ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2.

ANDENOHYPOPHYSIS (anterior lobe) is derived from a

Hypothalamus glandular tissue
-dark colored (microscopic)
Infundibulum 3 DIVISIONS OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
2.1. PARS DISTALIS OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS - most
anterior; have intimate relation to sinusoids of secondary
plexus

Pars distalis From hypothalamus to

(adenohypophysis) pituitary gland

Pars intermedia (remnant, Pars nervosa

Rathke;s pouch) (neurohypophysis)

CROSS SECTION

Pars nervosa
(neurohypophysis)

Pars distalis
(adenohypophysis)
LONGITUDINAL

2.2.PARS INTERMEDIA
– remnant, Rathke’s pouch
-mukhang thyroid follicle na may colloid sa loob(see 5th slide)
Function:- separates pars distalis and neurohypophysis.
-responsible for the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating
hormones (that stimulates melanin pigment)
Melanin – skin pigment, protection against UV rays.
2.3 PARS TUBERALIS
Pars distalis - surrounding the indfundibulum(stalk)
(adenohypophysis) -no definite function but can act as support
-thin sleeves of epithelial cells
-cells that contains significant amount of glycogen.
INFUNDIBULUM – serves as stalk / connection between
hypothalamus and hypophysis

HYPOPHYSIS / PITUITARY GLAND

1. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS / PARS NERVOSA (posterior lobe)is
derived from a brain tissue
-secretes antidiuretic hormones :OXYTOCIN & VASOPRESSIN
-light colored(microscopic) THYROID GLAND

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Lining epithelium: Simple cuboidal epithelium
Function : for secretory / secretes vital hormones
Made up of spherical THYROID FOLLICLES
FOLLICULAR CELLS – responsible for the secretion of thyroid
hormones
THYROID COLLOID – central cavity that contains gelatinous
substance
2 TYPES OF THYROID HORMONES / PRINCIPAL
HORMONES
1. THYROXINE (T4) PINEAL GLAND
2. TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) -looks like prostate gland(contains corpora amylacea, more of
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS - clear cells in the interstitium, glandular)
between the follicle Distinguishing feature : CORPORA ARENACEA / BRAIN
-secretes THYROCALCITONIN / CALCITONIN( function: SANDS
decrease serum calcium level) PINEALOCYTES –principal cells in pineal glands
Thyroid gland in located in the anterior neck - secretes MELATONIN (hormone; function:induces
sleep,COVID med)

Thyroid gland

Cortex
Parathyroid gland
Zona Glomerulosa Medulla
Zona Reticularis

Zona Fasciculata

PARATHRYROID GLAND - structure lying posteriorly to

the thyroid gland
- embedded in the capsule of the thyroid gland.
- consist of 2pairs parathyroid gland (2 superior parathyroid
glands & 2 inferior parathyroid glands)
Function : responsible for the secretion of PARATHORMONE /
PARATHYROID HORMONE (function : increase serum calcium
level)
-parathyroid hormone works with the calcitonin to regulate the
serum calcium level
2 TYPES OF CELLS
 PRINCIPAL CELLS / CHIEF CELLS – contains
parathyroid hormones
 OXYPHIL CELLS - unknown function
ADRENAL GLAND / SUPRARENAL GLAND
Location: superior portion of the kidney
- encapsulated
3 ZONES OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
1. ZONA GLOMERULOSA(outer)– secretes ALDOSTERONE
Pattern : horizontal
ALDOSTERONE - a mineralcorticoid; controls body fluid
volume through absorption of sodium by the kidney .
Or -Helps in the regulation of the blood pressure

2. ZONA FASCICULATA
pattern : vertical ; arranged in fascicles
function: secretes CORTISOL
CORTISOL – a glucocorticoid ;decreases protein synthesis; act
on liver to enhance glucogenesis; mobilizes fatty acidsCopora
and
glycerol from adipose tissue arenacea
3. ZONA RETICULARIS
-adjacent to the medulla
-secretes DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE,an
adenocorticoid, helps testosterone develop secondary
male characteristics

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 ENDOCRINE PART
OF THE PANCREAS
Interlobular duct

pancreatic serous acini

cells
islet of
langerhans

PANCREAS
Principal cells: pancreatic serous acini cells
With few CENTROACINAR CELLS / ISLET OF
LANGERHANS (groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin
and glucagon)
INTERLOBULAR DUCT-inside of the islet of langerhans
-place where hormones are secreted
-simple cuboidal epithelium
4 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
1. ALPHA-CELLS – secretes glucagon(increase serum
glucose level)
2. BETA- CELLS – secretes insulin(decrease serum
glucose level)
DIABETES MELLITUS
-TYPE I – juvenile, genetics, problem in the receptor or
the pancreatic isn’t producing insulin
-TYPE II - genetics,age,lifestyle ; insulin injection
3. DELTA- CELLS – secrete somatostatin(involved in
inhibition of release of glucagon by alpha cells during
periods of high level of glucagon)
-decreases serum
4. F-CELLS- secretes pancreatic polypeptide(has a role
in digestion)

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