DESIGN OF GABION WALL FOR TOTAL HEIGHT UP TO 4 M

ABOVE GROUND LEVEL.

1) Design note of Gabion wall upto 4 mtr -Normal Case.

a) Salient Levels
Retaining wall top level = 100.000 m
Ground Level = 96.000 m
Foundation slab bottom level = 95.500 m
Depth of foundation = 0.50 m
Cofficient of friction (µ) (For hard rock) = 0.80

b) Properties of backfill

Slope of backfill Vertical = 1

Horizontal = 5.0
2
Dry density of backfill soil γd = 20.00 kn/m
2
Saturated density of backfill soil γsat = 20.00 kn/m
2
Submersed density of backfill soil γsub = 10.00 kn/m
Angle of Internal friction φ = 35.00 degree 0.611
Angle of wall friction δ = 22.50 degree 0.393
Batter of wall with horizontal α= (90+ω) = 97.000 degree 1.693
Inclination of Backfill with horizontal β = 11.31 degree 0.197
Inclination angle to vertical plane ω = 7.00 degree 0.122
Void in gabion = 30.00 %
Surcharge q = 0.00 kn/m2

Active earth pressure Coefficient for active earth pressure By Coulomb's equation

Sin2(α+φ)
Ka =
Sin α x Sin(α-δ) x [ 1+(Sin(φ+δ) x Sin(φ-β)/Sin(α-δ) x Sin(α+β))0.5]2
2

Coeff of active earth pressure Ka = 0.225

Ka cos d = 0.217
Ka sins d = 0.060
Safe bearing Capacity of soil SBC = 145.00 kn/m2
Gross = 155.00 kn/m2
c) Material Densities

Unit wt of rock = 25.00 kn/m3

Unit wt of Gabion = 17.50 kn/m3
Unit wt of water = 10.00 kn/m3
Width of base = 2.00 m

Stability analysis under Normal case

 Foundation Slope
1 Vertical
8 Horizontal

H = h X cos(w) = 3970 Angle(w) = 7.000 deg.

= 0.122 radian
H1
H2
Cos(angle) = 0.993
Sin(angle) = 0.122

Foundation of wall is on slope

So all forces are broken in two direction; one parallel to foundation and another perpendicular to foundation

2
p1 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x q = 0.217 x 20 x 0 = 0.00 kn/m Surcharge pressure due to fill
2
p2 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 = 0.217 x 20 x 3.97 = 17.20 kn/m Earth Pressure

H1 = 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 KN Surcharge pressure due to fill

H2 = 0.5 x 17.20 x 3.97 = 34.15 KN Earth Pressure

GABION RETAINING WALL

9 ROW 1

ROW 2
8
ROW 3

ROW 4
7
ROW 5

6 ROW 6

ROW 7
5 ROW 8

ROW 9
4
ROW 10

ROW 11
3
Y

ROW 12

2 ROW 13

ROW 14
1
ROW 15

EMBEDMT
0
BACKFILL

-1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Row # Width Height offset Area X Moment Y Moment

m m (from toe) (m) (m²) (m) (m³) (m) (m³)

15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 2.0 1.0 0.75 2.000 1.750 3.500 3.500 7.000
3 2.0 1.0 0.50 2.000 1.500 3.000 2.500 5.000
2 2.0 1.0 0.25 2.000 1.250 2.500 1.500 3.000
1 2.0 1.0 0.00 2.000 1.000 2.000 0.500 1.000
h= 4.0 8.000 1.375 11.000 2.000 16.000
Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment
Resisting Overturning
1) Dead load
due to 8.00 x 17.5 = 140.00 1.375 x 0.993 + 2.000 x 0.122 = 1.608 225.19
gabion

= 0.00 = 0.000 0.00

2 Vertical component of Ep 9.47 B/Cosω + (H/3-BSinω)Tanω = 2.148 20.34

H1 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 = 1.741 0.00

H2 0.5 x 17.20 x 3.97 = 34.15 = 1.424 48.62

S Total Vertical force SV = 149.47 SH = 34.15 245.53 48.62

Check for Stabilty : Overturning (with backfill)

Resisting moment about toe MR = 245.53 Kn-m

Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 48.62 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 5.05 > 2 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (with backfill) µ = 0.80

Sliding force SH = 34.15 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 149.47 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 119.58
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 3.50 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Base Pressure (with backfill)

Location of resultant from toe Xo = (MR -Mo) / S V

= ( 245.53 - 48.62 ) / 149.47
= 1.317 m

Eccentricity of resultant e = B / 2 - Xo
= 2.000 / 2 - 1.32
= -0.317 m

Vertical load per meter basewidth P = 149.47 kn SV

Logitudianal moment at centerline base ML = 47.44 kn-m per meter base width

Length of base along traffic = 2.000 m

Plan area of base A = 2.000 m2 for 1 m width

Section modulus ZL = 0.67 m3 for 1 m width

Extreme stress at base = P/A +/- ML / ZL

= ( 149.47 / 2.00 ) +/- (47.44 / 0.67)
Maximum smax = 145.893 Kn/m2 < 155.00 kn/m
2
OK
Kn/m2 >
2
Minimum smin = 3.577 0 kn/m OK
2) Design note of Gabion wall 3.970 mtr above Ground level-Seismic Case.

Active earth pressure Coefficient for active earth pressure By Coulomb's equation

Sin2(α+φ)
Ka =
Sin2α x Sin(α-δ) x [ 1+(Sin(φ+δ) x Sin(φ-β)/Sin(α-δ) x Sin(α+β))0.5]2

Coeff of active earth pressure (static component) Ka = 0.225

Ka cos d = 0.217
Ka sins d = 0.060

Coeff of active earth pressure (Dynamic component)-(Annexure-I attached)

Ka cos d = 0.508
Ka sins d = 0.240

Horizontal and Vertical Seismic Co-efficicent

Ah = 0.300
Av = 0.200

Safe bearing Capacity of soil SBC 145.00 kn/m2

Gross 155.00 kn/m2

Stability analysis under Normal case

H = h X cos(w) 3970
H1
H2

p1(Static) = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x q = 0.217 x 20 x 0 = 0.00 kn/m2 Surcharge pressure due to fill

p1(Dynamic) = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 = 0.508 x 20 x 0 = 0.00 kn/m2

2
p2(Static) = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 = 0.217 x 20 x 3.97 = 17.20 kn/m Earth Pressure
2
p2(Dynamic) = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 x 50% = 0.508 x 20 x 3.97 x 0.5 = 20.16 kn/m

H1(Static) = 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 KN Surcharge pressure due to fill

H1(Dynamic) = 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 KN

H2(Static) = 0.5 x 17.20 x 3.97 = 34.15 KN Earth Pressure

H2(Dynamic) = 0.5 x 20.16 x 3.97 = 40.02 KN

Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment

Resisting Overturning

1) Dead load
due to gabion 8.00 x 17.5 = 140.00 1.375 x 0.993 + 2.000 x 0.122 = 1.608 225.19

Vertical seismic on weight

Downward = 8.40 13.51
Upward = -8.40 -13.51
= 0.00 #REF!
3 Vertical component of Ep 9.47 B/Cosω + (H/3-BSinω)Tanω = 2.148 20.34

H1(Static) 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 = 1.741 0.00

H1(Dynamic) 0.00 x 3.97 = 0.00 = 2.377 0.00

H2(Static) 0.5 x 17.20 x 3.97 = 34.15 = 1.080 36.87

H2(Dynamic) 0.5 x 20.16 x 3.97 = 20.01 = 1.741 34.85

Vertical
seismic
Downward Total Vertical force SV = 157.87 SH = 54.16 259.04 71.71
Vertical
seismic
Upward Total Vertical force SV = 141.07 SH = 54.16 232.01 71.71
Check for Stabilty : Overturning (with backfill)

Vertical seismic Downward

Resisting moment about toe MR = 259.04 Kn-m
Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 71.71 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 3.61 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Vertical seismic upward

Resisting moment about toe MR = 232.01 Kn-m
Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 71.71 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 3.24 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (with backfill) µ = 0.80

Vertical seismic Downward

Sliding force SH = 54.16 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 157.87 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 126.30
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 2.33 > 1.25 Hence Safe

Vertical seismic Upward

Sliding force SH = 54.16 kn

Vertical load SV = 141.07 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 112.86
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 2.08 > 1.25 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Base Pressure (with backfill)

Vertical seismic Downward

Location of resultant from toe Xo = (MR -Mo) / S V
= ( 259.04 - 71.71 ) / 157.87
= 1.187 m

Eccentricity of resultant e = B / 2 - Xo
= 2.000 / 2 - 1.19
= -0.187 m

Vertical load per meter basewidth P = 157.87 kn SV

Logitudianal moment at centerline base ML = 29.45 kn-m per meter base width

Length of base along traffic = 2.000 m

Plan area of base A = 2.000 m2 for 1 m width

Section modulus ZL = 0.67 m3 for 1 m width

Extreme stress at base = P/A +/- ML / ZL

= ( 157.87 / 2.00 ) +/- (29.45 / 0.67)
Maximum smax = 98.493 Kn/m2 < 155.00 kn/m
2
OK
Minimum smin = 27.803 Kn/m2 > 0.00 kn/m
2
OK

Vertical seismic Upward

Location of resultant from toe Xo = (MR -Mo) / S V
= ( 232.01 - 71.71 ) / 141.07
= 1.136 m

Eccentricity of resultant e = B / 2 - Xo
= 2.000 / 2 - 1.14
= -0.136 m

Vertical load per meter basewidth P = 141.07 kn SV

Logitudianal moment at centerline base ML = 19.23 kn-m per meter base width

Length of base along traffic = 2.000 m

Plan area of base A = 2.000 m2 for 1 m width

Section modulus ZL = 0.67 m3 for 1 m width

Extreme stress at base = P/A +/- ML / ZL

= ( 141.07 / 2.00 ) +/- (19.23 / 0.67)
Maximum smax = 79.506 Kn/m2 < 155.00 kn/m
2
OK
Minimum smin = 33.350 Kn/m2 > 0.00 kn/m
2
OK
ANNEXURE -I (CALCULATION OF SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENT )

As per IRC 6 : 2014, Clause 219

Feq = Seismic Force to be resisted

Feq = Ah X ( Dead load + Live load )

Where
Ah = horizontal seismic co-efficient

For Design Based Earthquake

Ah = 𝑍 X 𝐼 X 𝑆𝑎
2 𝑅 𝑔
Seismic Zone IV
Zone factor Z = 0.24
Importance Factor I = 1.00
Response Reduction factor (For Stone masnory) = 1.00
( Refer table 20 )

Sa / g = Average response acceleration co-efficient

= 2.50 (Note of clause 219.5.1)

Ah = 0.24 X 1 X 2.5 = 0.300

2 X 1

Av = Vertical Seismic Co-efficient

= 2/3 of Ah = 0.200 ( Clause 219.3 )

Hence Horizontal and Vertical Seismic Co-efficicent

Ah = 0.300
Av = 0.200

Calculation of Dynamic Increment cofficient "

2
1
Ca = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 − 𝜆 − 𝛼 (1 ± 𝛼𝑣 ) 1/2
X 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜙 + 𝛿 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 − 𝛽 − 𝜆)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆) 1+
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝛿 + 𝛼 + 𝜆)

Where
αh Horizontal seismic co-efficient = 0.300
αv vertical seismic co-efficient = 0.200
φ angle of internal friction = 35.00 degrees
λ 𝛼 = 0.245
tan -1 1± ℎ𝛼
𝑣
= 0.359

β slope of earthfill = 11.31 degrees

δ angle of friction between wall and earthfill = 22.50 degrees
α angle which earth face of the wall makes with the = 7 degrees
vertical

1) Ca = 0.784
2) Ca 0.764
Ca = 0.784 Max. value of Ca is adopted.
 Horizontal 0.724
Vertical 0.300

Kah = 0.217
Kav = 0.060
Dynamic Increment (Horizontal direction) 0.724 - 0.217 = 0.508
Dynamic Increment (Vertical direction) 0.300 - 0.060 = 0.240