators don’t understand about semantics (branch of linguistics which studies about
the meaning of language) well, they will find difficulties in translating the (whole) text
moreover the translated subject or the text background is not the same as theirs.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 19

F. Difficult in translating the meaning of Two-Word Verbs or Collocations
Collocationis a word or phrase which is often used with another word or phrase, in a way that
sounds correct to people who have spoken the language all their lives, but might not be
expected from the meaning. It means that the meaning of a collocation will be different with
one of or both of words that compose it. Most of collocations consist of verbs and prepositions
that will take on separate and specific meaning when they are used together. Two-word verbs
are common in informal English. In many cases, though, it is neither necessary nor
appropriate to translate the preposition separately.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily or mining expressions:

SL: Every student must pay attention to the lecturer’s explanation of Blasting Techniques.
TL: Setiap mahasiswa harus memperhatikan penjelasan dosen tentang Teknik Peledakan. (?)
TL: Setiap mahasiswa harus membayar perhatian terhadap dosen tentang Teknik Peledakan.
(?)

SL: I had a breakdown, my dump truck stopped working, in the middle of the road.
TL: Saya mengalami kerusakan, dump truck saya macet di tengah jalan. (?)
TL: Ada gangguan, dump truck saya macet di tengah jalan. (?)

SL: Watch out! Mind your head! There are some flying rock at the mining area.
TL: Lihat keluar!l Pikirkan kepalamu! Banyak batuan melayang di kawasan tambang. (?)
TL: Hati-hati! Awas kepala! Banyak batu berjatuhan di kawasan pertambangan. (?)

G. Difficult in translating the meaning of idioms

An idiom is a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the
individual words of the idiom when they stand alone. An idiom in the source language may
have a very close counterpart in the target language which looks similar on the surface but
has a totally or partially different meaning.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily or mining expressions:

SL: My friend whose hobby is climbing a tree is the best employee of PT Freeport, now he’s
really at the top of the tree.
TL: Temanku yang hobinya memanjat pohon itu pegawai terbaik PT Freeport, saai ini dia
benar-benar di atas pohon. (?)
TL: Temanku yang hobinya memanjat pohon itu pegawai terbaik PT Freeport, saai ini dia
benar-benar di atas puncak karir. (?)

SL: I know things are not going quite the way you like it, but you must just grin and bear it
and don’t be worry for every dark night always has a brighter day.
TL: Aku tahu kalau saat ini keadaan/kenyataan tak seperti yang kamu inginkan, tapi kamu
harus tabah dan jangan kuatir karena segala sesuatu pasti ada hikmahnya. (?)

English for Mining Engineering-2020 20

TL: Saya tahu segala sesuatu tidak akan sama dengan yang kau harapkan, tetapi kamu harus
sanggup menghadapinya dan jangan kuatir setiap malam yang gelap selalu memiliki hari
yang benderang. (?)

H. Difficult in translating the meaning of proverbs

Proverbs are also fixed expressions which contain culture-specific items which are not
necessarily untranslatable. They are not the specific items contained specific expressions, but
rather the meaning they convey and their associations with culture-specific contexts which
can make them untranslatable or difficult to translate.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:

SL: He is as a rooling stone gathers no moss.
TL: Dia itu orang yang boros yang tidak dapat mengatur antara pemasukan dan pengeluaran.
(?)
TL: Dia itu orang yang selalu berpindah-pindah pekerjaan karena penghasilannya selalu tidak
cukup untuk bertahan hidup. (?)

I. Difficult in translating the meaning of Compound Words

Compound words are formed by combining two or more words together, but the overall
meaning of the compound words may not reflect the meaning of its component words. It’s
usually best to think of them in terms of three separate groups, they are:
a. compound words mean exactly what they say. (Airport, crosswalk, seashore)
b. compound words mean only half of what they say. (Bookworm)
c. compound words means totally different to words involved. (Deadline, butterfly, eggplant,
dragonfly)

J. Difficult in translating the meaning of Missing Names

A language may not have an exact match for a certain action or object that exists in another
language. Every states has its own expression to name certain things.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:

SL: Tom’s house has five guest rooms.
TL: Rumahnya Tom memiliki 5 ruang tamu. (?)
TL: Rumahnya Tom memiliki 5 kamar tamu. (?)

Examples of Indonesian – English daily expressions:

SL: Kami duduk di ruang tamu sambil membaca majalah pertambangan.
TL: We are sitting down in the living room while reading a mining magazine. (?)
TL: We are sitting down in the guest room while reading a mining magazine. (?)

English for Mining Engineering-2020 21

K. Difficult in translating the meaning of Sarcasm
Sarcasm is a sharp, bitter, or cutting style of expression that usually means the opposite of
its literal phrasing. Sarcasm frequently loses its meaning when translated word-for-word into
another language and can often cause unfortunate misunderstandings.
Ideally, a publisher would remove sarcasm from the source text prior to translation. But in
cases where that style is central to the content requirements, the publisher should explicitly
underscore sarcastic passages. That way, translators will have a chance to avoid literal
misunderstandings and suggest a local idiom that may work better in the target language.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:

SL: Sarah has been waited her boyfriend for two hours. He had promised her to pick up her
on time. At last, her boyfriend came in a hurry, but immediately Sarah were trouncing
his chest and said ‘I hate you… I hate you…’ but soon, they were walking together hand
in hand.
TL: Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama dua jam, dia berjanji menjemput Sarah tepat
waktu. Akhirnya setelah penantian panjang, pacarnya dating, tetapi Sarah memukuli
dada pacarnya sambil berkata ‘Aku benci kamu… Aku benci kamu…” tetapi kemudian
mereka telah bergandengan tangan satu sama lain.

L. Difficult in translating the Multiple Meanings

The same word may mean multiple things depending on where it’s placed and how it’s used
in a sentence. This phenomenon typically follows one of two patterns. They are homonyms,
which look and sound alike but are defined differently or they are heteronyms, which look
alike but are defined and pronounced differently.

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:

SL: Scale the fish before weighing it on the scale.
TL: Timbanglah ikan sebelum dikuliti.

SL: I drove down the windy road on a windy day.

TL: Saya berkendara di jalan yang berkelok-kelok di hari yang berangin.

Examples of Indonesian – English daily expressions:

SL: A bad man has a bad boy buys a bad apple with a bad money in a bad market in bad
weather.
TL: Seorang pria jahat memiliki anak nakal membeli apel busuk di pasar gelap dengan uang
haram di cuaca yang buruk.

M. Difficult in translating the situational and contextual meaning.

The meaning of words or any expression are sometimes based on the situational and
contextual of each sentence rather than the meaning based on the dictionaries or
encyclopedias.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 22

Examples of English – Indonesian daily expressions:
SL: I work by the hour. TL: Saya bekerja berdasarkan jumlah jam.
SL: I was stopped by the policeman. TL: Saya diberhentikan oleh polisi.
SL: I sat by the fireplace. TL: Saya duduk didekat perapian.

N. Difficult in translating the culture.

One of the most difficult problems in translating is found in the differences between cultures.
The source language words may express concept which is totally unknown in the target
language culture. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to
religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. All of them have their own specifics
and characteristics.

Examples:
Social Customs/Greetings: such as Good morning, Good evening and Good night.
Culture buildings: such as igloo, clog, dome, adobe, joglo, langgar, punden berundak, pura.
Culture/Religious event: such as Halloween, Thanksgiving, Valentine, Easter, midodareni,
sekatenan, grebegan.
Special Food: such as Pizza, Hot Dogs, Spaghetti, soto, dodol, jenang, pecel.

Here are such the ways to overcome the translation difficulties:

a. Master Source Language and Target Language well.
b. Master the translation understanding & knowledge, especially about translation
techniques and difficulties.
c. Explore and comprehend some idiomatic expressions & cultures.
d. Consult with dictionaries & experts to find out the appropriate meanings.
e. Write footnotes with appropriate clarification.
f. Deliver short explanation or description in braket, especially about unique terms
containing specific cultures or expressions.
g. Type the specific & unique expression originally in italic, bold, or underlined.
h. Explore your translation capabilities through some practices.

6. Good Translator
One must have ability, in such as:
(1) Mastering the source language for understanding the message, and mastering the
target language to express the message,
(2) Mastering general knowledge background,
(3) Mastering cultures background,
(4) Mastering translation and interpretation capabilities.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 23

Exercise 1: Translate the following English daily expressions into good
Indonesian.

Examples:
SL TL
a. What are you up to these days? Bagaimana dengan mu dewasa ini?
b. Is anything the matter? Apakah ada masalah?
c. Give my love to your mother. Salam sayangku untuk bundamu.
d. You’re most welcome. Terimakasih kembali.
e. I’m sorry to be such a nuisance. Maaf aku mengganggumu.

1. I wish you luck on your life.

2. I’d like to open an account here.
3. I’m expecting a remittance from abroad.
4. It’s a long lane that has no turning.
5. If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.
6. Your remark concerning the budget was right on target.
7. In his hometown, he was a big frog in a small pond, but after he moved to a large
city, he was just one person among many millions.
8. She couldn’t get it through her head that every order had to be sent to the main
office.
9. Because her boss criticized her so much, she finally lost her temper and quit her job.
10. Have you ever laid eyes on such a beautiful flower?
11. Some people seemed to like music, although I thought it was worse than noise.
There’s no accounting for taste.
12. You don’t really care about regulations. You’re just paying lip service to the boss.
13. If you want to get a job, you had better get out there and hit the bricks.
14. Her comments really hit me where I live and cut me to the quick. Her words seemed
to apply directly to me.
15. There is clearly something wrong here, and I want to get to the bottom of it.
16. I got to the airport late and missed the plane by the skin of my teeth.
17. Don’t bottle up your problems. It’s better to talk them out.
18. You are so naive. You sure don’t know the score.
19. You have to knuckle under to your boss if you expect to keep your job.
20. What a sour face. He looks as if the butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth.
21. How are you getting on?
22. I’m glad to make your acquaintance.
23. You don’t look yourself today.
24. Haven’t seen you for a long time.
25. Please remember me to your brother.
26. How very kind of you.
27. Would you do me a favour?
28. I’d be much obliged if you would moving over.
English for Mining Engineering-2020 24
 29. My condolences in your bereavement.
30. You mustn’t be offended.
31. Every cloud has a silver lining.
32. What is the nature of your business?
33. Just my personal belongings.
34. Sorry, I thought we were cut off.
35. The audience clapped and cheered for fully ten minutes.

Exercise 2: Translate the following Indonesian daily expression into good

English.

Examples:
SL
a. Darimana saja sih kamu?
b. Maaf ya, aku kehabisan bensin.
c. Bisakah rapat kita buka sekarang?
d. Mari kita berdoa dulu.
e. Ia adalah ketua Dewan direksi.
TL
Where have you been?
Sorry, I’ve run out of petrol/gas/fuel.
Shall we start our meeting?
Let’s pray together/Let’s pray first.
He’s chairman of the board of directors.

1. Maaf, aku turut berduka cita atas musibah yang menimpamu.

2. Menjadi pengajar adalah matapencaharian orang tuaku.
3. Kami akan membutuhkan surat kuasa untuknya.
4. Semua yang berkilauan bukanlah emas.
5. Bila ada kemauan ada jalan.
6. Daya tariknya dalam berbicara membantunya dalam pekerjaan.
7. Ia akan naik pangkat, karena ia rajin bekerja.
8. Bolehkah saya menarik deposito berjangka saya?
9. Berapa besarnya bunga untuk deposito tetap?
10. Sebentar lagi Ayahku akan pensiun dari pekerjaannya.
11. Ketika saya dalam perjalanan pulang ke rumah, saya memutuskan untuk
singgah di rumah bibi dulu.
12. Bis itu sangat penuh. Penumpangnya berdesak-desakan.
13. Saya akan baik-baik saja, segera setelah saya bisa menenangkan diri.
14. Maaf, tetapi mobil ini melebihi daya beli kami. Tolong tunjukkan yang lebih
murah.
15. Ketika ia mengirimiku kartu ucapan ‘semoga lekas sembuh’, hal itu benar-
benar membuat hatiku senang.
16. Jangan habiskan waktumu hanya untuk memikirkan kesalahanmu terlalu
mendalam.
17. Jika ingin sehat wal afiat, kamu harus makan makanan bergizi seimbang dan
istirahat cukup.
18. Ia baru dalam pekerjaannya, namun segera ia akan terbiasa dengan
keadaannya.
English for Mining Engineering-2020 25
 19. Ayo, semuanya kembali ke kelas, rencana buruk telah terbongkar.
20. Saya harus menuliskan semua yang akan saya katakan, karena saya tidak
bisa berpikir sambil berbicara dengan baik.
21. Yuk, kita harus berenang lebih ke tengah lagi.
22. Maaf ya, aku kehabisan bensin.
23. Aduh, dia memukul hidungku dengan kepalan tinju!
24. Apakah koplingmu sudah di stel?
25. Rem tangannya yang tidak beres.
26. Saya mencoba untuk mengerem sekuat-kuatnya, tetapi jalan sangat licin. Jadi
saya selip kearah kakilima dan menabrak sebuah mobil yang sedang parkir.
27. Pesawat kita akan mendarat sekarang, tuan.
28. Ini...baru...namanya pendaratan yang mulus.
29. Bolehkah saya menukarnya, jika tidak cocok?
30. Tentu saja, kami memakai daun sereh dan daun kemangi untuk menambah
keharumannya.
31. Berapa lamakah obral anda akan berlangsung?
32. Saya tadi melihat di etalase sepasang sepatu yang saya sukai.
33. Berapakah potongan harga yang akan anda berikan kalau saya membeli selusin?
34. Saya kira menurut peraturan-peraturan baru, kami harus memblokir jumlah yang
sama dalam rekening Tuan.
35. Kami akan menjamin pengembalian uang anda kalau ada pedagang perhiasan di
luar negeri yang menilainya kurang dari apa yang anda membayar di sini.

Exercise 3: Translate the English mining text below into good Indonesian.
Examples:
a.
SL TL
There have been several stages of Ada beberapa tahapan dalam
mining. penambangan.
There have been Ada
several stages beberapa tahapan
of mining dalam penambangan

b.
SL TL
When mining first began it was only Ketika hal tersebut pertama kali
possible to mine those ores that were dilakukan, yang dapat ditambang yaitu
above the level of the ground water. bijih-bijih yang berada di atas air
tanah.
When mining Ketika hal (penambangan) tersebut
first began pertama kali dilakukan
it was only possible yang dapat (mungkin bisa)

English for Mining Engineering-2020 26

 to mine ditambang
those ores yaitu (adalah) bijih-bijih
that were above the level yang berada di atas
of the ground water air tanah

Text 1:
Acid mine drainage is a natural consequence of mining activity where the excavation of
mineral deposits (metal bearing or coal), below the natural groundwater level, exposes
sulphur containing compounds to oxygen and water. Since the introduction of steam powered
engines it has been possible to mine ores substantially below the groundwater level. There is
also a problem where surface waters run over exposed ore seams and elicit similar chemical
mechanisms and acid formation.

Text 2:

Oxidation reactions take place (often biologically mediated) which affect the sulphur
compounds that often accompany coal seams. Whilst the mine remains dry these sulphur
compounds normally generate sulphate salts in a solid, but more available form. The metals
within accompanying minerals are often incorporated into these salts. When the water flows
through the mine these salts dissolve and this acidic, metal-containing mixture comprises the
initial Acid mine drainage discharge. The activity of chemolithotrophic bacteria2 continues to
oxidise the available sulphur compounds in the mine and therefore maintain the flow of the
Acid mine drainage, often over decades after the initial flush.

Text 3:

Water pumps are not always immediately switched off when a mine is closed as the
ground water level is kept low to protect other, nearby mines which are still in operation.
Now, as the last mines in certain coal fields close, it is likely pumping will cease completely.
Mines will begin to fill up and mine water will eventually discharge into the environment. If
the water is not treated then it will cause severe damage to the environment, both visually
and to wildlife. Many salmonid rivers will be at risk from Acid mine drainage. The affected
rivers will be unsuitable for habitation by these fish and form barriers for migration to other
water courses. This will harm the angling community and impose financial costs to remediate
the situation. If the water is treated then there are other problems that have to be addressed.
Money will have to be spent, subsequently, either on maintaining the water level below the
discharge level, or disposing of the metal-rich sludges remaining after treatment.

Text 4:
Mine sampling determines the practically of any mining operation. Improper sampling
can result in an incorrect appraisal of present production and future potential. Therefore, the
mine department in charge of ore-reserve calculations and mine sampling should be overseen
by competent and experienced professionals with technical backgrounds qualitying them to
produce accurate results.

English for Mining Engineering-2020 27

 Sampling is a process by which portions of an orebody are collected and analyzed to
estimate the average mineral content of the entire orebody. It is incorrect to assume that a
large number of samples eliminates any errors in the sampling method. To obtain unbiased
samples, proper sample location with respect to rock type and mineralization is just as
important. The sampling procedure must yield correct results for the type of mineral deposit,
and careful consideration should be given to whether the sampling technique has been
developed to an extent sufficient to eliminate as much human error and bias as possible. Only
after the ore has been mined and milled is the sampling accuracy known.

Sampling also provides information about the bulk composition of the ore for
mineralogical and metallurgical tests that determine the economic ore-waste boundaries and
the geologic trends for exploration. Actual mining plans can be developed from this
information to maximize profits. Accurate sampling is critical, and thus must be approached
in a scientific manner.

Exercise 4: Translate the Indonesian mining text below into good English.
Examples:
a.
SL TL
Sejalan dengan perkembangan teknik As mining engineering improved it was
pertambangan, sangatlah possible to build adits.
dimungkinkan membangun adit-adit.
Sejalan dengan As
perkembangan teknik pertambangan mining engineering improved
sangatlah dimungkinkan it was possible
membangun adit-adit. to build adits.

b.
SL TL
Adit-adit itu untuk mengeringkan air Adits are to drain groundwater into
bawah tanah menjadi lembah sungai local low lying river valleys and
dangkal yang membentang sebagai provide access to lower levels.
jalan menuju tempat yang lebih
rendah.
Adit-adit itu Adits are
untuk mengeringkan air bawah tanah to drain groundwater
menjadi lembah sungai dangkal yang into local low lying river valleys
membentang
sebagai jalan menuju and provide access
tempat yang lebih rendah. to lower levels.

Text 1:

English for Mining Engineering-2020 28

Dalam system tambang terbuka kegiatan pengupasan akan diawali dengan pembersihan
lahan. Pembersihan lahan dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa cara bergantung pada jenis
vegetasi, kondisi tanah dan topografi, jumlah pembersihan yang diperlukan serta maksud dari
kegiatan pembersihan tersebut.
Pembersihan lahan ini bertujuan untuk :
 Memindahkan semua pohon dan tunggul pohon termasuk daun-daun.
 Memindahkan semua vegetasi di atas permukaan tanah dan meninggalkan tunggul
serta akar di dalam tanah.
 Membuang vegetasi dengan menumpuknya serta membakarnya.
 Merobohkan semua tumbuhan dan menghancurkannya kemudian dibakar.
 Menghambat pertumbuhan rumput dengan memotong akar di bawah permukaan
tanah.

Text 2:
Pada proses pembersihan lahan, kegiatan yang umum dilakukan diantaranya:
 Underbrushing
Underbrushing adalah kegiatan yang menjurus kepada pembabatan pohon
berdiameter maksimum 30 cm. Tujuannya adalah untuk memudahkan penumbangan
pohon yang lebih besar.
 Felling / cutting
Felling adalah penumbangan pohon yang berdiameter lebih dari 30 cm.
 Piling
Piling adalah kegiatan pengumpulan kayu yang kemudian mengumpulkan kayu-kayu
menjadi suatu tumpukan – tumpukan kayu pada jarak tertentu.
 Burning
Burning adalah pembakaran kayu yang telah ditumbangkan dan cukup kering dengan
tidak melalaikan kayu-kayu yang dapat dimanfaatkan.

Text 3:
Cara pengerjaan yang tepat akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas alat. Untuk
menentukan metode mana yang paling tepat tergantung banyak faktor seperti waktu yang
tersedia dan volume yang harus dikerjakan. Untuk pekerjaan dengan volume besar
sedangkan waktu yang tersedia relative singkat maka bulldozer merupakan alat yang efisien.

Text 4:
Pemakaian istilah ‘tanah’ dalam bidang mekanika tanah mencakup semua bahan
seperti lempung, pasir, kerikil dan batu yang lebih besar. Cara untuk membedakan serta
menunjukkan dengan tepat sifat bahan-bahan tersebut telah dipakai metode-metode
sistematis, sehingga untuk tanah-tanah tertentu dapat diberikan nama yang tepat dan istilah
tentang sifatnya yang tepat pula. Metode ini disebut metode klasifikasi.

Metode yang dipakai dalam mekanika tanah untuk membedakan dan menyatakan
berbagai tanah, berbeda dengan metode yang dipakai dalam bidang geologi atau ilmu tanah.
Sistem klasifikasi yang dipakai dalam mekanika tanah dimaksudkan untuk memberikan

English for Mining Engineering-2020 29

keterangan mengenai sifat-sifat teknis dari bahan-bahan itu. Sistem klasifikasi secara
geologis dimaksudkan untuk memberikan keterangan mengenai asal geologis dari bahan-
bahan tersebut.

Dari sudut pandang teknis, tanah dapat digolongkan sebagai: batu kerikil; pasir;
lanau; lempung. Batu kerikil dan pasir dikenal sebagai bahan berbutir kasar atau bahan tidak
kohesif. Golongan ini terdiri dari pecahan batu dengan berbagai ukuran dan bentuk. Butir-
butir batu kerikil bisa pula terdiri dari satu macam mineral tertentu, seperti quartz. Apabila
terdapat butir-butir dari satu macam ukuran, bahan tersebut dikatakan ‘seragam’. Apabila
terdapat ukuran-ukuran butir mencakup seluruh ukuran, dari ukuran batu besar sampai
ukuran pasir halus, maka bahan tersebut dikatakan ber’gradasi baik.’

Lanau dan lempung dikenal sebagai bahan berbutir halus atau bahan yang kohesif.
Lempung terdiri dari butir-butir yang sangat kecil dan menunjukkan sifat-sifat plastisitas dan
kohesif. Kohesif menunjukkan bahwa bagian-bagian itu melekat satu sama lain. Plastisitas
adalah sifat yang memungkinkan bentuk bahan itu dapat dirubah-rubah tanpa perubahan isi
atau tanpa kembali ke bentuk aslinya, dan tanpa terjadi retakan-retakan atau terpecah-
pecah.

Lanau adalah bahan yang
Karakteristiknya: kurang plastis;
menunjukkan sifat ‘dilantasi’ yang
atau digetarkan. Dilantasi yaitu
bentuknya.
merupakan peralihan antara lempung dan pasir halus.
lebih mudah ditembus air daripada lempung; lebih
tidak terdapat pada lempung; ‘hidup’ apabila diguncang
menunjukkan gejala perubahan isi apabila dirubah

References
a. Basil, Hatim and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resourse Book. New
York: Routledge.

b. Bell, Roger T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman
Group Ltd.

c. Hartono. 2005, Belajar Menerjemahkan: Teori dan Praktek, UMM Press, Malang.

d. Robinson, Douglas. 1997. Becoming a Translator. New York: Rouledge.

e. Zuchridin Suryawinata & Sugeng Hariyanto. 2003. Translation: Bahasan Teori & Penuntun
Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Press.

Thank You

A JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES BEGAN WITH A SINGLE STEP.

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