CHAPTER 4.

Phonons Crystal Vibrations

• Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis

• Two Atoms per Primitive Basis
• Quantization of Elastic Waves
• Phonon Momentum
• Inelastic Scattering by Phonons
 Photons Phonons

Collection of vibrational energy produced

Fundamental particle of light
by the oscillating atoms in a lattice crystal

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 What is Phonon?

A quantum of energy or a quasiparticle associated with a compressional wave

such as sound or a vibration of a crystal lattice.

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 MONOATOMIC LATTICE
Propagation along high symmetry directions → 1-D problem

longitudinal wave transverse wave

 Important terms in this chapter

Omega v/s K graph

Dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion in a medium on the

properties of a wave traveling within that medium.

A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to

its frequency.

K
Wave vector, is a vector which helps describe a wave. Like any vector, it has a magnitude and direction

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OR

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Entire plane of atoms moving in phase → 1-D problem

Force on sth plane = Fs = −C (us − us +1 ) − C (us − us −1 ) (only neighboring planes interact )

d 2us
Equation of motion: M 2
= C (us +1 + us −1 − 2us )
dt

us (t ) = us e − i ω t → − M ω 2us = C (us +1 + us −1 − 2us )

2C
u s = u0 e i K a s → − M ω 2 = C (ei K a + e − i K a − 2 ) ω2 = (1 − cos Ka )
M
Dispersion relation

4C 2 1
ω2 = sin Ka
M 2

4C 1
ω= sin Ka
M 2
 Try it yourself!!

Buktikan bahawa

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 Announcement
Week 11 presentation week

TAJUK TUGASAN: Ball & stick model

Arahan: Bina 14 model Bravais Lattices berdasarkan 7 sistem

menggunakan toothpick & plastesin ikut kreativiti. Bentangkan secara
terperinci mengenai parameter (a dan sudut), contoh- contoh jika
Tugasan (20%) terdapat dlm bentuk SC, BCC, FCC. Sertakan contoh setiap satu.
Cthnya: Cubic: NaCl.

Kumpulan akan membentangkan pada minggu ke 11 dan 13.

Group 1: Cubic Group 2: Triclinic

Group 3: Monoclinic Group 4: Tetragonal

Group 5: Rhombohedral Group 6: Hexagonal

Group 7: Orthorombic
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IN DETAILS:
Two Atoms per Primitive Basis

d 2us
M 1 2 = C (vs + vs −1 − 2us )
dt
d 2 vs
M 2 2 = C (us +1 + us − 2vs )
dt

us = uei s K a − iω t − M 1ω 2u = Cv (1 + e − i K a )− 2Cu
→
vs = ve i s K a −iω t
− M 2ω 2 v = Cu (1 + ei K a )− 2Cv

2C − M 1ω 2 −C (1 + e − i K a )
= 0 = M 1M 2ω 4 − 2C (M 1 + M 2 )ω 2 + 2C 2 (1 − cos Ka )
−C (1 + ei K a ) 2C − M 2ω 2
IN DETAILS:
M 1M 2ω 4 − 2C (M 1 + M 2 )ω 2 + 2C 2 (1 − cos Ka ) = 0

IMPORTANT!!
" # 1 1 $
% 2 C & + ' optical
% M
( 1 M 2 )
Ka → 0: ω2 ! *
% C Gap
K 2a2 acoustical
% 2 (M 1 + M 2 )
+

Ka → π: 2
"# 2C / M 2 optical
(M1 >M2 ) ω !$
#% 2C / M 1 acoustical

# 2C − M 1ω 2 −C (1 + e − i K a )$ # u $
% &% & = 0
% −C (1 + e ) 2C − M 2ω & ' v (
i K a 2
' (

Transverse case:
u M
TO branch, Ka → 0: =− 2
v M1
TA branch, Ka → 0: u
=1
v
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Dispersion relation
For a one-
dimensional
alternating array of
two types of ion or
atom of mass m1, m2
repeated periodically
at a distance a,
connected by springs
of spring constant K,
two modes of
vibration result

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Acoustic and optical phonon ONLY happen in solid with more than one atoms !!!

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QUIZ 1

IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF
OPTICAL PHONON OR
ACOUSTIC PHONON?

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QUIZ 2

IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF OPTICAL PHONON

OR ACOUSTIC PHONON?

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Optical phonons are out-of-phase
movement of the atoms in the
lattice, one atom moving to the
left, and its neighbour to the right

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 Phonon Momentum

Scattering of a phonon with other particles behaves as if it has momentum h K

E.g., elastic scattering of X-ray: k! = k + G G = reciprocal lattice vector

( whole crystal recoil with momentum h G / Bragg reflection)

Inelastic scattering with a phonon created: k! + K = k + G

K is phonon creation
wave vector
Inelastic scattering with a phonon absorbed: k! = k + G + K
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