kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v

Hcp am¿§-tcJ 1

tIcf k¿°m¿

kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ

^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm

 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
2 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

kpc-£n-X-]-®-°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ

No^v FUn‰¿
PbXn sI. \mb¿
{]n≥kn-∏¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k¿
^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm

GtIm-]\w
{io. F≥. hnP-b-≥
AUo. Ub-d-IvS¿, Irjn-h-Ip∏v

FUn-‰¿
Fen-k_
- Øv tPm¿Pv
]ªn-t°-j≥ Hm^o-k¿
^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm

te Hu´v, Unssk\nMv
Zo]Iv auØm-´n¬
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 3

BapJw

cmkIrjnbneqsS hnfbn°p∂ D¬]∂߃ Ht´sd BtcmKy

{]iv\߃°pw ]cnÿnXn {]iv\߃°pw ImcWambnØocpIbmWv. a\pjys‚
BtcmKyØn\pw tcmK{]Xntcm[i‡n°pw Hcp Znhkw 300 {Kmw ]®°dnsb¶nepw
`£n®ncn°Wsa∂mWv C≥Uy≥ saUn°¬ Iu¨knens‚ \n¿t±iw. F∂m¬
tIcf P\XbpsS ]®°dn D]tbmKw hfsc hfsc IpdhmWv. (icmicn 50˛100
{Kmw am{Xw). a\pjys‚ BtcmKykwc£WØn\v t]mjI Iehdbmb
]®°dnbpsS D]tbmKw A\nhmcyambn Xo¿∂ncn°p∂p. C∂p hn]Wnbn¬
\n∂pw e`n°p∂ ]®°dnIfn¬ BtcmKyØn\pw Bbpkn\pw lm\nIcamb
hnjhkvXp°ƒ ASßnbncn°p∂p. kpc£nXamb ]®°dn e`n°Wsa¶n¬
kz¥ambn Irjn sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p. CXphgn IoS\min\nIƒ {]tbmKn°mØ
t]mjIw \nd™, ]pXpabp≈ ]®°dnIƒ ho´pap‰Øp\n∂pw e`yam°phm\pw
IqSmsX BtcmKyhpw am\kntIm√mkhpw ]Wem`hpw kz¥am°phm\pw
km[n°pw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
4 Hcp am¿§-tcJ
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 5

kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp eLpteJ

\w. D≈S°w t]Pv \w.

1. ho´phf∏nse ]®°dn Irjn ............................................... 6
2. a´p∏mhnse ssPhIrjn ........................................................ 7
3. hnhn[bn\w ]®°dnIfpsS IrjncoXnIƒ .................. 9
4. ]®°dn hnfIfnse tcmK IoS_m[ .............................. 36
5. ssPhIoS\min\nIƒ............................................................. 37
6. ]®°dnbnse IoS\nb{¥WØn\v
D]tbmKn°p∂ sIWnIƒ .................................................. 39
7. PohmWp°sf D]tbmKn®p≈ IoS tcmK
\nb{¥Ww .................................................................................. 40
9. ssPh IoS\nb{¥WØn\p]tbmKn°p∂
kq£vamWp°ƒ ........................................................................ 41
PohmWphf߃ ....................................................................... 42
10. t_m¿tUm an{inXw (1%) ...................................................... 43
11. ssPh hf{]tbmKw ................................................................. 44
12. ItºmÃv \n¿ΩmWw .............................................................. 47
13. kq£vamWp hf߃ .............................................................. 49
14. ItºmfØn¬ \n∂pw hmßp∂ ]®°dnIsf
hnjap‡am°m≥ ..................................................................... 50
15. KpW\nehmcØn\v ˛ hnfshSp∏p apX¬
D]t`mKw hsc ........................................................................... 54
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
6 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

ho´phf∏nse ]®°dnIrjn
Hc¬]w ÿeaps≠¶n¬ ASp°f sXmSnIfn¬ \ap°v Bhiyamb
]®°dnIƒ IrjnsNbvXp≠m°mw. ASp°ftØm´Øns‚ hen∏w
\n¿Æbn°p∂Xv IpSpw_Ønse AwKßfpsS FÆhpw ÿeØns‚ e`yXbpw
A\pkcn®mbncn°Ww. Hcp IpSpw_Øn\v Bhiyamb ]®°dnIƒ btYjSw
e`n°Wsa¶n¬ Hcmƒ°v Ac sk‚ v F∂ IW°n¬ Irjnÿew Bhiyambn
hcpw. \√ \o¿hm¿®bpw hf°qdpap≈ aÆmWv ]®°dnIrjn°v DNnXw.
aWens‚ Awiw IqSpXemsW¶n¬ [mcmfw ssPhhfw
tN¿ØpsImSpt°≠XmWv.
sh≈hpw shfn®hpw [mcmfw e`n°p∂ ÿeamWv ]®°dnIrjn°v G‰hpw
A\ptbmPyw. hoSns‚ sX°p`mKØv IqSpX¬ shbn¬ e`n°p∂Xn\m¬ AhnsS
]®°dn Irjn sNømw. InWdns‚ ASpØmsW¶n¬ \\bv°m\p≈ kuIcyhpw
e`n°pw. tkm∏v, a‰v Un‰¿P‚pIƒ F∂nh Ie¿∂ sh≈w
tXm´ØnseØmXncn°m≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n°Ww. Zo¿LImew hnfhv Xcp∂
C\߃°pw hnfIƒ°pw ASp°ftØm´Øn¬ {]tXyIw ÿew Is≠ØWw.
Idnth∏v, apcnß, \mcIw, ]∏mb, hmg Chsb√mw Xs∂ tXm´Øn\cnInembn
\Smw.
XWen¬ hfcm≥ Ignbp∂ C©n, a™ƒ, tN\, tNºv , Im®n¬,
a[pc°ngßv F∂nh a‰phnfIfpsS CSbn¬ Irjn sNømw. Chbv°nSbn¬
ho´mhiyØn\p≈ apfIv, Im¥mcn F∂nhbpw \Smw. _m°nbp≈ ÿeØv
sNdnb tπm´pIƒ Xncn®v ]eXcw ]®°dnIƒ hf¿Ømw. Htc tπm´n¬ Xs∂
Htc IpSpw_Øn¬s∏´ ]®°dnIƒ XpS¿®bmbn Irjn sNøcpXv. AXmbXv
X°mfn, apfIv, hgpX\ F∂nh Irjn sNbvX ÿeØv ASpØ XhW Noc,
]b¿, sh≈cn h¿§ßƒ F∂nhbntesX¶nepw \Smw. tcmKIoS_m[ Ipdbm\pw
aÆns‚ ]eXeßfn¬ \n∂pw hfw hens®Sp°m\pw Cu hnf]cn{Iaw
klmbn°p∂p.
ASp°ftØm´w BI¿jIam°m≥ ]®°dnsIm≠p Xs∂ Hcp thenbpw
D≠m°mw. a[pcNoc AYhm sN°p¿am\nkv hfsc t]mjIKpWap≈ Hcp
Ce°dnbmWv. CXns‚ HcSn \ofØnep≈Xpw CSØcw aqs∏ØnbXpamb
IºpIƒ 30 sk.ao. AIeØn¬ \´m¬ Ah hf¿∂v \√ thenbmbnØocpw.
Aac, NXpc∏b¿, tImh¬, \nXyhgpX\, ]o®n¬ F∂o ]S¿∂pIbdp∂
hnfIfpw thenbn¬ ]S¿Ømw.
ho´hf∏nse ]®°dnIrjn°v ssPhhf߃ am{Xw D]tbmKn®m¬ aXn.
NmWIw, tImgnhfw, B´n≥ImjvTw, ]nÆm°v, ssPhkvfdn, ItºmÃv F∂nh
e`yXb\pkcn®v D]tbmKn°mw. DW°ns∏mSn® NmWIw sks‚m∂n\v 200
Intem{Kmw F∂ IW°n¬ aÆpambn tN¿Ønf°Ww. ho´phf∏ns‚
HcXn¿Ønbn¬ ioas°m∂ \´m¬ BhiyØn\v ]®nehfw e`n°pw. ASp°f
amen\yßfpw, ]®nehfßfpw, NmWIhpw tN¿Øv ItºmÃv D≠m°pIbpw
Bhmw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 7

aÆns‚ Pemwiw \jvSs∏SmXncn°m≥ sNSnIƒ°nSbn¬ DWßnb ]pt√m,

ssht°mtem, CeItfm, C´v ]pXbnSp∂Xpw \√XmWv. Bhiym\pkcWw hfw
tN¿Øv, \\ \¬In, ssPhIoS\min\nIfpw tN¿Øm¬ Hcp
IpSpw_Øn\mhiyamb apgph≥ ]®°dnIfpw ASp°fsØmSnbn¬ \n∂pw
e`n°pw.

Hcp amXrIm ASp-°ftØm´w Nn{Xw 1 (2.5 sk‚ v)

\nXy-h-gp-Xn\ _mk√ Noc

ItºmÃv tπm´v ˛ 5
Ipgn tπm´v ˛ 3 tπm´v ˛ 1
apfIv ]mh¬ a[pc Noc
]b¿
Im¥mcn
Ccp-ºw-]pfn
Idn-th-∏ne
5 ao‰¿
h≈n ]b¿

]∏mb Noc Noc

apcnß
\mcIw
tN\ Noc Noc
I∏
a™ƒ
C©n tπm´v ˛ 6 tπm´v ˛ 4 tπm´v ˛ 2
Im®n¬ hgp-Xn\ X°mfn Iq¿° a[pc Noc
hmg

tImh¬ ]o®n¬

a´p∏mhnse ssPhIrjn
Irjn ÿew e`ya√mØ \Kc {]tZißfnse IpSpw_߃°v ]®°dn
e`yam°m≥ Gsd A\ptbmPyamWv a´p∏mhnse Irjn. Ipd™ sNehn¬
G‰hpw \√ ]®°dnIƒ Bhiym\pkcWw e`n°p∂p F∂XmWv CXns‚
sa®w. ho´nse ssPhamen\y߃ hfambpw IpSpw_mwKßfpsS Hgnhpkabw
Irjn∏WnIƒ°pw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbpw F∂ khntijXbpap≠v .
cmkhf߃ Hgnhm°p∂Xn\m¬ a´p∏mhnse IrjnbneqsS e`n°p∂
kpc£nXamb ]®°dnIƒ IpSpw_mwKßfpsS BtcmKyw sa®s∏SpØp∂p.

a´p∏mhnse Irjn Nm°n¬

sNSn®´ntb°mƒ a´p∏mhnse Irjn°v A\ptbmPyw πmÃnIv Nm°mWv.
Imenbmb kna‚ v Nm°v , hf®m°v , Acn˛]ehy⁄\ Nm°v F∂nh
D]tbmKn°mw. Nm°ns‚ aqeIƒ D≈nte°v Ib‰nsh®v aÆp an{inXw \nd®p
thWw ]®°dnIfpsS hntØm ssXtbm \tS≠Xv. `mc°pdhv, hne°pdhv,
aÆpan{inXØn¬ Cu¿∏w ]nSn®p\n¿Øm\p≈ Ignhv F∂nhbmWv πmÃnIv
Nm°pIfpsS sa®w. c≠p `mKw aÆv , Hcp `mKw aW¬, Hcp `mKw
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
8 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

NmWIs∏mSntbm ItºmtÃm F∂nh tN¿sØSp°p∂XmWv aÆpan{inXw.

ssIhcntbmsS tN¿Øpw ASnbn¬ Npa¿ hcp∂ `mKØv a´p∏mhns‚ apIfnembpw
hcnbmbn Nm°pIƒ shbv°mw. aq∂v CjvSnIIƒ ASp∏pt]mse Iq´n AXn\p
apIfn¬ Nm°p hbv°p∂XmWv \√Xv. Nm°n¬ \n∂pw sh≈w C‰phoWm¬
t]mepw a´p∏mhn¬ sNfn sI´mXncn°m≥ CXpaqew Ignbpw. agsh≈Øns‚
Hgp°v a´p∏mhn¬ XSks∏SmXncn°m\pw Nm°ns‚ ASnbn¬ CjvSnIIƒ
hbv°p∂Xv klmbn°pw.
XpS¿®bmbn aqt∂m \mtem hnfIƒ°v Htc Nm°v aXnbmIpw. Htcm hnf
Ignbptºmgpw aÆnf°n ssPhhfw tN¿Øn´v ASpØ hnf \SpI. Hmtcm
XhWbpw Htc Nm°n¬ hnfam‰n \Sm\pw {i≤n°Ww.

a´p∏mhnse ssPh Irjn

cmkhfßfpw cmkIoS\min\nIfpw a´p∏mhnse Irjnbn¬ Hgnhm°pI.
ho´nse ssPhamen\yßfn¬ \n∂p≈ ItºmÃv, NmWIs∏mSn, tImgn°mjvTw
F∂nh Dƒs∏sSbp≈ ssPhhf߃ am{Xw a´p∏mhnse Irjn°v \¬IpI.
cmkhf߃ \¬Inbm¬ Ah sh≈samgn°ptºmƒ Hen®ndßn a´p∏mhn\v
_e£bw D≠mIpw.

ssPhhfw˛Atkmf
A¥co£Øn¬ \n∂pw ss\{SP≥ hens®Sp°p∂ \nXylcnX]mbens\
Dƒs°m≈p∂ Atkmf F∂ kkyw ]®°dnIrjn°v \s√mcp ssPhhfamWv.
a´p∏mhn¬ I´nbp≈ t]mfnØo≥ jo‰psIm≠p≠m°nb Bgw Ipd™ Sm¶nse
sh≈Øn¬ Atkmf kar≤ambn hfcp∂p. Sm¶v \ndbptºmƒ Atkmf hmcn
Nm°nse ]®°dnIƒ°v ssPhhfambn \¬Imw. Sm¶n¬ Ah ho≠pw s]cpIn
hf¿∂psIm≈pw. CSbv°nsS ]®®mWIw Ie°n Hgn®p sImSp°p∂Xv
AtkmfbpsS hf¿®bv°v klmbIcamIpw.
a´p∏mhnse Irjn°pNp‰pw a‰psNSnIƒ C√mØXn\mepw Xd\nc∏n¬
\n∂pw hfsc DbcØnembXn\mepw IoSmWp°fpsS ieyw Ipdhmbncn°pw.
Znhkhpw cmhnse Hmtcm sNSnbpsSbpw CeIfpsSbpw Ccphißfpw ]cntim[n®v
IoSßfps≠¶n¬ Ahsb s]dp°nsbSpØv sIm∂v IfbpI. ]bdnse
ap™t]mse arZpicocap≈ \ocq‰n°pSn°p∂ {]mWnIƒs°Xnsc acp∂p Xfn
Bhiysa¶n¬ am{Xw ]pIbne°jmbw D≠m°n Xfn°pI.

ssPh IoS\min\n˛ ]pIbne°jmbw

]pIbne°jmbw Xømdm°p∂Xn\v Ac Intem{Kmw ]pIbne sNdpXmbn
Acn™v \mec en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ IpXn¿Øv Hcp Znhkw hbv°pI. AXn\p
tijw ]pIbne°jW߃ ]ngn™v N≠n am‰n kØv Acns®Sp°pI. sNdnb
NofpIfmbn NoInsbSpØ 120 {Kmw _m¿tkm∏v Acen‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ ebn∏n®p
In´p∂ tkm∏pemb\n Acns®Sp°pI. tkm∏pemb\n ]pIbne°jmbhpambn
\∂mbn tN¿Ønf°pI. Cu emb\n Bdnc´n sh≈w tN¿Øv sNSnIfn¬
Xfn°mw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 9

a´p∏mhnse Irjn°v tdj≥ PetkN\w

cmhnsebpw sshIpt∂chpw \n›nX Afhn¬ Nm°pIfn¬
sh≈samgn°Ww. Nm°nse aÆpan{inXØns‚ Afhv , sNSnIfpsSbpw
CeIfpsSbpw FÆw, Imemhÿ F∂nhsb B{ibn®v Hgn°p∂ sh≈Øns‚
Afhv hyXymks∏SpØWw. sh≈Øns‚ Afhv Ipd™m¬ sNSnIƒ hmSn
\in°pw. sh≈Øns‚ Afhv IqSnbm¬ Nm°n¬ \n∂pw C‰phoWv a´p∏mhv
\\bpw. AXn\m¬ Hgn°p∂ sh≈Øns‚ Afhv tdj≥ t]mse
]cnanXs∏SpØpI. (a´p∏mhnse ]®°dnIrjn BZmbØn\pw BtcmKyØn\pw
B\μØn\pw DØaw.)

hnhn[bn\w ]®°dnIfpsS IrjncoXnIƒ

I Ceh¿§ ]®°dnIƒ
Noc
tIcfØnse G‰hpw {]Nmctadnb Ce°dnhnfbmWv Noc. ssPhIrjnbn¬
G‰hpw {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ IrjnapdbmWv Imemhÿbv°pw aÆn\pw tbmPn®
tcmK{]Xntcm[ i‡nbp≈ C\߃ Irjn sNøpI F∂Xv.

A\ptbmPyamb Imew ˛ F√mImeØpw Irjn sNømw

C\-߃
1. Acp¨ ˛ AXypXv]mZ\tijnbp≈ Nph∂ Nocbn\w.
EXp_‘kz`mhw C√.
2. tamln\n ˛ ]®\ndap≈ CeIƒ
3. Irjn{io ˛ {_u¨ Ie¿∂ Nph∏v \ndap≈ Cu C\Øn\p
Ce∏p≈n tcmKw XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv.
4. tcWp{io ˛ ]® CeIfpw Nph∂ X≠pw Cu C\Øns‚
{]tXyIXbmWv.
5. kn.H. 1 ˛ ]® \ndap≈ C\amWv.
6. IÆmd \mS≥ ˛ Nph∏p \ndap≈ CeIƒ. Cu C\w \hw_¿,
Unkw_¿ amkßfn¬ ]qhnSp∂Xn\m¬ \So¬
kabw AXn\\pkcn®v {IaoIcn°Ww.
hnØns‚ tXmXv : Hcp sk‚n\v 8 {Kmw hnØv th≠n hcpw.
\So¬ coXn : t\cn´v hnXbpw ]dn®p \Soepw.
\gvkdn (XhmcW)
hnØv ]mIp∂Xn\v ap≥]v \gv k dn XS߃ kqcyXm]oIcWØn\p
hnt[bam°nbm¬ aÆn¬ \n∂pw D≠mIp∂ ]e tcmKßfpw XSbmhp∂XmWv.
hnØp ]cnNcWØn\mbn 1 {Kmw kyqtUmtamWmkv s]mSn hnØpambn
Ie¿ØpI. \gv k dn tcmKßsf XSbp∂Xn\mbn Hcp NXpc{iao‰dn\p
ss{St°mU¿Ω kºpjvS Imenhfw 10 In.{Kmw., ]n.Pn.]n.B¿. an{inXw˛2 100{Kmw
F∂ tXmXn¬ \¬IpI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
10 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

Irjnÿew Hcp°epw \Soepw

Irjn ÿew Inf®p \nc∏m°nb tijw 30˛35 sk.ao hoXnbn¬ Bgw
Ipd™ NmepIƒ HcSn AIeØn¬ (30 sk.ao) FSp°pI. sk‚n\p 100 In.{Kmw
ss{St°mU¿Ω kºpjvS NmWIw NmepIfn¬ ASnhfambn aÆpambn Cf°n
tN¿°pI. Cu NmepIfn¬ 20 apX¬ 30 Znhkw {]mbamb ssXIƒ
kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\nbn¬ (20 {Kmw kyptUmtamWmkv 1 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬
Ie°nbXv) thcpIƒ 20 an\n´v ap°nbXn\ptijw 20 sk.ao AIeØn¬ \SpI.
ag°meØv NmepIƒ°v ]Icw XS߃ FSpØv \Sp∂XmWpØaw. Hcp sk‚n¬
657 sNSnIƒ \Smhp∂XmWv. ta¬ hfambn 8˛10 ZnhksØ CSthfbn¬ Xmsg
]dbp∂ GsX¶nepw ssPhhfw tN¿t°≠XmWv.
NmWI∏m¬/_tbmKymkv …dn (200 {Kmw) 4 en‰¿ sh≈hpambn tN¿ØXv/
tKmaq{Xw/sh¿an hmjv (200 en‰¿) 8 Cc´n sh≈hpambn tN¿ØXv, 4 Intem
sh¿an ItºmÃv/tImgnhfw, ISe∏nÆm°v (200 {Kmw) 4 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬
IpXn¿ØXv Ch-bn-te-sX-¶nepw Hmtcm hnfshSp∏v Ignbptºmgpw t\¿∏n®
sh¿anhmjv Xfn®psImSpt°≠XmWv.

a‰p]cn]me\ apdIƒ
aÆn¬ Cu¿∏mwiw Cs√¶n¬ BhiyØn\v \\®p sImSp°Ww.
]pXbn´psImSp°p∂Xv \√XmWv. th\¬°meØv c≠p Znhkw CShns´¶nepw
\\bv°Ww. ag°meØv aÆv Iq´ns°mSp°Ww.

kkykwc£Ww
IoS߃˛hnhn[bn\w ie`ßfpsS ]pgp°ƒ Nocsb B{Ian°p∂p.
1. IqSpsI´n∏pgp°ƒ ˛ CeIƒ Iq´n tbmPn∏n®v AXn\p≈nencp∂v Xn∂p
\in∏n°p∂p.
2. CeXo\n∏pgp°ƒ ˛ CeIƒ Xn∂p \in∏n°p∂p.

\nb{¥Wam¿§ßƒ
]pgp°tfmSpIqSn CeIƒ ]dns®SpØv \in∏n°pI. B{IaWw
I≠pXpSßp∂ AhkcØn¬ Xs∂ th∏n≥ IpcpkØv 5% Xfn°Ww.
PohmWpIoS\min\nbmb ssU∏¬ AYhm lmƒ´v (0.7 an√n) Hcp en‰¿
sh≈Øn¬ Xfn°pItbm s]cpheØns‚ 4% Ce®m¿ tkm∏psh≈hpambn
tN¿Øv Xfn°pItbm sNøpI.

tcmK߃ ˛ Ce∏p≈n tcmKw

NocbpsS CeIfn¬ ASnhiØpw apIƒ∏c∏nepw Hcp t]mse ]p≈nIƒ
ImWs∏Sp∂p. Nph∂ NocbnemWv tcmKw IqSpXembn ImWs∏Sp∂Xv.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 11

\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
kwtbmPnX \nb{¥W am¿K߃ Ahew_n®v tcmKw \nb{¥nt°≠XmWv.
Ce∏p≈n tcmKØns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[i‡nbp≈ kn.H.1 Irjn sNøpI. Nph∂
Noc X\nhnfbmbn Irjn sNømsX kn.H.1 F∂bn\w ]®®ocbpambn CSIe¿Øn
Irjn sNøpI. hnØnSp∂Xn\v ap≥]v kyqtUmtamWmkv Iƒ®¿ D]tbmKn®v
hnØp ]cnNcWw \SØpI. ss{St°msU¿Ω˛th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v kºpjvS
NmWIw aÆn¬ tN¿Øp sImSp°pI. 1 Intem ]® NmWIw 10 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬
Ie°n Xømdm°nb emb\nbpsS sXfn \n›nX Imebfhn¬ Xfn®p sImSp°pI.
Noc \\bv°ptºmƒ sh≈w CebpsS apIfn¬ IqSn Hgn°msX Nph´n¬ Hgn°pI.
1 {Kmw A∏°mcw 4 {Kmw a™ƒs∏mSn F∂nh Hcp en‰¿ ]m¬°mbemb\nbn¬
(4 {Kmw/en‰¿) tN¿Øv CebpsS c≠p hiØpw Xfn°Ww.

II sh≠
\So¬°mew ˛ P\phcn˛s^{_phcn, sabv˛Pq¨, sk]v‰w_¿˛HIvtSm_¿
F∂o kabßfn¬ sh≠ Irjn sNømw.

C\߃
1. kpÿnc ˛ samtk°v tcmKØns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijnbp≠v.
ag°mesØ Irjn°v A\ptbmPyw.
2. k¬°o¿Øn ˛ Cfw ]® \ndØn¬ \ofap≈ ImbvIƒ.
3. Inc¨ ˛ 20˛30 sk.ao‰¿ \ofap≈ Cfw ]® \ndØnep≈ ImbvIƒ.
ag°me Irjn°v A\ptbmPyw.
4. AcpW, kn.H.1 ˛ \√ Nph∏v \ndap≈ ImbvIƒ.
5. A¿° A\manI, h¿j D]lm¿, A¿° A`b, ARvPnX F∂nh
samtk°v tcmKØns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ i‡nbp≈hbmWv.

hnØns‚ tXmXv
Hcp sk‚n\v : 30 {Kmw hnØv th≠n hcpw.
\So¬ Imew : 60 x 60 sk.ao‰¿ (Hcp sk.ao‰dn¬ 222 sNSnIƒ)
hnØp ]cnNcWw : Hcp {Kmw kyqtUmtamWkv hnØpambn Ie¿Øn
hnØp ]cnNcWw \SØWw. hnØv hnX®v
Ign™m¬ aÆn¬ BhiyØn\v Cu¿∏w
D≠mIWw.
\So¬ coXn
Irjn ÿew Inf®v IfIƒ am‰n ]cphs∏SpØnsbSp°Ww. hnØv
hnXbv°p∂Xn\v 15 Znhkw ap≥]v sk‚n\v 2 Intem{Kmw IpΩmbw aÆn¬ tN¿Øp
sImSp°p∂Xv aÆnse AæXzw Ipdbv°pw. 100 Intem{Kmw NmWItam ItºmÃp
hftam 10 {Kmw ss{St°mU¿abpambn tN¿Øv XWen¬ 15 Znhkw kq£n®Xn\p
tijw ASnhfambn tN¿°Ww. ta¬ hfambn c≠mgvNbn¬ Hcn°¬ Xmsg
]dbp∂ GsX¶nepw Hcp hfw tN¿t°≠XmWv.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
12 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

♦ NmWI∏m¬ As√¶n¬ _tbmKymkv …dn 200 {Kmw 4 en‰¿ sh≈hpambn

tN¿ØXv.
♦ tKmaq{Xw As√¶n¬ sh¿anhmjv 2 en‰¿ 8 Cc´n sh≈hpambn tN¿ØXv.
♦ 4 Intem{Kmw aÆnchfw As√¶n¬ tImgnhfw.
♦ ISe∏nÆm°v 200 {Kmw 4 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ IpXn¿ØXv.

a‰p ]cn]me\apdIƒ
aÆn¬ \\hv Cs√¶n¬ BhiyØn\v \\®p sImSp°Ww. ]pXbn´p
sImSp°p∂Xv IfIƒ \nb{¥n°m\pw aÆnse Cu¿∏mwiw \ne\n¿Øm\pw
klmbn°pw. th\¬°meØv c≠p ZnhkØnsemcn°¬ \\bvt°≠XmWv.
ag°meØv If ]dn°epw aÆpIq´ns°mSp°epw \SØpI.

kkykwc£W am¿§ßƒ
tcmK{]Xntcm[ i‡nbp≈ C\߃ Irjn sNøp∂Xp hgn
tcmKIoS\nb{¥Ww Hcp ]cn[nhsc Ffp∏amWv . tXm´w ipNnbmbn
kwc£nt°≠XmWv.

tcmK߃
1. samtk°v tcmKw
sh≠Irjnbn¬ km[mcW D≠mIp∂ Cu tcmKØns‚ e£Ww Ce
RcpºpIfnse ]®∏v \jvSs∏´v a™ \ndamIpIbpw RcºpIƒ XSn°pIbpw
sNøp∂XmWv. ImbvIƒ sNdpXpw a™ Ie¿∂ ]®
\ndtØmSpIqSnbXpambncn°pw. sh≈o®, CeØp≈≥ F∂o IoSßfmWv
sshdkns‚ tcmKhmlI¿.

\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
• tcmKap≈ sNSnIƒ I≠m¬ DS≥ ]ngpXv \in∏n°pI.
• ths∏Æ, shfpØp≈n a{inXw c≠p iXam\w hocyØn¬ \nw_knUn≥/
Ft°m\nw/bq\nw F∂o th∏[njvTnX IoS\min\nIƒ c≠p an√nen‰¿ F∂
tXmXn¬ Xfn®p sImSp°mhp∂XmWv. sshdkns‚ hmlIcmb a‰p IfIsf
\in∏nt°≠XmWv. tcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbp≈ C\߃ (A¿° A\manI,
A¿° A`b) Irjn sNøpIbmWv DØaw. tcmKw _m[n°mØ \√
BtcmKyap≈ sNSnIfn¬ \n∂p am{Xw hnØv tiJcn°pI.

IoS߃
X≠pXpc∏≥, Imbv Xpc∏≥, Ce Npcp´n∏pgp, thcns\ B{Ian°p∂
\nam hncIƒ, \ocq‰n°pSn°p∂ IoS߃ F∂nhbmWv {][m\s∏´ IoS߃.

1. X≠v Xpc∏≥/ImbvXpc∏≥ ]pgp

shfpØ ap≥ NndIpIfn¬ ]® ASbmfap≈ ie`Øns‚ ]pgp°ƒ, Cfw
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 13

X≠pIfnepw ImbvIfnepw Xpf®p Ibdn Dƒ`mKw Xn∂v tISm°p∂p. X≠v hmSn

{ItaW Icnbp∂p. ImbvIfn¬ Zzmc߃ ImWmw.

\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
hnØv \´v c≠mgvN Ignbptºmƒ th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v C´p sImSp°pI.
IoSm{IaWcq£X Ipdbv°p∂Xn\v CXv klmbn°pw. IoS_m[tb‰ X≠pw
ImbvIfpw apdn®pam‰pI. B{IaWw I≠pXpSßptºmƒ th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5%
Xfn°pI. hn]Wnbn¬ e`yamIp∂ th∏[njv T nX IoS\min\nIfpw
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

2. \ocq‰pw IoS߃ (]®Øp≈¬, ap™, sh≈o®)

Ch CebpsS ASnhiØv ]‰n∏nSn®ncp∂v \ocq‰n°pSn°p∂p. CeIƒ
a™fn®v DWßp∂p. IqSmsX sh≈o® sshdkv tcmKw ]cØpIbpw sNøp∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
samssk°v tcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbp≈ C\߃ Irjn sNøpI.
tXm´Øn¬ a™s°WnIƒ ÿm]n®v sh≈o®, ap™ F∂nhsb
IpSp°n \in∏n°pI.
ths∏Æ˛shfpØp≈n an{inXw 2%, ths∏Æ Fa¬j≥ 3% Chbn¬
GsX¶nepw H∂v Xfn°pI.

3. Ce Npcp´n∏pgp
Cfw a™ NndIn¬ Xhn´p \ndØnep≈ hcIfp≈ ie`Øns‚ ]pgp°ƒ
Ce Npcp´n \in∏n°p∂p.
\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
Ce NpcpfpIƒ ]dn®p \in∏n°pI.
th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% Xfn°pI.
hn]Wnbn¬ e`yamIp∂ GsX¶nepw th∏[njvTnX IoS\min\n
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.
_nthdnb _m nbm\ D]tbmKn°mw (_tbmKm¿Uv 5 an√n en‰¿)

4. thcp_‘I \namhnc
sNSnbpsS thcpIsf B{Ian°pIbpw {ItaW sNSnIƒ DWßnt∏mhpIbpw
sNøp∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿§ßƒ
• 4 Intem th∏n≥ ]nÆmt°m, BhW°n≥ ]nÆmt°m Hcp sk‚n¬ tN¿Øp
sImSp°pIbpw, sNSnbpsS CSbv ° v sIWnhnfbmbn _μn∏q°ƒ \´p
hf¿ØpIbpw sNøpI.
• th∏ne/IΩyqWnÃv ]®ne (sNSn°v 250 {Kmw F∂ tXmXn¬) \Sp∂Xn\v
Hcmgv N apºv XSßfnen´v Znhtk\ sh≈samgn°pI. CXns‚ ^ew
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
14 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

th\¬°meØv hnX Ign™v 75 Znhkw \o≠p \n¬°pw.

• _mknekv amknd≥kv 3% D]tbmKn°pI. hnØp]cnNcWw \SØpI.
B{IaWw cq£amb {]tZißfn¬ hnØp]cnNcWØn\p ]pdta CXns‚ 3%
emb\n hnX®v 30 Znhk߃°p tijw aÆnsemgn®p sImSpt°≠XmWv.

III sh≈cn h¿§ hnfIƒ

CXn¬ ]mh¬, ]Shew, sh≈cn, I°ncn, XÆnaØ≥, Npcbv°, aØ≥,
Ipºfw F∂nhbpƒs∏Sp∂p. Irjn°mew \So¬ coXn F∂nh NphsS
sImSp°p∂p.

hnf C\w \So¬ Imew hnØns‚ \So¬Imew

tXmXv
(sk‚n\v)

]mh¬ {]nb, {]oXn, ag-°m-e-hnf 24 {Kmw 2 ao x 2 ao

{]nb¶ (sabv˛BKÃv) (sk‚n\v 10
Pe-tk-NnXhnf Ipgn-Iƒ)
(P\p-h-cn˛am¿®v)
(sk]v‰w-_¿˛
Unkw-_¿)

]S-hew Iuap-Zn, a\p{io Pe-tk-NnX hnf 16 {Kmw 2 ao x 2 ao

t__n, ‰n.-F˛19 (P\p-hcn˛am¿®v) (sk‚n\v 10
& (sk]v‰w-_¿˛ Ipgn-Iƒ)
Unkw-_¿)

sh≈cn apSn-t°m-Sv, (P\p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v) 3 {Kmw 2 ao x 1.5 ao

Acp-Wna, & (sk]v‰w-_¿ ˛ (sk‚n\v 13
ku`mKy Unkw-_¿) Ipgn-Iƒ)

Ipºfw sI.-F.-bp. ag-°me hnf 4 {Kmw 4.5 ao x 2 ao

tem°¬, Cμp (sabv˛BK-Ãv) (sk‚n\v 13
Pe-tk-NnXhnf Ipgn-Iƒ)
(P\p-hcn˛am¿®v)
(sk]v‰w-_¿˛
Unkw-_¿)

kemUv sh≈cn ioXƒ, kz¿Æ (P\p-hcn˛am¿®v) 2 {Kmw 2 ao x 1.5 ao

]q¿Æ, ]pkmk, (sk]v‰w-_¿˛ (sk‚n\v 13
t\ymKv, Unkw-_¿) Ipgn-Iƒ)
F.-F.-bp.kn˛2
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 15

hnf C\w \So¬ Imew hnØns‚ \So¬Imew

tXmXv
(sk‚n\v)

aØ≥ Aºn-fn, ag-°me hnf-- 5 {Kmw 4.5 ao x 2 ao

kph¿Æ, kckv sabv- - -- ˛ BK-Ãv, (sk‚n\v 13
Pe-tk-NnXhnf Ipgn-Iƒ)
(P\p-hcn-˛am¿®v)
& (sk]v‰w-_¿˛
Unkw-_¿)

XÆn-aØ
- ≥ Unkw-_¿-˛- 6 {Kmw 3 x 2 ao
jpK¿ t__n G-{]n¬ (sk‚n\v 6
Ipgn-Iƒ)

tImh¬ kpe` sabv-˛-Pq¨, 30˛40 4 ao x 3 ao

sk]v‰w-_¿ sk.ao (sk‚n\v 3
-˛ HIvtSm-_¿ \of-ap≈ Ipgn-Iƒ)
X≠p-Iƒ

Npcbv° ]qkm, kΩ¿, ag-°me hnf 14 {Kmw 3 ao x 3 ao

t]mfn-^nIv (sabv˛BK-Ãv) (sk‚n\v 4
temwKv, ]qk Pe-tk-NnXhnf Ipgn-Iƒ)
kΩ¿, (P\p-hcn˛am¿®v)
t{]mfn-^nIv du≠v (sk]v‰w-_¿˛
A¿° _^m¿ Unkw-_¿)

]o®nß lcn-Xw, Zo]vXn (Unkw-_¿-˛- 6.12 {Kmw 2 ao x 2 ao

]pk, \kvZm¿ am¿®v) (sk‚n\v 10
(sabv˛B-KÃv) Ipgn-Iƒ)

\So¬ coXnbpw, hf{]tbmKhpw

c≠Sn hep∏hpw HcSn Bghpap≈ IpgnsbSp°pI. 50 Intem{Kmw NmWIw/
ItºmtÃm ta¬ aÆpambn tN¿Øv IpgnIfnenSpI. \mep apX¬ A©v hnØv
hoXw Hcp Ipgnbn¬ ]mIpI. apf®v c≠mgvN tijw Hcp XSØn¬ \√ aq∂p
ssXIƒ hoXw \n¿Ønbm¬ aXn.
ta¬ hfambn NmWItam ItºmtÃm 30 In.{Kmw hoXw As√¶n¬ aÆnc
ItºmÃv 15 Intem c≠p {]mhiyambn h≈n hoiptºmgpw ]qhnSptºmgpw
sImSp°pI. c≠mgvNbnsemcn°¬ NmWIw 1 Intem{Kmw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬
Ie°n ]pjv]n°ptºmƒ sImSp°pI.
tImhen\v \Sp∂ kabØpw h≈n hoiptºmgpw 12.5 Intem F∂ tXmXn¬
Imenhfw tN¿Øp sImSp°pI. Zo¿LImew tImh¬ sNSn \ne\n¿Øp∂
ÿeßfn¬ amkØnsemcn°¬ ssPhhf {]tbmKw \SØpI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
16 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

a‰p ]cnNcW am¿K߃

]mh¬, ]Shew, Npcbv°, ]o®nß F∂nh h≈n hoiptºmƒ ]¥en´p
sImSp°pI. sh≈cn, XÆnaØ≥, aØ≥, Ipºfw F∂nh Xdbn¬
]Scp∂Xn\p≈ kwhn[m\samcp°pI, hfanSp∂Xns\m∏w If ]dn°epw
CSbnf°epw \SØpI. ag°meØv aÆv Iq´n sImSp°pI, ]®ne hnfbhinjvSw,
hnLSn∏n® NIncnt®m¿ ItºmÃv, sXm≠v, ssht°m¬ XpSßnbh sIm≠v
hnfIƒ°v ]pXbnSpI.

hf¿®bpsS BZyL´ßfn¬ 2˛3 Znhkw CShn´pw ]qhpw Imbpw D≈ kabØv

H∂nS hn´p \\bv°pI. aW¬ Ie¿∂ ]inacmin aÆn¬ th\¬°meßfn¬ 2
ZnhkØnsemcn°¬ \\bv°p∂Xnt\°mƒ 3 ZnhkØnsemcn°¬ \\®m¬
aXnbmIpw.

kky kwc£Ww
IoS߃
Imbo®: s]¨ Cu® ImbpsS sXmen°Snbn¬ ap´bnSp∂p. ap´bpsS
hncn™ndßp∂ ]pgp°ƒ Imbv°p≈nse amwkf `mK߃ Xn∂p∂p. ImbvIƒ
AgpIn hogp∂p.

\nb{¥Wam¿K߃
t]∏¿ sImt≠m t]mfnØo≥ sImt≠m ImbvIƒ s]mXnbpI, IoS_m[tb‰
ImbvIƒ tiJcn®v \in∏n°pI. \Sp∂ kabØpw Hcp amkØn\p tijhpw
Hcp Ipgn°v 100 {Kmw F∂ tXmXn¬ th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v C´v sImSp°pI. ]gbo®
sIWnIƒ, s^dtam¨ sIWntbm (Iyqe¿ sIWntbm) D]tbmKn®v Imbo®sb
\in∏n°mw. ap™, ]®Øp≈≥, aWvUcn Ch kky`mKßfn¬ Iq´w IqSnbncp∂v
\ocq‰n IpSn°p∂p. sh≈o® samssk°v tcmKhpw ]cØp∂p.

\nb{¥Wam¿K߃
a™s°Wn Hcp sk‚n\v F∂ tXmXn¬ sI´pI. ap™Iƒ IqSpXembn
ImWp∂ CeIƒ ]dn®v \in∏n°pI. 2% hocyap≈ ths∏Æ˛shfpØp≈n
an{inXw Xfn°pI. As√¶n¬ ths∏Æbpw (80 an.en) BhWs°Æbpw (20
an.en) 60 {Kmw _m¿tkm∏pw ebn∏n®v 150 an.en. sh≈Øn¬ tN¿°pI. CXnte°v
150 {Kmw shfpØp≈n t]kv‰v tN¿°pI. CXv 6 Bdnc´n sh≈w tN¿Øv t\¿∏n®v
Xfn°pI. \ocq‰n IpSn°p∂ {]mWnIfpsS B{IaW ^eambn sh≈cn
]®neIdnIfn¬ D≠mIp∂ a™fn∏v AXnPohn°p∂Xn\v 10 {Kmw a·ojyw
kƒt^‰v 1 en‰¿ F∂ tXmXn¬ CeIfn¬ Xfn°pI. CXv sNSnIƒ°v h≈n
hoip∂ kabØpw h≈nIƒ ]¥en¬ ]S¿Øp∂ AhkcØnepw
sNømhp∂XmWv.

CeXo\n∏pgp°ƒ (]She∏pgp/hcb≥ ]pgp)

]pgp°ƒ CeIƒ Xn∂pw, ImbvIƒ Xn∂pw \in∏n°p∂p.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 17

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
]pgp°sf tiJcn®v \in∏n°mw. th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% Xfn°pI. tKmaq{Xw
1 en‰¿˛ Im¥mcn (10 {Kmw) an{inXw Xømdm°n 9 en‰¿ sh≈w tN¿Øv Xfn°pI.
_nthdnb _mknbm\ F∂ an{inX Ipanƒ D]tbmKn°pI.

F∏nemIvk h≠v
Xhn´p \ndØn¬ IdpØ ]p≈nIfp≈ A¿≤ hrØmIrXnbnse h≠pIfpw
a™ \ndØnep≈ ]pgp°fpw Cebnse lcnXIw Im¿∂p Xn∂v CeIƒ
DWßn°cnbp∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
ssIhe D]tbmKn®v h≠pIsf tiJcn®v \in∏n°pI, CeIfn¬ ImWp∂
ap´°q´w, ]pgp, kam[n Zni F∂nh tiJcn®v kpjncßfp≈ t]mfnØo≥
Ihdn¬ kq£n°pI. an{X{]mWnIƒ hncn™p hcptºmƒ Ahsb Xpd∂v
tXm´Øn¬ hnSpI. th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5%, s]cphew kØv 10%,
ths∏Æ˛shfpØp≈n an{inXw 2% F∂nhbn¬ GsX¶nepw H∂v Xfn°pI.

sh≈cn h¿K sNSnIfnse tcmK߃

1. samssk°v tcmKw
Ce∏c∏n¬ ]®bpw a™bpw Ie¿∂ \nd߃ ImWs∏Sp∂p. CeIƒ
apcSn°p∂p. ]pXpXmbn hcp∂ CeIƒ sNdpXmIpIbpw apcSn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
imJIfpsS FÆw \t∂ IpdbpIbpw, Imbv ]nSpØw Xosc IpdbpIbpw
sNøp∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
1. tcmKw _m[n® sNSnIsf \in∏n®p IfbpI.
2. tcmK hnap‡amb tXm´Øn¬ \n∂p am{Xw hnØv tiJcn°pI.
3. XSßfnse hnØns‚ tXmXv Iq´pI. sNSn h≈n shbv°p∂ AhkcØn¬
BtcmKyap≈ ct≠m aqt∂m sNSnIƒ am{Xw \n¿Øn _m°nbp≈hsb
\in∏n°pI.
4. tcmKhmlIcmb IoSßsf \in∏n°m≥ ths∏Æ, BhWs°Æ,
shfpØp≈n an{inXw As√-¶n¬ 2% hocyap≈ th∏[njvTnX IoS\min\n
F∂nh D]tbmKn°pI.

Ce∏p≈n tcmKw
CebpsS ASn`mKØv sh≈w \\™t]msebp≈ ]mSpIƒ D≠mhpIbpw
XpS¿∂v CebpsS apIƒ `mKØv a™∏p≈nIƒ {]Xy£s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p.
]p≈nIƒ hepXmbn H∂n®p tN¿∂v CeIƒ Icn™pWßp∂p.

\nb{¥Wam¿K߃
tcmKe£Wap≈ CeIƒ \in∏n°pI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
18 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\n (2%) CebpsS Ccp hißfnepw hogØ°hn[w

Xfn°pI.
Imbo® (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

Ce-Xo\n ]pgp-°ƒ (Anadevidia peponis)

hc-b≥ ]pgp (Diaphania indica)

 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 19

IV hgpX\ h¿K hnfIƒ

tIcfØnse {][m\ hgpX\ h¿K hnfIfmWv apfIv, hgpX\, X°mfn
F∂nh

hnf C\߃ \So¬ kabw hnØns‚ CSbIew

tXmXv
(sk‚n\v)

apfIv PzmemapJn, agsb B{ibn®v 4 {Kmw 45 sk.ao x

Pzmem kJn, (sabv˛Pq¨) 45 sk.ao
D÷ze, A\p{Kl
(sh≈mbWn˛ PetkNnX Irjn sk‚n\v 198
AXpey) (sk]v‰w_¿ ˛ sNSn-Iƒ
(sh≈mbWn˛ HIvtSm_¿)
kar≤n)

hgpX\ kqcy, tizX, sabv˛Pq¨ 2 {Kmw 75 sk.ao x

\oena, lcnX sk]v‰w_¿ 60 sk.ao
(_mIvSocnb¬ HIvtSm_¿ (sk‚n\v 89
hm´Øns\Xnsc sNSnIƒ)
{]Xntcm[tijn
bp≈ C\ßfmWnXv)
]qk ]¿∏nƒ ¢Ã¿

X°mfn i‡n, ap‡n, (HIvtSm_¿˛ 2 {Kmw 60 sk.ao x

A\L, \hw_¿) 60 sk.ao.
sh≈mbWn hnPbv 111 sNSnIƒ

\gvkdn
]dn®p \Sp∂ hnfIfmWv hgpX\ h¿K hnfIƒ. hnØpIƒ XmhcWIfn¬
]mIn apf∏n®v Hcp amkw {]mbamb ssXIƒ ]dn®p \Smw. \√ Xpdkmb
[mcmfw kqcy{]Imiw e`n°p∂ ÿeßfn¬ hf°qdp≈ ta¬ aÆpw \√
t]mse DWßn s]mSn™ NmWIhpw tN¿ØmWv \gvkdn Xømdmt°≠Xv.
DW°ns∏mSn® NmWIØn\p ]Icw ss{St°mU¿a D]tbmKn®v ]cnt]mjn∏n®
NmWIw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv \√XmWv. hnØv ]mInbXn\p tijw hmc߃ ]®ne
sIm≠v ]pXbn´v Znhtk\ ImeØv \\bv°pI. hnØp apf®p XpSßnbm¬
]pX am‰Ww. \n›nX CSthfbn¬ 2% kyqtUmtamWmkv ^vfqdk‚ v emb\n
Xfn®p sImSpt°≠XmWv. ssXIfpsS ]pjvSn h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\p th≠n
NmWI∏mtem t\¿∏n® tKmaq{Xtam (]Ønc´n sh≈w tN¿Øv t\¿∏n®Xv)
Xfnt°≠XmWv . ssXIƒ \Sp∂Xn\p th≠n ]dns®Sp°p∂Xn\mbn
XmhcWIƒ \\®Xn\p tijw ssXIƒ ]dns®Sp°pI. \´ ssXIƒ°v
Xm¬°menIambn XW¬ \¬IWw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
20 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

\Soepw hf{]tbmKhpw
Irjn ÿew \√t]mse Inf®v \nc∏m°pI. ssXIƒ ]dn®p \Sp∂Xn\v
c≠mgvN aptº 2 Intem{Kmw IpΩmbw tN¿Øp sImSp°pI. 100 Intem{Kmw
ss{St°mU¿Ωbpw ]n.Pn.]n.B¿˛1 an{inXhpambn tN¿Øv Cf°n ASnhfambn
\SpI. ]dn®p \Sp∂ kabØv ssXIfpsS thcpIƒ 20 an\n´v kyqtUmtamWmkv
emb\n (20 {Kmw 1 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬) emb\nbn¬ ap°n sh®Xn\ptijw \SpI.
Imen hfØn\p ]Icw tImgnhftam s]mSn® B´n≥ ImjvTtam
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. ta¬ hfw \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn F´v ]Øv Znhkw
CSthfbmbn Xmsg ]dbp∂ GsX¶nepw ssPh hfw tN¿°mhp∂XmWv.

NmWI∏m¬ As√¶n¬ _tbmKymkv …dn 200 {Kmw 4 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬

tN¿ØXv.
tKmaq{Xw As√¶n¬ sh¿anhmjv (2 en‰¿) F´v Cc´n sh≈hpambn
tN¿ØXv.
4 Intem{Kmw aÆnc ItºmÃv, tImgnhfw As√¶n¬ B´n≥ ImjvTw.
ISe∏nÆm°v (200 {Kmw) 4 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ IpXn¿ØXv.

a‰p ]cn]me\ am¿K߃

th\¬°meØv ct≠m aqt∂m ZnhkØnsemcn°¬ PetkN\w \SØpI.
Bhiysa¶n¬ ssXIƒ°v Xmßp sImSp°pI. ]dn®p \´v Hcp amkw
Ignbptºmƒ IfsbSp°¬, ssPh hfw \¬I¬, aÆv Iq´n sImSp°¬ XpSßnb
]cn]me\ apdIƒ A\ph¿Øn°mw. ]®neIƒ, hnfbhinjv S ߃
AgpIns∏mSn™ NIncnt®m¿, sXm≠v, ssht°m¬ XpSßnbh D]tbmKn®v
]pXbn´p sImSpØm¬ aÆnse Cu¿∏w \ne\n¿Øm\pw IfIƒ \nb{¥n°m\pw
Ignbpw.

kkykwc£Ww
IoS߃
1. hgpX\bnse X≠v/Imbv Xpc∏≥ ]pgp
shfpØ NndIn¬ Xhn´p \ndØnse ]p≈ntbmSp IqSnb ie`Øns‚
]pgp°ƒ X≠pw, Imbpw B{Ian°p∂p. Cfw X≠nepw, Imbnepw, ]pgp Xpf®p
Ibdn Dƒ`mKw Xn∂p \in∏n°p∂p. B{IaW hnt[bamb X≠pIƒ hmSn
Icnbp∂p. ]pgp _m[tb‰v ImbvIfn¬ Zzmc߃ ImWmw.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
1. ssX ]dn®p \Sptºmƒ th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v aÆn¬ CSpI.
2. tISph∂ `mK߃ apdn®p am‰n \in∏n°pI.
3. IoSm{IaWw I≠p XpSßptºmƒ th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% Xfn°pI.
F∏nemIvk h≠v
Xhn´p \ndØn¬ IdpØ ]p≈nbp≈ h≠pIƒ, a™ \ndØnep≈
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 21

X≠v/Imbv Xpc∏≥ ]pgp (Leucinodes orbonalis)

]pgp°ƒ ap´°q´ßƒ, kam[n Zi F∂nh CeIfn¬ ImWp∂p. h≠pw, ]pgphpw
CeIfnse lcnXIw Im¿∂p Xn∂p∂p. CeIƒ DWßn Icnbp∂p. B{IaWw
cq£amIptºmƒ sNSnbpsS hf¿®sb _m[n°p∂p.

F∏nemIvk h≠v (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata)

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
1. ssIhe D]tbmKn®v h≠pIsf tiJcn®v \in∏n°pI.
2. CeIfn¬ ImWp∂ ap´°q´w, ]pgp, kam[n Zi F∂nhsb tiJcn®v
kpjncßfp≈ t]mfnØo≥ Iq´n¬ kq£n°pI. an{X {]mWnIƒ hncn™p
]pdØp hcptºmƒ Ahsb Xpd∂p tXm´Øn¬ hnSpI.
3. th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% s]cphew kØv 10% Xfn°pI.
\ocq‰w IoS߃
aoenap´, td{¥]{X IoSw, ap™ F∂nh CeIfpsS ASnbn¬ ]‰n∏nSn®ncp∂p
\ocq‰n°pSn®v \in∏n°p∂p. aoenap´ a‰p kky`mKßsfbpw B{Ian°p∂p.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
22 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
1. Bcw` Znibn¬ Ch IqSpXembn ImWp∂ CeIƒ ]dn®p \in∏n°pI.
2. ths∏Æ + shfpØp≈n 2% (As√¶n¬ ths∏Æ 3%) Fa¬j≥ Xfn°pI.

hgpX\bnse tcmK߃
1. Ip‰ne tcmKw
tcmKe£W߃
sNSnbpsS CeIƒ Ip‰nIfmbn amdp∂p. sam´pIƒ XΩnep≈ CSbIew
IpdbpIbpw sNSnIfpsS hf¿® apcSn®p t]mhpIbpw sNøp∂p. Imbv]nSpØw
\nebv°p∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
1. tcmKw h∂ sNSn ]ngpXv \in∏n°pI.
2. tcmKhmlIcmb PmknUpIsf shfpØp≈n ˛ ths∏Æ an{inXw (2%)
Xfn®v \nb{¥n°pI.

apfInse IoS߃
F^nUpIƒ, PmknUpIƒ, {Xn]vkv, aWvUcn, sh≈o® F∂nh apfIns\
B{Ian°p∂ IoSßfmWv.
F^nUpIsf \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\mbn ]pIbne Ijmbw, ths∏Æ˛shfpØp≈n
Faƒj≥ (2%) \m‰]qs®Sn Faƒj≥ (10%) F∂nhbn¬ FsX-¶nepw H∂v
Xfn°pI.
PmknUpIsf \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\mbn IncnbmØv kØv (10%) Xfn°pI.
aWvUcnsb \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\p th≠n shs∏Æ ˛ shfpØp≈n Faƒj≥
(2%) Xfn°pI. ]Øp ZnhkØnsemcn°¬ t\¿∏n® I™nsh≈w CebpsS
ASnbn¬ Xfn®p sImSp°p∂Xv \√XmWv.

sh≈o®
sh¿´nkoenbw e°m\n 3˛5 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ Ie¿Øn Xfn°pI.
BhWs°Æ ]pc´nb a™s°WnIƒ ÿm]n°pI. shfpØp≈n Faƒj≥
2% Xfn°pI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 23

apfInse tcmK߃
1. ssX Nob¬
aÆnse tcmKmWp°sf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v sk‚n\v Hcp Intem F∂ IW-
°n¬ th∏n≥]nÆm°v tN¿°pI. Db¿∂ hmcßfn¬ th\¬°meØv hnØpIƒ
]mIWw. XmhcWIfn¬ IpΩmbw hnXdWw. ss{St°msU¿a, kyqtUmtamWkv,
]n.Pn.]n.B¿. anIkv II F∂nh D]tbmKn°Ww.

2. Ce∏p≈n tcmKw
kyqtUmtamWkv ^vfpdsk≥kv 2 iXam\tam As√¶n¬ t_m¿tUm an{inXw
1 iXam\tam Xfn°pI.

3. _mIvSocnb¬ hm´w
{]Xntcm[ tijnbp≈ C\ßfmb D÷ze, A\p{Kl XpSßnb C\߃
\´p ]nSn∏n°pI. kyqtUmtamWkv ^vfqdsk≥kv, ]n,Pn.]n.B¿. anIvkv II (20
{Kmw 1 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬) F∂ tXmXn¬ 15 ZnhksØ CSthfIfn¬ aÆn¬
Xfn®p sImSp°pI. \Sp∂Xn\p apºmbn ssXIfpsS thcpIƒ kyqtUmtamWkv
(2%) ap°n hbv°pI. Cu emb\n CeIfnepw Xfn®p sImSp°pI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
24 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

4. samssk°v tcmKw
sshdkv tcmK߃ ]cØp∂Xv Cet∏\pIfmWv . Ch CebpsS
ASnbnencp∂v \ocq‰n IpSn°p∂Xns‚ ^eambn CeIƒ Icnbp∂p. sNSnIfpsS
hf¿® apcSn®v {ItaW \in°p∂p. th∏[njvTnX IoS\min\n Xfn®p sImSp°pI.
{]Xntcm[i‡nbp≈ C\ßfmb D÷ze, ]©m_v km¬, πmk kXm_km¿
F∂nh Irjn sNøpI.

X°mfnbpsS IoS_m[
1. ImbvXpc∏≥
th∏n≥ Ipcp kØv 5 iXam\w Xfn°pI. th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v sk‚n\v 1
Intem F∂ tXmXn¬ \So¬ kabØpw 30˛45 ZnhksØ CSthfbnepw \¬IpI.

2. sh≈o®
sh¿´nkoenbw e°m\n 3˛5 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ Ie¿Øn Xfn°pI.
BhWs°Æ ]pc´nb a™s°WnIƒ ÿm]n°pI. shfpØp≈n Faƒj≥
2% Xfn°pI.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 25

3. ssXNob¬
th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v Hcp sk‚n\v Hcp Intem F∂ tXmXn¬ tN¿°pI.
XmhcWIfn¬ IpΩmbw hnXdpI. ss{St°mU¿a, kyqtUmtamWkv
^vfqdsk≥kv, ]n.Pn.]n.B¿. anIvkv II F∂nh D]tbmKn°pI.

Nn{X-IoSw
4. _mIvSocnb¬ hm´w
ssXIfpsS thcpIƒ 2 iXam\w hocyap≈ kyqtUmtamWkv emb\nbn¬
ap°n sh®Xn\p tijw \SpI. Cu emb\n sNSnIfnepw Xfn°pI.
kyqtUmtamWkv, ]n.Pn.]n.B¿. anIvkv II (20 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿ F∂ tXmXn¬ 15
ZnhksØ CSthfIfn¬ \¬IpI).

V ]bdp h¿K ]®°dnIƒ

1. h≥]b¿
]®°dnbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ h≥]bdn\߃ c≠p Xcap≠v. Ip‰n∏bdpw,
h≈n∏bdpw.
tIcfØnse Imemhÿbn¬ F√mbvt∏mgpw Irjn sNøm≥ ]‰nb hnfbmWv
h≥]b¿, s\¬]mSßfn¬ H∂mw hnfbv ° pw c≠mw hnfbv ° pw tijw
dm_n°meØpw. th\¬°meØpw X\nhnfbmbn h≥]b¿ Irjn sNømw. ho´p
hf∏pIfn¬ F√m°meØpw Irjn sNøm≥ ]‰nb hnfbmWv h≥]b¿.
th\¬°meØv PeZu¿e`yw aqew s\¬Irjnbnd°m≥ km[n°mØ
ÿeßfn¬ h≥]b¿ Irjn sNømhp∂XmWv.

\So¬ Imew
h≥]b¿ F√m°meØpw Irjn sNømw. ag°mehnfbv°v Pq¨ amkØn¬
hnØp ]mIWw. Pq¨ BZyhmcamWv hnØv ]mIp∂Xn\v G‰hpw A\ptbmPyw.
c≠mw hnfbv°v hnXbvt°≠Xv sk]v‰w_¿˛HIvtSm_¿ amkßfnemWv.
th\¬°meØv h≥]b¿ P\phcn s^{_phcn amkØn¬ hnXbv°Ww.

C\߃
F. Ip‰n∏b¿˛ `mKye£van, ]pk_¿kmØn, ]pktImaƒ
_n. Ipd®p ]Scp∂ kz`mhap≈h˛ ssIcfn, A\izc, hcp¨, A¿°, Kcna.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
26 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

kn. ]Scp∂ C\߃˛ imcnI, amenI, teme, sshPb¥n, sI.Fw.hn˛1,

sh≈mbWntPymXnI
Ip‰n]bdn\v hnØns‚ tXmXv sk‚n\v 80 apX¬ 100 {Kmw hsc.
h≈n∏bdn\v hnØns‚ tXmXv sk‚n\v 16 apX¬ 20 {Kmw hsc.

\So¬Imew
h≥]b¿ F√m°meØpw Irjn sNømw. ag°mehnfbv°v Pq¨ amkØn¬
hnØp ]mIWw. Pq¨ BZyhmcamWv hnØv ]mIp∂Xn\v G‰hpw A\ptbmPyw.
c≠mw hnfbv°v hnXbvt°≠Xv sk]v‰w_¿˛HIvtSm_¿ amkßfnemWv.
th\¬°meØv h≥]b¿ P\phcn˛s^{_phcn amkØn¬ hnXbv°Ww.
C\߃
F. Ip‰n∏b¿˛ `mKye£van, I\IaWn, ]qk_¿kmØn, ]qktImaƒ.
_. Ipd®p ]Scp∂ kz`mhap≈h˛ ssIcfn, A\izc, hcp¨, A¿°, Kcna.
kn. ]Scp∂ C\߃˛ imcnI, amenI, teme, sshPb¥n, sI.Fw.hn˛1,
sh≈mbWntPymXn,
Ip‰n∏bdn\v hnØns‚ tXmXv sk‚n\v 80 apX¬ 100 {Kmw.
h≈n∏bdn\v hnØns‚ tXmXv sk‚n\v 16 apX¬ 20 {Kmw.

\SoeIew
\√Xp t]mse DgpXv I´Iƒ DS®v ]cphs∏SpØWw. Ip‰n∏bdn\߃ 30x15
sk‚nao‰¿ AIeØnepw sNdnb tXmXn¬ ]Scp∂h 45 x 30 sk‚nao‰¿
AIeØnepw (Hcp Ipgnbn¬ 3 sNSnIƒ hoXw) IºpIƒ IpØn∏S¿Øp∂h
1.5 sk.ao‰¿ x 45 sk.ao‰¿ AIeØnepamWv \tS≠Xv.

hnØp ]cnNcWw
h≥]b¿ hnØpIƒ ssdtkm_nbw F∂ PohmWp ]pc´nb tijw
\tS≠XmWv. ssdtkm_nbw ]pc´p∂Xn\p th≠n hnØv A¬]w sh≈tam
I™nsh≈tam tN¿Øv ssdtkm_nbw Iƒ®dpambn \√t]mse F√m `mKØpw
FØp∂Xp t]mse Iq´n tbmPn∏n°pI. hnØns‚ BhcWØn\v tISp]‰msX
{i≤n°pI. Cu hnØpIƒ hrØnbp≈ ISemkntem Nm°ntem C´v
XWeØpW°n DSs\ hnXbv°Ww. cmkhfhpambn bmsXmcp ImcWhimepw
ssdtkm_nbw Ie¿Ønb hnØpIƒ Iq´nt®¿°m≥ ]mSn√.

hf{]tbmKw (Hcp sk‚n\v)

AæXzw IqSnb aÆn\v Hcp Intem IpΩmbw \Sp∂Xn\v 15 Znhkw apºmbn
aÆn¬ tN¿Øp sImSp°Ww. Irjnÿew Hcp°nb tijw 80 Intem NmWIw
tN¿°Ww. \n›nX AIeØn¬ IpgnsbSpØ tijw ssdtkm_nbw F∂
PohmWp ]pc´nb hnØv \SpI. t^mkv^dkv embI kq£vamWp hf߃ Hcp
{Kmw Hcp sNSns°∂ tXmXn¬ tN¿Øp sImSp°p∂Xv t^mkv^dkns‚ e`yX
Iq´p∂Xn\v klmbn°pw. IqSmsX Xmsg ]dbp∂ GsX¶nepsamcp hf{]tbmKw
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 27

IqSn tN¿°mhp∂XmWv.
NmWIw, aÆnc ItºmÃv 8 Intem, 400 {Kmw tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v As√¶n¬
tImgnhfw 6 Intem, 200 {Kmw tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v F∂nh \¬Imhp∂XmWv.
ssPh hf߃ 10 apX¬ 15 Znhkw CSthfIfn¬ tN¿Øp sImSp°mhp∂XmWv.
tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v ASnhfambnØs∂ \¬tI≠XmWv. hf¿®m DtØPIßfmb
t\¿∏n® ]©Khyw, sh¿anhmjv F∂nh sNSn°p \¬Ip∂Xv hf¿®
h¿≤n∏n°pw.

a‰p ]cn]me\ apdIƒ

ta¬hfw C´Xn\p tijw aÆnf°n sImSp°p∂Xn\v \√ thtcm´Øn\pw
AXphgn \√ kabØv h≈nIfpsS Xe \p≈n°fbp∂Xv hnfhv
h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw klmbIamIpw. ]S¿∂ hcp∂ C\߃°v h≈n hoim≥
XpSßptºmƒ Xs∂ ]¥¬ sI´n ]Scm\p≈ kuIcyw D≠mIWw.
sh≈Øns‚ e`yX Dd∏phcpØpI. ]qhnSp∂ kabØp≈ PetkN\w ]q°fpw
ImbvIfpw D≠mIp∂Xns‚ Afhv h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\v klmbn°pw.
kkykwc£Ww
IoS߃
1. ]bdnse ap™: ]bdns‚ \ocq‰n°pSn°p∂ {][m\ IoSamWv ap™.
IdpØ \ndØnep≈ ap™Iƒ kky`mKßfn¬ ]‰n∏nSn®ncp∂v
\ocq‰n°pSn°p∂p. X≥aqew DWßpIbpw CeIƒ a™fn°pIbpw sNSnIfpsS
hf¿® apcSn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
th∏[njvTnX IoS\min\n 4 an√n. Hcp en‰¿ sh≈Øn\v F∂ tXmXn¬
sImSp°pI. _nthdnb _mknbm\ F∂ an{X Ipanƒ D]tbmKn°pI. ]pIbne
Ijmbhpw ^e{]ZamWv. th∏n≥IpcpkØv 5%hpw Xfn°mhp∂XmWv.

2. Ces®SnIfpw, h≈ns®SnIfpw
th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% Xfn®v \nb{¥n°mhp∂XmWv.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
28 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

3. ]b¿Nmgn
]b¿®mgn ]bdpaWnbn¬ \n∂pw \ocq‰n°pSn°p∂p. X≥aqew ]b¿ Np°n
Npfnbp∂p.
\nb{¥W am¿K߃
he D]tbmKn®v h≠ns‚ hnhn[ ZiIsf tiJcn®v \in∏n°mw. th∏[njvTnX
IoS\min\nIƒ Xfn®p sImSp°pI. th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5% Xfn®p
sImSp°mhp∂XmWv. _nthdnb _mknbm\ F∂ an{X°panƒ
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

4. ImbvXpc∏≥
]pgp°ƒ, apIpfw, Imbv, ]qhv XpSßnbh Xpc∂v `£n°p∂p.

\nb{¥W am¿K߃
tISmb ImbvIƒ tiJcn®v \in∏n°pI. \´v 45 ZnhkØn\p tijw
th∏n≥Icp kØv 5% Xfn°pII. Bhiysa¶n¬ 15 ZnhkØn\p tijw
Xfn°mhp∂XmWv . shfpØp≈n, Imbw, Im¥mcn apfIv an{inXw, 10%
Xfn°mhp∂XmWv. (tKmaq{Xw 100 an√n en‰¿ sh≈w 900 an√n en‰¿ 5 {Kmw
Imbw 10 {Kmw Im¥mcn apfIv kØv), th∏n≥]nÆm°v 1 Intem {Kmw Hcp sk‚n\v
]qhnSp∂ kabØv aÆnep]tbmKn°mw.

5. Nn{XIoSw
]pgp°ƒ Ce Xpf®v Dƒhiw Xn∂p∂p. Ce∏pdØv shfpØ NmepIƒ
ImWmw. ths∏Æ˛tkm∏v Faƒj≥ 2 iXam\tam th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5
iXam\tam Xfn°mhp∂XmWv.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 29

Nn{X-IoSw
6. ]b¿ h≠v
Hcp Intem ]b¿ hnØn¬ Hcp an√n en‰¿ \ne°SesbÆtbm,
shfns®Ætbm ]pc´n kq£n°pI. ]b¿ hnØv kq£n°p∂ kabØv 100
Intem hnØn\v 1 Intem{Kmw F∂ tXmXn¬ hbºns‚ DW°ns∏mSn® Ingßv
tN¿°pI.

]b-dns‚ tcmK-߃
1. aÆn¬°qSn ]I-cp∂ tcmK-ßfpw \nam hnc-Ifpw
aÆn¬ kqcy-Xm-]o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xp sIm≠v aÆnse \nam-hn-c-I-sf-bpw,
If-hn-Øp-I-sfbpw aÆnse Ipanƒ, _mIvSo-cn-b-I-sfbpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. Hcp iX-am\w t_m¿tUm an{inXw 2% kyqtUm-tamWtkm aÆn¬ Hgn®p
sImSp-°p-∂Xv hnf-Isf Ipanƒ tcmK-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-°pw.

2. Icn-h≈n tcmKw
sNSn-bpsS X≠nepw Ce-bnepw ImbvI-fnepw IdpØ ]mSp-Iƒ ImWmw.
ImbvIƒ apc-Sn-°p-∂p. hnØn-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv XSw 1% t_m¿tUm an{inXw Hgn®v
\\-bv°p-I. hnf-sh-Sp∏v Ign-™m¬ h≈n-Iƒ IØn®p \in-∏n-°p-I. 2% kyqtUm-
tam-Wmkv sNSn-If- n¬ Xfn-°p-I.

3. hm´-tcmKw
aÆn\p sXm´p-ap-If - n-ep≈ X≠n¬ \\™ ]mSp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. {ItaW
AXv Nob-embn amdn sNSn hmSp-∂p. tcmKw hfsc s]s´∂p Xs∂ ASp-Øp≈
sNSn-I-fn-te°v hym]n-°p-∂p. hnf ]cn-{I-a-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-I. \Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv
Ipgn-If- n¬ hnf-bh
- i
- n-jvSß - ƒ IØn°pI. tcmK_m[n-Xa - mbn sNSn-Iƒ thtcmsS
]ngpXv IØn®v \in-∏n-°p-I. hnØn-Sp-∂X - n\p apºv XSw Hcp iX-am\w t_m¿tUm-
an-{inXw As√-¶n¬ c≠p iX-am\w kyqtUm-tam-Wkv Hgn®v \\bv°pI. CtX
emb\n Xs∂ c≠mgvN {]mb-am-Ip-tºmƒ sNSn-bpsS Nph-´n¬ Hgn®v \\-bv°p-
Ibpw Ce-I-fnepw X≠p-I-fnepw ]Xn-°-Ø°-hn-[-Øn¬ Xfn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
\So¬ ka-bØv 50 {Kmw th∏n≥]n-Æm°v Hcp Ipgn°v tN¿Øp sImSp-°p-∂Xv
\√-Xm-Wv. ]b-dn\p ]¥-en-Sm≥ Hcn-°¬ D]-tbm-Kn® Ib¿ ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-I.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
30 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

NphSv ho°-hpw, IS-No-bepw

]bdp sNSn-bpsS IS-`mKw hÆn-°p-Ibpw
X≠v DWßn \in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØcw
sNSn-bpsS NphSp `mKw ho≠pw ImW-s∏-Sp-
∂p. {ItaW sNSn \in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
h≈n-bp-W-°hpw NphSp ho°hpw H‰bvt°m
Iq´mtbm sNSn-If
- n¬ I≠p-hc
- p-∂p.

\nb-{¥-Wa - m¿K-߃ (Polyorycta dimidialis)

XpS¿®-bmbn Htc ÿeØv Irjn sNømsX a‰p hnf Irjn sNøp∂ hnf-]-
cn-{Ia coXn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnØn-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv Nh¿ Iq´n IØn-°p-I. hnØn-
Sp-∂-Xn\v apºv XSw 1 % t_m¿tUm an{inXhpw c≠p iX-am\w kyqtUm-tam-
Wkpw D]-tbm-Kn®v \\bv°pI.
Iºn-fn-∏p-gp-°ƒ (Diacrisia obliqua, Pericallia ricini)

samssk°v tcmKw
Ce-bnse ]®-\ndw aßn a™- \n-d-am-Ip-∂p. Ce-Iƒ apc-Sn-°p-∂p. Ce
Rcºp-Iƒ I´n-bm-Ip-∂p. ]pXnb Ce-Iƒ sNdp-Xm-Ip-∂p. ImbvIƒ hf™v
apcSn°p-∂p.

\nb-{¥W am¿K-߃
Btcm-Ky-ap≈ sNSn-I-fn¬ \n∂p am{Xw hnØp tiJ-cn-°p-I. tcmK-ap≈
sNSn-Iƒ I≠m¬ DS≥ ]ngpXp \in-∏n-°p-I. tcmK-hm-l-I-cmb IoS-ß-fpsS
\nb{¥W-Øn-\mbn ths∏Æ Faƒj≥ (3%) Xfn-°p-I. As√-¶n¬ GsX-¶nepw
th∏[n-jvTnX IoS-\m-in\n Xfn-°p-I.

dÃv
Ce-bpsS Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepw Xpcpºp ]nSn-®-Xp-t]msebp≈ Nph∂ sNdnb
]mSp-I-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. tcmKm-cw-`-Øn¬ Xs∂ tISp h∂ Ce-Iƒ ]dn®p \Sp-I.
kyqtUm-tam-Wkv emb\n 2% Xfn-°p-I.

thcp Nob¬ tcmKw

kyqtUm-tam-Wkv ^vfqd-sk≥kv 1 {Kmw D]-tbm-Kn®v hnØp ]cn-N-cWw
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 31

\SØpI. th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v 100 {Kmw Hcp Ipgn-bn¬ F∂ tXmXn¬ aÆn¬

tN¿Øp sImSp-°p-I. 2% kyqtUm-tam-Wkv (20 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿) aÆn¬ Hgn®p
sImSp-°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv.

Aa-c-∏-b¿
ho´p hf-∏n¬ Irjn sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-bmWv Aa-c-∏-b¿.
Aac∏bdn¬ ]S-cp-∂hbpw Ip‰n-bmbn hf-cp-∂-hbpw e`y-am-Wv.

\So¬Imew
]S-cp∂ C\-߃ \Sm≥ Pqsse-˛H
- m-KÃv amk-ßf
- mWv A\p-tbm-Pyw. Ip‰n-bn-
\-߃ h¿j-Øn¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw \Smw.

C\-߃ -
1. ]S-cp-∂h ˛ lna, t{KUv
2. Ip‰n-s®-Sn-bmbn hf-cp-∂-h˛ A¿°m sPbv, A¿°m hnPbv

hnX-bv°p∂ coXn
]S-cp∂ C\-߃ 1.25 x 1.75 ao‰¿ CS-b-I-e-Øn¬ ]mIWw. Ip‰n-bn-\-߃
0.6 x .5 ao‰¿ CS-b-I-e-Øn¬ hmc-ßfpw Nmep-I-fp-sa-SpØv Ip‰n-bn-\-ß-fpsS
hnØp-Iƒ hnX-bv°-Ww. ]S-cp∂ C\-߃°v Xmßp-Itfm Iºn-Itfm \m´n
sImSp°Ww.

hf-{]-tbmKw
ASn-h-f-ambn 80 apX¬ 100 Intem hsc Imen-hfw Hcp sk‚n\v \¬I-Ww.
CXp IqSmsX Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ GsX-¶nepw ssPh hf Iq´p-Ifpw tN¿Øp sImSp-
t°-≠X - m-Wv. Imen-hf
- t- am, Itºm-tÃm, aÆn-cI
- t- ºm-tÃm Hcp sk‚n\v 16 apX¬
20 Intem hsc sImSp-°-Ww. CtXm-sSm∏w 500 {Kmw Nmchpw Hcp Intem tdm°v
t^mkvt^‰pw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tImgn-hfw e`y-am-Ip-sa-¶n¬ sk‚n\v 15 Intem
tImgn-h-fhpw Hcp Intem Nmchpw Ac-°ntem tdm°v t^mkvt^‰pw \¬tI-≠-
Xm-Wv. ssPh hf-߃ ]Øp apX¬ ]Xn-\©p Znhkw CS-th-f-I-fmbn \¬Im-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v ASn-h-f-ambn \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. hnØp \Sp-∂-
Xn\p PohnI-fS- ß- nb PohmWp hfw Hcp sNSn°v Hcp {Kmw F∂ tXmXn¬ tN¿Øp
sImSp-°p-∂Xv t^mkv^-d-kns‚ e`yX Iq´p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°pw.

Pe-tk-N\w
ÿnc-amb Pe e`yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I. ]qhn-Sp∂ ka-b-Øp≈ Pe-tk-N\w
Imbv^ew h¿≤n-∏n-°pw.

kky-kw-c£- Ww
h≥ ]b-dn\v ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p≈ ^e-{]-Z-amb am¿K-߃ CXn\pw
{]tbmP\-{]-Za
- m-Wv.
]®-°dn Irjn°v Hcp klmbn (sk‚ v H∂n-\v)

{Ia hnf Imew G‰hpw \√ hnØns‚ \gvkdn AIew Imem-hÿ

\w. \So¬ kabw Afhv
1. Noc h¿jw apgp-h\pw P\p-hcn 4 {Kmw ˛ ]dn®p \gvk-dn-bn¬ 30 x 20 54 ˛ 140 Znhkw
(ag-°mew Hgn-hm-°p-I) \Sp-tºmƒ. apf-∏n® ssXIƒ sk.ao
10 {Kmw t\cn´p 20 Znhkw
32 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

hnX-b°v p-tºmƒ Ign™v \Smw

2. sh≠ sabv ˛ Pq¨ sabv ˛ Pq¨ 30 {Kmw ˛ 60 x 45 100 ˛ 110 Znhkw
HIvtSm-_¿ ˛ \hw-_¿ sk.ao
3. ]b¿ h¿jw apgp-h\pw BKÃv ˛ 16 ˛ 20 {Kmw ˛ 2x1 120 ˛ 130 Znhkw
kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v

h≈n-∏b
- ¿ sk]v‰w-_¿ sk.ao
Pq¨-˛P- qsse
Ip‰n-∏b
- ¿ '' '' P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v 80 ˛ 100 {Kmw ˛ 30 x 20 110 ˛ 120 Znhkw
BKÃv˛sk]v‰w-_¿ sk.ao
4. hgp-X\ sabv ˛ Pq¨ sabv ˛ Pq¨ 2 {Kmw \gvk-dn-bn¬ 60 x 60 140 ˛ 150 Znhkw
sk]v‰w-_¿˛HIvtSm-_¿ apf-∏n® ssXIƒ sk.ao
30˛40 Znhkw
Ign™v ]dn®p\Smw.
5. X°mfn sk]v‰w-_¿˛ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 2 {Kmw \gvkdn-bn¬ 60 x 60 120 ˛ 130 Znhkw
HIvtSm-_¿ HIvtSm-_¿ apf-∏n® ssXIƒ sk.ao
20˛30 Znhkw
Ign™v ]dn®p \Smw.
6. apfIv sabv ˛ Pq¨ sabv ˛ Pq¨ 4 {Kmw \gvk-dn-bn¬ 45 x 45 180 Znhkw
BK-Ã˛v- s- k-]v‰w-_¿ apf-∏n® sk.ao
Unkw-_¿-˛P- \ - p-hcn ssXIƒ 20˛30
Ign™v ]dn®p \Smw.
7. ]mh¬ P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v sabv˛- P- q¨ 10 {Kmw ˛ 2 x 2 ao 120 ˛ 130 Znhkw
sabv˛- P- q¨ sk]v‰w-_¿˛
sk]v‰w-_¿˛Unkw-_¿ Unkw-_¿
8. ]S-hew P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v sabv˛- P- q¨ 10 {Kmw ˛ 2 x 2. ao 140 ˛ 150 Znhkw
sabv˛- P- q¨ sk]v‰w-_¿˛
sk]v‰w-_¿˛Unkw-_¿ Unkw-_¿
9. Ipºfw P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v Pq¨-˛B - K- Ãv 4 {Kmw ˛ 4.5 x 2 ao 140 ˛ 150 Znhkw
Pq¨-˛B - K- Ãv sk]v‰w-_¿˛
sk]v‰w-_¿˛Unkw-_¿ Unkw-_¿
10. sh≈cn P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v Pq¨-˛B - K- Ãv 5 {Kmw ˛ 1.5 x 2 ao 90 ˛ 100 Znhkw
Pq¨-˛B - K- Ãv s^{_p-hc- n˛
Unkw-_¿
11. aØ≥ P\p-hc- n-˛a- m¿®v G{]n¬˛Pq¨ 6 {Kmw ˛ 4.5 x 2 ao 90 ˛ 120 Znhkw
G{]n¬-˛P- q¨ BK-Ã˛v
BK-Ã˛v sk]v‰w-_¿
sk]v‰w-_¿

12. Imt_Pv sk]v‰w-_¿˛ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 2 {Kmw \gvk-dn-bn¬ 45 x 45 70 Znhkw

HIvtSm-_¿ HIvtSm-_¿ apf-∏n® ssXIƒ sk.ao
Unkw-_¿˛ 25 Znh-k-߃
P\p-hcn Ign™p ]dn-®p-\-Smw.
13. tImfn- sk]v‰w-_¿˛HIvtSm-_¿ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 2 {Kmw ' 60 x 45 80 Znhkw
^vfh
- ¿ Unkw-_¿-˛P- \ - p-hcn HIvtSm-_¿ sk.ao
14. Imc‰v sk]v‰w-_¿-˛H- I - tv Sm-_¿ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 25˛30 {Kmw ˛ 45 x 10 90 Znhkw
Unkw-_¿-˛P- \ - p-hcn HIvtSm-_¿ sk.ao
15. dmUnjv sk]v‰w-_¿-˛H- I - tv Sm-_¿ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 35˛40 {Kmw ˛ 45 x 10 60 Znhkw
Unkw-_¿-˛P- \ - p-hcn HIvtSm-_¿ sk.ao
16. _o‰vdq´v sk]v‰w-_¿-˛H- I - tv Sm-_¿ sk]v‰w-_¿˛ 35˛40 {Kmw ˛ 45 x 20 90 Znhkw
Unkw-_¿-˛P- \ - p-hcn HIvtSm-_¿ sk.-ao.
17. Aa-c-∏-b¿ Pqsse-˛B - K- Ãv Pqsse-˛B
- K- kv‰v 8 {Kmw ˛ 1.25 x 0.75 ao 120 ˛ 150 Znhkw
Hcp am¿§-tcJ
kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v

18. NXp-c∏
- b
- ¿ Pqsse-˛B - K- Ãv Pqsse-˛B- K- Ãv 8 {Kmw ˛ 3 x 3 ao 120 ˛ 150 Znhkw
19. XÆn-aØ- ≥ P\p-hc- n-˛s- ^-{_p-hcn \hw-_¿˛ 6 {Kmw ˛ 90 Znhkw
33

3 x 2 ao
\hw-_¿-˛U - n-kw-_¿ Unkw-_¿
]®-°dn sk‚ v H∂n\v Nn{Xw 2 Nm¿´v
IoS-ßfpw tcmK-ßfpw e£Ww
\ocq-‰n-°p-Sn-°p∂ IoS-߃ CeIƒ hmSp-∂p. Cu IoS-߃
ap™, h≠p-Iƒ, sh≈o® sNSn-I-fpsS Ce, X≠v, ]qhv,
aoen-ap-´, ]®-Xp-≈≥, Imbv XpS-ßn-bh - b
- n¬ \n∂pw
Ce-t∏≥ \ocq‰n IpSn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬
BtcmKyw Ipd™v hf¿®
apc-Sn-°p-∂p.
aWvUcn Cfw Ce-I-fpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬
\n∂pw \ocq-‰n-Ip-Sn-°p-∂X
- n-\m¬
Ce-Iƒ hnfdn \n¬°pw.
Nn{X-IoSw Ce-If- psS lcn-XIw
Ign-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B `mKØv
k¿∏-Ønt‚Xv t]mse tXm∂p∂
shfpØ ]mSp-Iƒ ImWpw.
Ce-Np-cp´n ]pgp-°ƒ ]pgp-°-fpw, em¿h-Ifpw Ce-Iƒ
Imbv˛- X
- ≠v Xpc-∏≥ Xn∂p-Ibpw, Imbv, X≠v F∂nh
]pgp-°ƒ Xpc-°p∂Xmbpw ImWp-∂p.
Imbo® Imbo-®I - ƒ Imbv°p-≈n¬
ap´-bn-Sp-∂p. ]pgp-°ƒ, ImbvIƒ
Xn∂p \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
\nb-{¥W am¿§-߃
0.1 hocy-ap≈ th∏n≥ Ipcp kØv, 25˛10%
hocy-ap≈ ths∏Æ Fa¬j≥, ]pI-bne Ijmbw,
1% hocy-ap≈ _yqth-dnb _mkn-bm\ F∂n-h-bn¬
GsX-¶nepw H∂v kvt{] sNøp-I.
34 Hcp am¿§-tcJ
1.1 hocyp≈ th∏n≥ Ipcp kØv, 25˛10% hocy-ap≈
kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
ths∏Æ Fa¬j≥, ]pI-bne Ijmbw,
1% hocy-ap≈ _yqth-dnb _mkn-bm\ F∂n-h-bn¬
GsX-¶nepw H∂v kvt{] sNøp-I.
ths∏Æ an{inXw (25˛10%) hocy-Øn¬ Xfn-°p-I.
]pgp-°-sfbpw em¿h-I-sfbpw FSpØv \in-∏n-°p-I.
5% hocy-ap≈ th∏n≥Ipcp kØv, tKmaq{Xw
Im¥mcn apf-Iv emb-\n, 1% hocy-ap≈ _yqth-dn-b
_mkn-bm\ Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw Xfn-°p-I.
tISp-h∂ ImbvIƒ ]dn-s®-SpØp \in-∏n-°pI
BWo-®-Isf \in-∏n-°m-\mbn ]g-s°Wn/
I™n-sh≈ sIWn/ao≥sIWn/Xpfkn sIWn/
i¿°-c-s°Wn Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
Nob¬ tcmKw sNSn-I-fn¬ thcn\p sXm´p
apI-fn-embn ImWp∂ `mKw
No™p adn-™p-ho-gp∂p
Noc-bnse Ce-∏p≈n tcmKw Ce-If- n¬ shfpØ
s]m´p-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p
Ce-∏p≈n tcmKw {_u¨\n-d-Øn-tem, a™
arZp-tcm-a]
- q-∏¬ tcmKw \nd-Øn-tem, ]mSp-Iƒ
Ce-If- p-sSbpw ImbvIfp
sSbpw ]pdØv ImWp-∂p.
Nq¿Æ ]q∏v tcmKw sh≈-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]q∏¬
Ce-IfpsS {]X-e-Øn¬
ImWp-∂p.
hm´w sNSn-Iƒ samØ-ambpw
a™ \ndw _m[n®v
DWßn \in-°p-∂p.
samsskIv a™-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]mSp-Iƒ
sNSn-I-fn¬ ImWp-I-bpw, hf¿®
apc-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hnØn-Sp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v ss{St°m-sU¿a ssPh hf
an{inXw aÆn¬ tN¿Øv sImSp-°p-I. 2% hocy-Øn¬
kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\n Nph-´n¬ Hgn®psImSp-°p-I.
a™ƒs∏mSn an{inXw Xfn-°p-I. 2% hocy-Øn¬
kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
]mSp-hoW Ce-I-fpsS `mK-߃ \in-∏n-°p-I.
2% hocy-Øn¬ kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n
Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
]mSp-hoW Ce-Iƒ \in-∏n°pI, 2% hocy-Øn¬
kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
{]Xn-tcm-[t- i-jn-bp≈ C\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
hm´w _m[n® sNSn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°p-I, 2% hocy-Øn¬
kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Nph-´n¬ Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I.
NmW-I-]m¬ emb\n Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
{]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp≈ C߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, apc-Sn®
sNSn-Iƒ Xo¿Øpw \in-∏n-°p-I. tcmKw ]c-Øp∂
{]mWn-Isf \in-∏n-°m≥ 1% hocy-ap≈ th∏n≥
Ipcp-k-Øv, 25˛10% hocy-ap≈ ths∏Æ Fa¬j≥
]pI-bne Ijm-bw, 1% hocy-ap≈ _yth-dnb
Hcp am¿§-tcJ
kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
_mkn-bm\ F∂n-h-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v kvt{]
35
sNøp-I.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
36 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

]®-°-dn hnf-I-fnse tcmK-Io-S-_m[

]®-°dn Irjn-bnse sh√p-hn-fn-Ifn¬ {][m-\-amWv tcmK-Io-S-_m-[. Imem-h-
ÿm-am-‰w, IoS-߃°p≈ {]Xn-tcm-[t- i-jn, hf-{]-tbm-Kc - o-Xn-Iƒ, sNSn-bpsS Np‰p-
]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-hs- b√mw IoS-tcm-K_
- m-[sb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. ap≥ Ime-ßt- f-°mƒ
IoS-tcm-K-_m[ Gdn-h-cp-∂p F∂v an° I¿j-Icpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. IoS-\n-
b-{¥-W-Øn\v cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Iƒ IqSntb Xocq F∂ [mcW sX‰m-Wv. {]Ir-
Xn°p tZmjw hcp-ØmØ, an{X-Io-Sß - sf \in-∏n-°mØ ssPh-Io-St- cm-K\ - n-b{- ¥W
am¿K-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn cmk-hn-j-߃ IqSmsX Xs∂ Chsb \nb-{¥n-
°mw.
kky-ß-fn¬ ssPh-tcm-K-\n-b-{¥Ww {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-tºmƒ BZy-ambn
aÆn¬ \n∂p Xs∂bmWv XpS-tß-≠X - v. aÆv ip≤-am-sW-¶n¬ hnfbpw ip≤-am-bn-
cn-°pw. aÆns\ A-Wp-hn-ap-‡-am-°m≥ G‰hpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Zhpw em`-I-c-hp-amb
Hcp am¿K-amWv aÆv Xm]o-I-c-Ww.

\Sp-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ ÿew \√-Xp-t]mse Infn®v I´-Iƒ DS®v s]mSn

cq]Øn-em-°p-I. F∂n´v XSw t]mse B°n sh≈w Xfn®v aÆv Cu¿∏w D≈-
Xm°pI. AXns\ 150˛200 tKPv I´n-bp≈ t]mfn-Øo≥jo‰v sIm≠v aqSn-bn-Sp-I.
t]mfn-Øo≥ jo‰v Xm]o-I-cW aqew 56˛65.. hsc Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xp-Im-cWw
aÆn¬ A[n-h-kn-°p∂ tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb AWp-°fpw If-hn-Øp-Ifpw \in-°p-
∂p. GI-tZiw Hcp amk-tØmfw Cu Ih¿ Cß-s\-Xs∂ aÆn¬ \ne-\n¿tØ-
≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\p-tijw hnØp-Itfm ssXItfm \Sp-tºmƒ Ah hfsc
BtcmKytØmSpw Icp-tØmSpw IqSn hf-cp-Ibpw \√ Imbv^ew \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. t]m´nwKv an{in-Xhpw kqcy-Xm-]o-I-cWw \S-Øn-btijw ssXIƒ
DXv]mZn-∏n-°m≥ D]tbmKn°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

tcmK-Io-S\
- n-b{- ¥Ww
1. hnf-Iƒ \Sp-tºmƒ Imem-h-ÿbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb C\-߃ am{Xw
D]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ tcmK-ßf - p-sSbpw IoS-ßf
- p-sSbpw B{I-aWw Ipd-bp-∂p.
2. Irjn sNøp∂-Xn\p apºv B ÿe-Øp≈ ]mgv hkvXp-°ƒ Iq´n-bn´v
Xo IØn-°p-I.
3. IrjnsNøp-∂-Xn\v 15 Znhkw apºv IpΩmbw aÆn¬ tN¿°p-I-bm-sW- ¶n¬
_mIvSo-cnb aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ hm´w sNdp-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
4. Bh¿Øn®v Irjn sNøp-tºmƒ Htc C\w D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv.
DZm: ]mh¬ Irjn sNbvX ÿeØv ASpØ Irjn ]mh-tem, ]S-h-e-tam
sNømsX ]b¿h¿K-߃ sNøp-I.
5. an{i-hnf Irjn-coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv.
6. {]mWn-I-fpsS ap´, kam-[n-Zi, ]pgp XpS-ßn-bh ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
AXns\ FSpØv \in-∏n-°p-I.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 37

7. tcmKw _m[n® sNSn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah ]dn-s®-SpØv \in-∏n-°p-I.

8. samssk°v tcmKtam hm´-tcm-Ktam ImWp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ B sNSn-Isf
thtcmsS ]ngpXv \in-∏n-°p-I.
9. ssPh-Io-S\
- m-in-\n-Ifpw Pohm-Wp-°fpw bYmka-bw, IrXy-amb Af-hn¬
icn-bmb tNcp-h-Iƒ tN¿Øp-≠m°n Xfn®pw tcmK-IoS \nb-{¥Ww
km[y-am-°mw.

ssPhIoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ
kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ
IoS-\n-b{- ¥-WØ
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf Xøm-dm-°p∂
hn[w
1. ]pI-bn-e-°-jmbw
]pI-bne 100 {Kmw sNdp-Xm°n \pdp°n Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Hcp Znhkw
IpXn¿°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw IpXn¿∂ ]pI-bne ]ngn™v N≠n-am-‰p-I. _m¿tkm∏v
20 {Kmw NoIn 100 an√n sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n®v ]pI-bne kØp-ambn tN¿Øv
\∂mbn Cf-°p-I. Cu an{inXw Acn-s®-SpØv 5 en‰¿ sh≈w tN¿Øv D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-I.

2. th∏-[n-jvSnX IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ
F) ths∏Æ ˛ shfp-Øp≈n an{inXw 2%
shfp-Øp≈n 20 {Kmw \∂mbn Ac®v 50 an√n sh≈hpw tN¿Øv ksØ-Sp-
°p-I. _m¿tkm∏v 5 {Kmw 50 an.en. sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I. shfp-Øp≈n
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
38 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

kØpw, 900 an.-en. sh≈hpw IqSn tkm∏v emb-\n-bn¬ tN¿Øv shfp-Øp≈n +

tkm∏v emb\n Xøm-dm-°p-I. Cu emb-\n-bn¬ 20 an.-en. ths∏Æ tN¿Øv \∂mbn
Cf°n Xfn-°p-I.

_n) ths∏Æ Faƒj≥ 3%

_m¿tkm∏v 10 {Kmw NoIn 100 an.-en. NqSp-sh-≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I. CXn¬
900 an.en. sh≈w tN¿Øv Hcp en‰¿ tkm∏v emb\n Xøm-dm-°p-I. ths∏Æ 30
an.-en. tkm∏p emb-\n-bnte°v tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf-°n-b-tijw Xfn-°p-I. (th-
∏[njvTnX IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-tºmƒ KmVX IqSn-bm¬ sNSn-
Iƒ Icn-™p-t]m-Ip-hm-\p≈ km[yX D≠v.

kn. th∏n≥Ipcp kØv 5%

th∏n≥Ipcp 50 {Kmw \∂mbn s]mSn®v Ingn-sI´n Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ 24
aWn-°q¿ ap°n-h-bv°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw Ingn-]n-gn™v emb\n Ie°n Xfn-°mw.

Un) hymh-km-bnI th∏-[n-jvTnX DXv]-∂-߃

hn]-Wn-bn¬ At\Iw th∏-[n-jvTnX DXv]-∂-߃ e`y-am-Wv. \oa, kmƒ. ‰n.-
kv. 1% GtIm-\oa πkv, \nºn-kn-Un≥, \ow tKmƒUv F∂nh 2 an.-en. Hcp en‰¿
sh≈-Øn¬ F∂ tXmXn¬ ]®-°dn IoS-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-W.v

sh≠bnse IoS-߃
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 39

3. Incn-bmØv Faƒj≥ 10%

Incn-bmØv sNSn-bpsS Cebpw X≠pw \∂mbn NX®v 100 an.-en. \osc-Sp-
°pI. _m¿tkm∏v 5 {Kmw NoIn 900 an.-en. sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I. Incn-bmØv
kØpw, 20 {Kmw \∂mbn Ac® shfp-Øp≈nbpw CXn-te°v tN¿Øv \∂mbn
Cf-°p-I. Cu an{inXw Acn-s®-SpØv IoS-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

4. s]cp-he kØv 5%
s]cp-h-e -sNSn-bpsS ]q°fpw Ce-Ifpw tN¿Øv Ac® an{inXw, 100 {Kmw Hcp
en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ F∂ Af-hn¬ Ie°n Acn-s®-SpØv Xfn-°p-I.

5. tKmaq{Xw ˛ Im¥mcn an{inXw

Im¥mcn apfIv 10 {Kmw \∂mbn Ac®v Hcp en‰¿ tKmaq-{X-Øn¬ tN¿°p-I.
an{inXw 9 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ t\¿∏n®v Xfn®v IoS-\n-b-{¥Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

]®-°-dn-bnse IoS \nb-{¥-W-Øn\v

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sIWn-Iƒ
sh≈-cn-h¿K ]®-°-dn-I-fnse {][m\ i{Xp-hmb Imbo-®-Isf IpSp-°p-∂-
Xn\v ]gw i¿°-c-s°Wn, s^d-tam¨ sIWn F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. sh≈o-®,
ap™ F∂o IoS-ßsf a™-s°Wn \m´n \nb-{¥n-°mw.
1) ]gw i¿°-c-s°Wn
]gw 20 {Kmw As√-¶n¬ ]∏mb 10 {Kmw, i¿°c 10 {Kmw ame-Ø-tbm¨ Ac
an√n F∂nh 100 an.en sh≈-Øn¬ Ie¿Øn Zzmc-ap≈ πmÃnIv Ip∏n-I-fn-em°n
]¥-en\p Xmsg Xq°n-bn-Sp-I. c≠m-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ sIWn ]pXp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
2) s^d-tam¨ sIWn
Iyqen-b¿ F∂ s^d-tam¨ sIWn-Iƒ Hcp slIvS-dn\v 10 FÆw F∂
tXmXn¬ ]¥-en¬ Xq°n-bn´v B¨ Imbo-®I - sf tiJ-cn®v \in-∏n-°mw. B¬°-
tlmƒ, Iyqen-b¿, ame-Øtbm¨ F∂nh 6:4:1 F∂ A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ Ie¿Ønb
an{in-X-Øn¬ ap°nb 5 x 5 x 12 sk.-ao. hen-∏-ap≈ XSn-°-j-W-߃ Zzmc-ap≈
Ip∏n-If- n¬ Xq°n-bn´mWv s^d-tam¨ sIWn Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - v. Cu sIWn B¨
Cu®-Isf am{Xw BI¿jn-°p-∂n-Xn-\m¬ ]gw i¿°-cs - °Wn D]-tbm-Kn®v s]¨
Cu®-Is - f-°qSn \in-∏n-°W
- w.

3) a™-s°Wn
Hgn™ Sn∂p-If - psS ]pdØv a™ s]bn‚-Sn®v DW-°n-bt- ijw Bh-Ws- °Æ
]pc-´p-I. tXm´-Øn¬ Iºp-Iƒ \m´n AXn≥ta¬ Xøm-dm-°nb Sn∂p-Iƒ IagvØn
hbv°p-I. I´n-bp≈ Im¿Uvt_m¿Un¬ a™ s]bn‚-Sn®v AXn¬ Bh-Ws - °Æ
tX®v Iºp-I-fn¬ Xd®v a™-s°Wn D≠m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sNSn-bpsS \nc-∏n¬
\n∂pw A¬]w XmgvØn thWw a™-s°Wn shbv°m≥. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
40 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

\m´n-bm¬ sNdp {]mWn-Iƒ AXn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°pw. CS-bv°nsS t_m¿Uv hrØn-

bm°n Bh-W-s°Æ tX°p-I.

Pohm-Wp-°sf D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ IoS-tcm-K\

- n-b{- ¥Ww
1. ss{St°m-sU¿a
aÆn¬°qSn ]S-cp∂ Ipanƒ tcmK-ßsf hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-
hm≥ Ign-hp≈ an{X-Ip-an-fmWv ss{St°m-sU¿a. Cu Iƒ®¿ NmW-Is - ∏mSn th∏n≥
]nÆm°v an{in-XØ
- n¬ hf¿Øn FÆ-Øn¬ s]cp-In-∏n®v ]®-°d - n-Iƒ°v {]tbm-
Kn-°mw.

ss{St°m-sU¿a hf¿Øp∂ coXn

\∂mbn DW-°n-s∏m-Sn®v NmW-Is- ∏mSn th∏n≥ ]nÆm°v (9:1) F∂ A\p-]m-
X-Øn¬ Ie¿Øn 2% ˛ 3% ss{St°m-sU¿a tN¿Øv Cf°n kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v,
Cu¿∏w Xfn®v XW-eØv Iq\-Iq´n \\™ NWw Nm°v D]-tbm-Kn®v aqSn-bn-Sp-I.
Hcm-gvNbv°v tijw Ch ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ft∏mgpw NmW-I-
s∏mSn \¬Ip-∂Xn\p-]-Icw ss{St°m-sU¿a hf¿Ønb NmW-I-s∏mSn Bbm¬
Ipanƒ tcmK-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn XS-bm≥ km[n-°pw.

2. kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv
]®-°d- n-hn-fI
- sf _m[n-°p∂ {][m\ Ipanƒ-˛_
- m-IvSo-cb
- ¬ tcmK-ßsf ^e-
{]-Za
- mbn \nb-{¥n-°m≥ kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv F∂ an{X _mIvSo-cn-b°v km[n-°pw.
Ch hnØn¬ ]pc-´n-bpw, ssXI-fpsS thcp km{μX IqSnb emb-\n-bn¬ ap°n
\´pw, sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn®pw ]®-°-dn-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

D]-tbmKcoXn
1. hnØn¬ ]pc-´p∂ coXn:
sh≈w As√-¶n¬ I™n-sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v sNdp-Xmbn Cu¿∏w hcp-Ønb
hnØn-te°v s]mSn-cq-]Ø - n-ep≈ kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv tN¿Øv kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v XW-
eØv 10˛15 an\n´v \nc-Øn-b-tijw At∏mƒ Xs∂ \Sp-I. 250˛500 {Kmw Iƒ®¿
D]-tbm-Kn®v 5˛10 In.{Kmw hnØv C{]-Imcw ]pc-´n-sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

2. Xhm-cW
- b
- n¬:
]dn®p am‰n \Sp∂ ssXI-fpsS (ap-f-Iv, IØn-cn, hgp-X-\, X°m-fn) thcv
kyqtUm-tam-Wm-kns‚ km{μX IqSnb emb-\n-bn¬ (5% ˛5 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-
Øn¬) 10˛15 an\n´v ap°n h® tijw \Sp-I.

3. sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p∂ coXn:

]dn®p \´v 20 Znhkw Ign™v 2% hocy-Øn¬ (20 {Kmw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 41

Øn¬) sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-Ibpw Nph-´n¬ Hgn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. t\cn´v \Sp∂

]®-°-dn-Iƒ°v aq∂ne ]cp-h-Øn¬ 2% hocy-Øn¬ sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-Ibpw
Nph-´n¬ Hgn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. XpS¿®-bmb tcmK km[y-X-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬
{]tXy-In®v _mIvSo-cn-bb
- n¬ hm´w ImWp∂ ÿe-ßf - n¬ c≠m-gN
v b
- n-Sh
- n´v emb\n
Nph-´n¬ Hgn-°p-Ibpw sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

3. ]n.-Pn.-B¿. anIvkv ˛1
hnf-I-fpsS tcmK-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\p≈ kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv ]n.-
Pn.-]n.-B-¿ anIvkv ˛1. apI-fn¬ ]d™ coXn-bn¬ kyqtUm-tam-tWmkv {]tbm-Kn-
°p∂ AtX hn[-Øn¬ hnØn¬ ]pc-´nbpw ssXI-fpsS thcv 5% emb-\n-bn¬
ap°nbpw, sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn®pw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

ssPh-IoS \nb-{¥-WØ
- n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ kq£vam-Wp-°ƒ
-
hnhn-[b
- n\w IoS-ßf- n¬ tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ an{X Ipan-fp-Is- fbpw an{X _mIvSo-
cn-b-I-sfbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ]®-°-dn-I-fn¬ IoS-\n-b-{¥Ww km[y-am-Ip-∂p. hn]-
Wn-bn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ Ch-bpsS DXv]-∂-߃ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p≈ Af-hnepw
coXn-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠X- m-W.v Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h
- b
- mWv hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬
D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ kq£vamWp IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ.

\w. kq£vamWp hn¬]\ \maw \nb-{¥W hnt[-ba

- m-Ip∂
IoS-߃
1. _mIvSo-cnb
_m n-ekv Xpdn≥ lmƒ´v, ssU∏¬ 8 en. X≠v/Imbv Xpc-∏≥, a‰p
Py≥knÃv _tbm-_n-‰v, sU¬^n≥ ie-`∏
- p-gp-°ƒ

2. Ipanƒ
F. _nth-dnb_mkn-bm\ _tbm-]-h¿, ap™, Nmgn, Ce-Np-cp-´n-∏pgp
_tbm-Km¿Uv dn®v, a‰p ie-`∏
- p-gp-°ƒ
tdk¿ _n_n

_n. sa‰m-ssdkyw _tbm-sa‰v dn®v Ddp-ºv, NnX¬, aÆn¬

Ass\-tkm-πntb t]k¿ Fw.F ImWp∂ a‰v IoS-߃

kn. sh¿´n-ko-enbw _tbm-tIm-®v, aoen-ap-´, i¬°-Io-Sw,

e°m\n aoen-In¬ hn.-F¬ sh≈o-® F∂n-hsb
\nb-{¥n-°mw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
42 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

aØ≥ h≠p-Iƒ

PohmWp hf-߃
1. ss\{S-P≥ Pohm-Wp-hf - ß
- ƒ
]b-dn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ss\{S-P≥ Pohm-Wp-hf
- a
- m-Wv ssdtkm-_nbw hnØn¬
]pc-´n-bmWv ssdtkm-_nbw ]b-dn¬ {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠X - v. sh≈w As√-¶n¬ I™n-
sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu¿∏w hcp-Ønb hnØn-te°v ssdtkm-_nbw tN¿Øv
Cf°n XW-eØv 15˛20 an\n´v DW-°nb tijw At∏mƒ Xs∂ hnX-bv°p-I. 500
{Kmw Iƒ®¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v 5˛10 In.{Kmw hnØv ]pc-´mw.
]®-°-dn-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ss\{S-P≥ Pohm-Wp-h-f-ß-fmWv ˛ Atkm-
kvss]-dn-√hpw Atkm-s´m-_m-IvSdpw. Ch hnØn¬ ]pc-´n-bpw, ]dn-®p-am‰n \Sp∂
hnf-I-fpsS thcp-Iƒ ap°n \´pw {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX 1:25 F∂
A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ Imen-hf - h
- p-ambn tN¿Øv aÆn¬ t\cn´v {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X
- mWv.

2. t^mkv^-dkv Pohm-Wp-h-f-߃
1. ssat°m-ssdk
Hcp `mhI Pohm-Wp-hfw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp tSmWn-°mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂
Ipan-fmWv ssat°m-ssd-k. IqSmsX Ipanƒ tcmK-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Chbv°p
km[n-°pw. Xmh-c-W-bn¬ Hcp NXp-c{iao‰-dn\v 200 {Kmw F∂ tXmXn¬ apf-Iv,
IØn-cn, hgp-X-\, X°mfn apX-em-b ]®-°dn hnf-I-fpsS \gvk-dn-bn¬ ssat°m-
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 43

ssdk \¬In ssXIƒ hf¿Øp-I. t\cn´v \Sp∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°v Hcp Ipgn-bn¬

2˛3 {Kmw ssat°m-ssdk \¬In ssXIƒ C´v \SpI hnØv apf®vv thcp s]m´p-
tºmƒ Iƒ®-dn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIpw F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-I.
2. t^mkv^-dkv tkmep-_n-sse-k¿
CXv Hcp `mhI Pohm-Wp-h-f-am-Wv. AXmXv ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°v th≠p∂ ssPh-
hfw 1%- ˛ -2% F∂ tXmXn¬ Iƒ®-dp-ambn tN¿Øv ip]m¿i-{]-Im-c-ap≈ tdm°v
t^mkvt^-‰n-t\m-sSm∏w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

3. ]n.-Pn.-]n.B¿. anIvkv I
F≥.-]n.-sI. F∂o aqe-Iß - ƒ Hcp-an®v H‰-{]-tbm-KØ
- n-eqsS e`y-am-°m≥ klm-
bn-°p∂ Pohm-Wp-°-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv ]n.-Pn.-]n.-B¿. anIvkv I. Cu Iƒ®¿
1%˛2% F∂ tXmXn¬ Imen-hfw Itºm-Ãp-ambn tN¿Øv ]®-°d- n-hn-fI - ƒ°v \¬Im-
hp-∂X- m-Wv.

{i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃
1. cmk-h-f-߃, cmk Ipanƒ-˛-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn tN¿Øv D]-tbm-
Kn-°-cp-Xv. c≠mgvN CS-th-f-bn´v {]tbm-Kn-°mw.
2. Cu Iƒ®-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°ptºmƒ aÆn¬ AXym-hiyw Cu¿∏w D≠m-bn-cn-
°-Ww.
3. [mcmfw ssPh-hfw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
4. Nmcw tNcmØ ssPh-h-f-tØm-sSm∏w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
5. AwKo-IrX ÿm]-\-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Iƒ®-dp-Iƒ
am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
6. Imem-h-[n°v ap≥]v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-I.

e`yX
sh≈m-bWn Im¿jnI tImtf-Pnse ssat{Im-_-tbm-fPn Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v,
Im¿jnI k¿Δ- I - e m- i m- e - b psS a‰p Kth- j W ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ, Irjn
Un∏m¿´vsa‚ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ tÉv _tbm I¨t{Smƒ em_v, aÆpØn, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]pcw ]mtdm-´p-tIm-WsØ PohmWp DXv]m-Z\ - t- I{μw, GXm\pw kzImcy ÿm]-
\-߃ apX-em-bh hgn Ch e`y-am-Wv.
KpW-ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øn AwKo-IrX ÿm]-\-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ Iƒ®-
dp-Iƒ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ {i≤n-°p-I.
t_m¿tUm-an-{inXw (1%)
ssPh-Ir-jn°v A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ Hcp Ipanƒ\m-in-\n-bm-Wn-Xv.
Bh-iy-ap≈ km[-\-߃
Xpcniv ˛ 10 {Kmw
NpÆmºv ˛ 10 {Kmw
sh≈w ˛ 1 en‰¿
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
44 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

Xpcnipw NpÆmºpw shtΔsd ]m{X-ß-fn¬ Ac-en-‰¿ hoXw sh≈-Øn¬

ebn-∏n-°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw Xpcn-ip-em-b\n NpÆmºp emb-\n-bn-te°v kmh-
[m\w Hgn-°p-Ibpw AtX-ka - bw Cf°n sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. Cßs\ D≠m°n
FSpØ t_m¿tUm-an-{in-XØ - n¬ Xpcn-ins‚ Awiw IqSp-Xe - m-sW-¶n¬ AXv sNSn-
Isf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°pw. Xpcn-ins‚ Awiw IqSp-X-emtWm F∂v Hcp Ccp-
ºns‚ IjWtam IØntbm D]-tbm-Kn®v I≠p-]n-Sn-°mw.
AXm-bXv D≠m°n h®n-cn-°p∂ an{in-X-Øn¬ tX®p-an-\p-°nb Ccp-ºns‚
IjvWtam IØntbm Hcp an\n´p t\cw XmgvØn hbv°p-I. FSpØp t\m°p-
tºmƒ tX®p-an-\p-°nb `mKØv Xhn-´p-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ sUt∏m-kn‰v ImWp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ D≠m-°nb an{in-X-Øn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw IqSp-X-em-sW∂v a\-kn-em-
°mw. CXv icn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n {]tXyIw Hcp ]m{X-Øn¬ NpÆm-ºp-em-b\n
D≠m°n Ipsd-si-bmbn an{in-XØ - n¬ Hgn-°p-I. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ta¬∏-d™
IØn sSÃv sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°W - w. IØn-bn¬ Xhn-´p-\ndw A{]-Xy-£a - m-Ip-∂-
Xp-hsc CXm-h¿Øn-°-Ww. ]n∂oSv Cu an{inXw sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-W.v
km[m-c-Wbmbn t_m¿tUm an{inXw Xøm-dm-°n-bm-ep-S≥ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. hfsc IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ t_m¿tUm an{inXw D≠m°n Ign™ DS≥
Ahn-Nm-cn-Xa
- mbn agtbm at‰sX-¶n-eptam Imc-Wh - i
- m¬ CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]‰m-
Xn-cp-∂m¬ 2% Icp-∏´n/i¿°c tN¿Øv CXns‚ KpWw \jvSs - ∏-SmsX H∂p c≠p
Znh-kt- Ø°v kq£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. (20 {Kmw/en‰¿) ag-°m-eØv sNSn-If - n¬ Cu
an{inXw Xfn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ AXns‚ H´n-∏n-Sn-°m-\p≈ i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-
°m-\mbn A¿∏qkv (ss]≥ ac-Øns‚ Id) As√-¶n¬ at‰-sX-¶nepw ]i-Iƒ
tN¿°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
]®-°-dn-I-fnse hm´w, Icn-®n¬, Ce-∏p-≈n, Agp-I¬ F∂nh t_m¿tUm-an-
{inXw D]-tbm-Kn®v \nb-{¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu an{inXw aÆn¬ Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°m\pw sNSn-If - n¬ Xfn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

ssPh-hf {]tbmKw
sNSn-bpsS hf¿®bv°v anI® t]mjWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ^e-]p-jvSn-bp≈ sNSn-
Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb t]mjWw \¬In \√ hnfhv e`y-am-°p-∂-Xv. ssPh-h-f-ß-
fm¬ kºp-jvS-amb aÆv sNSn-bpsS hf¿®bv°v Bh-iy-amb aqe-I-߃ \¬In
hnfhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. hnf-Iƒ°v ASn-hf - a
- mbn sk‚n\v 200 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfw
aÆn¬ tN¿Øv \¬tI-≠X - m-Wv. ssPh-hf - ß
- ƒ AWp-Po-hn-If- psS hf¿®bv°pw
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-sam-cp°n aÆns‚ hf-°qdpw DXv]m-Z-\-
ti-jnbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. aÆnse Cu¿∏w \jvS-s∏-Sm-sXbpw kq£n-°p-∂p.
ssPh-h-f-߃ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-°p-sa-¶n¬, sNSn-Iƒ°v kq£va-aq-e-I-
ß-fpsS Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-dn-√.
]®n-eh- f
- ß
- ƒ, Imen-hf - ß
- ƒ, Itºm-Ãp-Iƒ, F√p-s]m-Sn, hnhn-[X - cw ]nÆm-
°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ ssPh-h-f-߃.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 45

ssPh-hf {]tbm-Kc - oXn

1. aÆn¬ Aæhpw £mchpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IpΩmbw 1 sk‚n\v 2
In.{Kmw hoXw \¬tI-≠X - m-Wv.
2. DW-°n-s∏m-Sn® NmWIw sks‚m-∂n\v 200 In.{Kmw hoXw ASn-h-f-ambn
\¬Ip-I.
3. sks‚m-∂n\v Hcp In.{Kmw F√p-s]mSn ASn-h-f-ambn \¬Ip-∂Xv thcp-]n-
SnØw Iq´m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
4. Hcp Intem ]®-Nm-WIw 10 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øm¬ e`n-°p∂
]®-Nm-WIw emb-\n-bpsS sXfn Du‰n-sb-SpØv Ce-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-Ibpw Nph-´n-
sem-gn®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNømw.
5. ssPh-…dn Xøm-dm°n BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ sNSn-I-fpsS XS-Øn¬ Hcp en‰¿
hoXw Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I.

ssPh-…dn Xøm-dm-°p-∂h- n[w

Hcp _°-‰n¬ Hcp Intem ]®-Nm-W-Iw, Hcp Intem IS-e-∏n-Æm-°v, Hcp
Intem th∏n≥]n-Æm-°v F∂nh Hcp-an®p tN¿Øv 10 en‰¿ sh≈w Hgn®v ]pfn-∏n-
°m≥ hbv°p-I. 5 Znh-k-߃°p tijw Cu an{inXw Cc-´n-bmbn t\¿∏n®v XS-
Øn¬ 1 en‰¿ hoXw Hgn®v sImSp-°p-I.

hf¿®m Xzc-Iß- ƒ
ssPh coXn-bn¬ Irjn sNøp-tºmƒ hf¿® Ipd-bp-sa∂ [mcW hym]-I-am-
Wv. ]s£ bYm-k-abw Bh-iy-amb ssPh-h-f-߃ \¬Ip-I-bpw, ]©-K-hyw,
^njv Aant\m Bkn-Uv, C.Fw t]mep≈ hf¿®m Xzc-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXm¬ sNSn-I-fpsS hf¿®bpw Btcm-Kyhpw Dd-∏m-°mw.

]©-Khyw
]ip-hns‚ NmW-Ihpw aq{Xhpw ]mepw ssXcpw s\øpw DNn-X-amb A\p-]m-
X-Øn¬ Iq´n- Ie¿Øn-bm¬, {]kvXpX an{in-X-Øn\v A¤p-X-hm-l-amb ^e-
߃ krjvSn-°m-≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v ]co-£W - ß
- ƒ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠.v hnf-If
- psS hf¿®
Iq´n hnfhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ssPh-tlm¿tam¨ Bbpw \ocq‰n IpSn-°p∂
IoS-ßsf \nb-{¥n®v IoS-tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm[ tijn ssIh-cn-°p∂Xn\pw AXyp-Ø-
a-amWv ]©-K-hyw.

]®-Nm-WIw ˛ 4.8 Intem

tKmaq{Xw ˛ 4 en‰¿
]m¬ ˛ 1/2 en‰¿
s\øv ˛ 500 {Kmw
ssXcv ˛ 500 {Kmw
]mf-bw-tIm-S≥ ]gw ˛ 2 FÆw
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
46 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

F∂n-h-bmWv ]©-K-hy-Øns‚ tNcp-h-Iƒ. ]®-Nm-W-Ihpw s\øpw \∂mbn

tbmPn-∏n®v Hcp Znhkw sh°-Ww. CXn-te°v ]m¬, ssXcv, tKmaq-{Xw, ]gw
F∂n tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf°n tbmPn-∏n-°p-I. CXv XW-en¬ kq£n®p sh°p-
I. Znh-tk\ Cf-°p-I. \√ hmbp-k-©mcw e`n-°m\pw kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ h¿≤n-
°m\pw CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p. 15 Znh-k-߃°p tijw 10 Cc´n sh≈w tN¿Øv
t\¿∏n®v Ce-I-fn¬ \mene {]mbw apX¬ BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ Xfn-°mw.

^njv Aant\m BknUv

Hcp hf¿®m Xzc-I-amb ^njv Aant\m Bkn-Uv 2 an√n, Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-
Øn¬ tN¿Øv 10 Znhkw CS-hn´v sshIp-t∂cw sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-I.

^njv Aant\m BknUv Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w

]®-a¬kyhpw i¿°-cbpw IqSn ]pfn-∏n®v Xøm-dm-°p∂ Hcp hf¿®m Xzc-I-
am-Wn-Xv. sNdnb IjvWß- f
- mbn apdn® 1 Intem ]®-aØ
- nbpw Hcp Intem s]mSn®
i¿°-cbpw Hcp-an®v tN¿Øv hmbp IS-°mØ AS-∏p-≈ ]m{X-Øn¬ 15 Znhkw
shb-v°p-I. 15 Znh-k-߃ Ignbp-tºmƒ Cu an{inXw 2 an√n FSpØv Hcp en‰¿
sh≈-Øn¬ t\¿∏n®v ]Øp ZnhkØn¬ Hcn-°¬ \men-e-{]mbw apX¬ Xfn-
°m-hp-∂-XmWv. sNSn-Iƒ°v \√ hf¿® e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Imcy-£a - X
- b
- p≈ kq£vaP - o-hn-Iƒ (C.-Fw)
Hcp Iq´w kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS an{in-X-amWv ^e-{]-Zßfmb Pohm-Wp-°ƒ
(C.-Fw) F∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ {]Imi kwt«-
jW _mIvSo-cn-b, boÃv, BIvSn-t\m-ssa-k-‰p-Iƒ, InWz-\-Ip-an-fp-Iƒ, emIvSnIv
BknUv _mIvSo-cnb F∂n-h-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-bn¬ BZysØ H∂p c≠p sIm√-ß-fn¬, aÆn¬°q-Sn-bpw,
sh≈-Øn¬°q-Snbpw ssPh-h-f-ß-fn¬ IqSnbpw C.-Fw. \¬In-bm¬ s]s´∂p
Xs∂ kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n®v, sNSn-Iƒ \∂mbn hf¿∂v \√ hnfhv
Xcp-∂p. Cßs\ Hcn-°¬ C.-Fw. {]tbm-Kn®v Ign-™m¬ Xt±-in-b-amb Imcy-£-
a-X-bp≈ kq£va-Po-hn-Ifpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Hcp ]‰w kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ
]n¥-≈s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw aÆns‚ Btcm-Kyw IqSp-Ibpw tcmK-߃ Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. hnØns‚ A¶p-cWw apX¬, hf¿®-bn-epw, ]q°p-∂X - nepw. Imbv°p-∂X
- nepw,
Btcm-Ky-Øn-epw, hnf-hnepw F√mw [mcmfw ssPhmw-i-ap-≈Xpw C.-Fw. D≈-Xp-
amb aÆn¬ hf-cp∂ kky-߃ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂p.

BIvSn-th-‰Uv C.-Fw. (AEM)

1 en‰¿ tkm∏v emb\n C.-Fw. 1 Intem i¿°-c, 20 en‰¿ sh≈w F∂nh
Hcp _°-‰n¬ B°n, \∂mbn Cf-°n, AS®v {]Im-ihpw NqSpw X´msX 10
Znhkw kq£n-®p-h-bv°p-I. emb-\n-bpsS ]n.®v. (PH) (A-æ£mc aqeyw) Cu
ka-bw-sIm≠v 3.4 ¬ Xmsg-bm-hp-I-bpw, \√ Hcp kpK‘w emb-\n°v A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. CXmWv F.-C.-Fw. CXn¬ \n∂v 2 an√n FSpØv 1 en‰¿
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 47

sh≈-Øn¬ t\¿∏n®v sNSn-IfpsS Ce-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-I-tbm, aÆn¬ tN¿°p-I-

tbm, Itºm-Ãn¬ tN¿°p-Itbm sNømw.

ItºmÃv \n¿Ωm-Ww
Itºm-Ãp-≠m-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ ÿew \∂mbn sh≈w sI´n \n¬°m-Ø-
hn[w hrØn-bm-°-Ww. Hcp _°-‰n¬ 30 en‰¿ sh≈w, 500 an√n BIvSn-th-‰Uv
C.-Fw. (F.-C.-Fw), 300 an√n i¿°-c-em-b\n F∂nh \∂mbn Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n®v
AXn¬ \n∂pw 5 en‰¿ FSpØv hrØn-bm-°n-h® - n-cn-°p∂ {]X-eØ - n¬ Hgn-®psIm-
Sp-°p-I. Cu {]X-e-Øn\p apI-fn¬ NmWIw 5 sk.-ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ Iq´n-bn-Sp-I.
CXn\p apI-fn¬ Cu¿∏w \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ta¬∏-d™ emb\n Ipd®p Xfn-®p-sIm-
Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn\p apI-fn¬ N∏p-N-h-dp-I-fpw, If-I-fpw, Iq´n-bn´v ho≠pw
emb\n Xfn-°-Ww. Cu {]{Inb GI-tZiw 135 sk.-ao. (1.35 ao‰¿) Dbcw hsc
Bh¿Øn-°mw. Cu Iqºmcw jo‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v aqtS-≠X - m-W.v 20˛25 Znh-kß
- ƒ°p
tijw Cu Iqºm-cØ - nse Cu¿∏w ]cn-tim-[n-®v, Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ sh≈w tN¿Øv
sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn 40˛45 en‰¿ sh≈w Bh-iy-ambn hcm-dp-≠v.
Xm]-\ne A\p-Iq-e-am-sW-¶n¬ 40˛45 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Cu ssPhm-h-injvSw
\√ Itºm-Ãmbn amdn-bn-´p≠mIpw.

C.-Fw. Itºm-ÃnMv \S-Øp-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃

ItºmÃv aÆn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv G‰hpw \√-Xv.
kkym-h-in-jvS-hpw, NmW-Ihpw 2:1 F∂ A\p-]m-X-ØnseSp-°p-hm≥ {i≤n-
°-Ww.
ItºmÃv ag sh≈-Øn¬ Hen-®p-t]m-Im-sXbpw, t\cn´v kqcy-{]-Imiw G¬°m-
sXbpw {i≤n-°-Ww. XW-en¬ thWw Itºm-Ãp-≠m-°m≥.
5 Intem ]nÆm°pw 5 Intem F√p s]mSnbpw Itºm-Ãn¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv
hfsc \√-Xm-Wv.

aÆnc ItºmÃnwKv
km[mcW Itºm-Ãv coXn-I-fn¬ ItºmÃv Xøm-dm-Im≥ 3˛4 amk-sa-Sp-°p-
tºmƒ aÆnc Itºm-ÃnwKv coXn hgn ItºmÃv 30˛35 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬
Xømdmhp∂p.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
48 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

GI-tZiw 45 sk.ao \ofw, 30 sk.ao hoXn, 45 sk.-ao. s]m°-hp-ap≈ ho™-

s∏-´ntbm πmÃnIv ]m{Xtam ASn-hn-kvXm-c-ap≈ N´ntbm CXn-te-°mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-°mw. s]´n-bpsS NphsS sh≈w hm¿∂p t]mIp-∂X - n\v c≠p Zzmc-߃ CSWw.
ho™-s∏´n thKw NoØ-bm-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ ASn-bn¬ GI-tZiw 5 sk.-ao. I\-
Øn¬ πmÃnIv jo‰v hncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 5 sk.-ao. I\-Øn¬ aW¬ \ncØn
AXn\p apI-fnembn 3 sk.-ao-‰¿ I\-Øn¬ NIncn CSp-I. XpS¿∂v aq∂n©v I\-
Øn¬ 200 {Kmw/500 FÆw aÆn-c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ItºmÃv AYhm NmW-Is∏mSn
\nc-Øp-I. CXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Hmtcm Znh-ktØbpw ASp-°-f-bnse ]mgv hkvXp-
°ƒ (πm-ÃnIv Hgn-hm-°W - w) F√m-bn-SØpw \nc-∏mbn hncn®v F´n©v I\w FØn-
°p-I. aÆn-csb C´v 20˛25 Znhkw BIp-tºmƒ am{Xw ASp-°f Ah-injvSw
\nt£-]n®p XpS-ßp-I. AXp-I-gn-™m¬ s]´n°p apI-fn¬ Hcp Nm°v hncn®v
A\-°msX am‰n h® tijw Znh-khpw sh≈w Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
ASp-°-f-bnse ]mgv hkvXp-°ƒ CSp-tºmƒ CS-bv°nsS IS-emkv Ij-W-
߃, ]mXn Agp-Inb DW-ßnb Ce-Iƒ apX-em-bh CSp-∂Xv hnc-Iƒ°m-h-iy-
amb hmbp k©mcw Iq´m≥ klm-bn-°pw. s]´n-°p-aosX Iºn-hne CSp-∂Xv
hmbp k©mcw Iq´m≥ klm-bn-°pw. s]´n-°p-aosX Iºn-he CSp-∂Xv Fen,
Im° apX-em-b-h-bpsS B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw aÆn-csb c£n-°pw. πmÃnIv
]m{X-ß-fn¬ sh≈w Hgn®v s]´n shbv°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬ s]´n I√p-Iƒ°v
apI-fn¬ h®v I√n\p Np‰pw D∏v/a™ƒs∏mSn hnX-dp-∂Xpw Ddpºp ieyw Ipd-
bv°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
s]´n shbn-e-Øp-h-®m¬ hnc-Iƒ Xms\ ASn-bn¬ t]mIpw. AXn-\p-tijw
aosX-bp≈ ItºmÃv am‰n s]´n ho≠pw ItºmÃv \n¿Ωn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
c≠v ItºmÃv s]´n-Iƒ Hcp-an®v Hcp ho´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv hnc-Iƒ am‰m≥
Ffp-∏a- m-Ipw. FÆbpw Fcnhpw IqSp-Xe - p≈ Ah-in-jvSß
- ƒ Hgn-hm°Ww. BgvN-
bn¬ Hcn-°¬ ssPhm-h-in-jvS-߃ Hcp Iºv D]-tbm-Kn®v Cf°ns°mSp-°-Ww.
aÆnc Itºm-Ãn¬°qSn sh≈w kmh[m\-Øn¬ Hgn®v ticn°p∂ sXfn™
{Zmh-I-amb sh¿an hmjv A©n-c´n sh≈w tN¿Øv t\¿∏n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
hf-sc-b[- nIw KpW-{]-Za
- m-Wv.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 49

kq£vamWp hf-߃
kq£vam-Wphfß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ssPh-]®
- °
- dn Irjn-bn¬ hfsc {]m[m-
\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. {][m\ kky-aq-e-I-߃ aÆn¬ e`y-am-°m≥ Ch klm-bn-°p-
∂p. A¥-co-£-Ønse ss\{S-Ps\ hen-s®-SpØv sNSn-Iƒ°p kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ Atam-Wnb cq]-Øn-em°n \¬Ip∂ kq£vam-Wp-°-fmWv ssdtkm-_n-bw,
Atkm-kvss]-dn-√w, Ak-t‰m-_m-IvSo-cnb F∂nh. hnØn¬ ]pc-´n-tbm, t\cn´p
aÆn¬ tN¿tØm Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

ssdtkm-_nbw
]b-dp-h¿K sNSn-If - psS thcp-If- n-ep≈ apg-If
- n¬ I≠p-hc
- p∂ ssdtkm-_nbw,
sNSn-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb ss\{S-P≥ e`y-am-°p-∂p. ]b¿ hnØn¬ ssdtkm-_nbw
]pc-´n, ss\{S-P≥ IqSp-X¬ e`y-am-°mw. 10 Intem ]b¿ hnØv Ac-Intem ssdtkm-
_nbw Iƒ®-dpw, I™n-sh-≈hpw tN¿Øv Cf°n XW-en¬ DW°n hnX-bv°m-
hp-∂X- m-Wv.
Akt‰m _mIvS¿
aÆn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn hkn®v sNSn-Iƒ°v ss\{S-P≥ Atam-Wn-b-bpsS cq]-
Øn¬ \¬Im≥ Ign- h p≈ as‰mcp
PohmWp-hmWv Akt‰m _mIvS¿. hnØn¬
]pc-´m\pw ]dn®p \Sp∂ sNSn-If - psS thcp
ap°n-h-bv°p-hm\pw aÆn¬ tN¿°m\pw
Akt‰m _mIvS¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

Atkm-ks v s]-dn√w
sNSn-I-fpsS thcns‚ D]-cn-X-e-Øn-epw, D≈nepw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ aÆnepw
hkn®v ss\{S-P≥ \¬Im≥ Ign-bp∂ as‰mcp kq£vam-Wp-hmWv Atkm-kvss]-
dn-√w.

t^mkv^d - kv _mIvSo-cnb
Nne-bn\w _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ°pw Ipan-fpIƒ°pw aÆn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
t^mkvt^-‰ns\ sNSn-Iƒ°p hen-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ cq]-Øn-em°n \¬Im≥ Ign-
bpw. tIc-f-Ønse aÆn¬ AæX IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ sNSn-Iƒ°v Ch ]e-
t∏mgpw t\cn´v hen-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bm-dn-√. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
t^mkv^-dkv _mIvSo-cnb Iƒ®¿, hnØn¬ ]pc-´n-tbm, ssXI-fpsS thcv emb-\n-
bn¬ ap°n-tbm, t\cn´p aÆn¬ tN¿tØm \¬Imw.

s]m´mjv _mIvSo-cnb
s]m´mjv \¬Im≥ Ign-bp∂ _mIvSo-cnb Iƒ®-dp-Ifpw C∂p e`y-am-Wv. hnf-
hn¬ 20% hsc h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Cu _mIvSo-cnb Iƒ®¿ hnØn¬
]pc-´ntbm ssXIƒ ap°n-h-bv°p-Itbm t\cnt´m D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
50 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p hmßp∂

]®-°-dn-Isf hnj-ap-‡-am-°m≥
Itºm-fØ- n¬ \n∂p hmßp∂ ]®-°d - n-Ifnse hnj amen-\y-ßs- f-∏‰ - n-bp≈
dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS a\-kn¬ F∂pw Hcp t]Sn kz]v\-am-Wv. F∂m¬
hfsc efn-X-hpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb Nne am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS \s√m-c-fhv IoS-\m-in-\n-
bpsS Awiw Ipd-bv°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-ß-fn¬ I≠n-´p-≠v.
Hmtcm ]®-°-dnbpw am¿°-‰n¬ \n∂p hmßn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn
ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmgpw kq£n-°p-tºmgpw {i≤n-°p-∂X - p-hgn ]®-°d- n-If- n-eqsS
\ΩpsS D≈n-se-Øm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf \o°w sNøm≥ km[n-
°pw.

]b¿h¿K ]®-°d - n-Iƒ

1. ]b¿ h¿K- ]®-°d - n-If- n¬ IoS-\m-in\n Ah-injvSw G‰-hp-a[
- nIw Is≠-ØnbXv
h≈n-∏b - d- n-em-Wv.
]m{Xw Igp-Im≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kvt]m©v kv{I_-
dns‚ Ij-W-tam, NIn-cntbm D]-tbm-Kn®v Sm∏v sh≈-
Øn¬ aqt∂m \mtem ]b¿ Hcp-an®v h®v Dckn Igp-
In-bX- n-\p-tijw 15 an\n´v hn\m-Kncn emb-\n-bn¬ ap°n-
h-bv°-Ww. kn¥-‰nIv hn\m-Kncn 40 an√n c≠v en‰¿
sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n ]b¿ap°n hbv°m≥ ]‰nb hen-
∏-ap≈ ]m{X-Øn¬ hbv°-Ww. CXn\p tijw ]®-
sh-≈Ø - n¬ Igp-In, sh≈w hm¿∂v t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw
Cg-bI - e- a- p≈ XpWn-k© - n-If- n¬ s]mXn™v {^nUvPn-
te°v am‰-Ww. hn\m-Kncn°v ]Icw hmf≥]pfn kØpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 40 {Kmw hmf≥]pfn 2 en‰¿
sh≈-Øn¬ ]ngn™ tijw Acn-s®-SpØ Xhn´v emb-
\n-bn¬ ]b¿ 15 an\n´v ap°n sh®m¬ aXn. CXn-\p-tijw ]®-sh-≈-Øn¬ Igp-
In, sh≈w hm¿∂v t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw Cg-bI - e
- a
- p≈ XpWn-k©
- n-If
- n¬ s]mXn™v
{^nUvPn-te°v am‰-Ww.

2. Ce-h¿K-]® - °- d- n-Iƒ
Noc, Idn-th-∏ne, a√n-bne F∂o Ce-h¿K-]-®-°-dn-Ifn¬ Noc-bn-epw, Idn-
th-∏n-e-bn-ep-amWv IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-hn-jmwiw G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X - v.

Noc
Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p hmßp∂ Noc Nph-Sp-`mKw thtcmsS apdn®p am‰n-b-
tijw X≠pw Ce-Ifpw Sm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ ]e-X-hW IgpIn hrØn-bm-°-Ww.
AXn-\p-tijw 15 an\n´v ]pfn-sh-≈Ø
- n¬ ap°n-hb
- v°W
- w. CXn-\mbn Ipcp-If™
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 51

]pfn 60 {Kmw (sN-dp-\m-cß hen-∏w) aq∂p en‰¿

sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n Acn-s®-SpØv Noc ap°n-
hbv°m≥ ]‰nb hen-∏-ap≈ ]m{X-Øn¬ hbv°-
Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]®-sh-≈Ø - n¬ Igp-In, sh≈w
hm¿Øv If-™n´v Ce-Ifpw X≠pw th¿s]-SpØn
Cu¿∏w C√msX Cg-bI - ∂ XpWn-k©- n-If- ntem πmÃnIv Is≠-bv\d
- ntem am‰nb
tijw {^nUvPn¬ kq£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

Idn-th-∏ne
Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v hmßp∂ Idn-th-∏ne X≠n¬ \n∂v Ducn FSpØn´v
Sm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ Hcp an\n´v t\cw \∂mbn De®v Igp-In-b-Xn-\p-tijw 15 an\n´v
]pfn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n hbv°-Ww. Cu¿∏w C√msX Cg-b-I-e-ap≈ XpWn-k-©n-
I-fn-tem, AS-∏p≈ πmÃnIv Is≠-bn-\d
- ntem Ão¬ ]m{X-Øntem sh®v {^nUvPn¬
kq£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

a√n-bne
ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmƒ hfsc ap≥I-cp-X-se-Sp-t°≠ ]®-°-dn-bmWv a√n-
bne. kem-Up-I-fnepw a‰pw ]mNIw sNøm-sXbpw tasºm-Sn-°mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-°-Ww. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ NphSv apdn®v If-™-
tijw Sm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ ]e Bh¿Øn Igp-I-Ww. hmbp IS-°mØ πmÃnIv
Is≠-bv\-dn-tem, Ão¬ ]m{X-Øn-tem aqt∂m \mtem Snjyp-t]-∏¿ ASn-bnepw
apI-fn-ep-ambn \nc-Øn-sh® tijw Cu¿∏w am‰n a√n-Ø-≠p-Iƒ Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬
\nc-Øn-hb - °
v mw. Snjyp-t]-∏d
- n-s√-¶n¬ Cg-bI
- ∂ tIm´¨ XpWn Ij-Wtam \yqkv
t]∏tdm D]-tbm-Kn-®mepw aXn.

3. sh≈-cn-h¿K ]®-°d - n-Iƒ

]mh¬, ]S- h - e w, IWn- s h- ≈ - c n, kemUv
sh≈cn, tImh¬, aØ≥, Cf-h≥, Ipº-fw, ]o®n¬
F∂n-hb - n¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-If- psS Ah-in-jSv h
- n-jmwiw
IqSp- X - e mbn ImWp- ∂ Xv ]mhbv ° , ]S- h - e - ß ,
sh≈cn F∂n-h-bn-em-Wv.

]mhbv°
]mh-bv°-bpsS ]pdsØ ap≈p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-em-b\n ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-
cn-°m≥ IqSp-X¬ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv a‰v ]®-°-dn-Isf°mƒ hnjmwi
{]iv\w ]mh-bv°-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p hmßp∂
]mhbv° Hcp {_jv D]-tbm-Kn®v IgpIn hrØn-bm-°-Ww. km[m-cW XpWn
Ae-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ arZp-hmb \mcp-Iƒ D≈ Hcp hmjnwKv {_jv CXn-
\p-th≠n ASp-°f - b
- n¬ {]tXyIw IcpXn hbv°W
- w. A[nIw Aa¿ØmsX Dckn
Hcp an\n´v Sm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ Igp-In-b-Xn-\p-tijw 15 an\n´v hn\m-Kncn 40 an√n
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
52 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

c≠v en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n ]mhbv° ap°n

shbv°m≥ ]‰nb hen-∏-ap≈ Ip∏n-bntem πmÃnIv
Pmdntem shbv°-Ww. CXn\p tijw ]®-sh-≈-
Øn¬ Igp-In, sh≈w hm¿∂v t]mIm≥ ]‰nb kpjn-
c-ßfp≈ πmÃnIv Ip´-bntem _mkv°‰- ntem shbv°-
Ww. Cßs\ Hcp cm{Xn h®-Xn\p tijw ASpØ Znhkw {^nUvPn-te°v am‰Ww.
Cg-b-I∂ tIm´¨ XpWn k©nbntem t]∏¿ _mKntem B°n-b-tijw
{^nUvPn¬ shbv°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv.

]S-h-ew, IWn-sh-≈cn, kemUv sh≈cn

IS-If- n¬ \n∂pw hmßp∂ ]S-he - w, IWn-sh-≈cn, kemUv sh≈-cn, aØ≥,
Ipº-fw, ]n®n¬ F∂nh. Hcp {_jv D]-tbm-Kn®v
IgpIn hrØn-bm-°n-bt- ijw sh≈w hm¿∂p t]mIm≥
]‰nb πmÃnIv Ip´-bntem _°-‰ntem IpØs\
shbv°-Ww. Cu¿∏w amdn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Cg-b-I∂
tIm´¨ XpWn-bntem tXm¿Øntem s]mXn™v
{^nUvPn¬ kq£n-°mw. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ hn\m-Kncn
emb-\n-bn¬ (40 an√n/2 en‰¿ sh≈w) 15 an\n´v ap°n sh®-tijw Sm∏v sh≈Øn¬
IgpIn ip≤o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. apdn®v Ij-W-ß-fm°n hmßp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
Cu¿∏w ]q¿Æ-ambn \o°n-b-tijw πmÃnIv Is≠-bv\-dp-I-fn-em°n {^nUvPn¬
sh®n´v sXmen sNØn am‰n. D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv.

4. hgp-X\h¿K ]®-°d - n-Iƒ

hgp-X-\, X°m-fn, IØn-cn, ]®-ap-f-Iv, Im]vkn°w F∂n-h-bn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-
bpsS Ah-in-jvS-hn-jmwiw G‰hpw A[n-I-ambn
ImWp-∂Xv ]®-ap-fI - v, Im]vkn°w F∂n-hb - n-em-Wv.
Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v hmßp∂ hgp-X-\-h¿K
]®-°-dn-Iƒ Hcp an\n´v Sm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ ssI
sIm≠v Dckn Igp-I-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw 15 an\n´v
hn\m-Kncn emb-\n-bntem hmf≥]pfn emb-\n-bntem
ap°n hbv°-Ww. CXn-\mbn IS-bn¬ In´p∂
kn¥‰nIv hn\m-Kncn 40 an√n As√-¶n¬ hmf≥]pfn 40 {Kmw c≠p en‰¿
sh≈Øn¬ Ie-°-Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]®-sh-≈-Øn¬ Igp-In, sh≈w hm¿Øv
Ifbm≥ πmÃnIv Ip´-bn-tem, kpjn-cß - f- p≈ ]m{X-Øntem Hcp cm{Xn hbv°Ww.
ASpØ Znhkw sR´v `mKw th¿s]-Sp-Øn, Cu¿∏w amdn-bX - n\p tijw {^nUvPn¬
kq£n-°mw.

5. ioX-Im-e]
- ®
- °dn-Iƒ
Imt_-Pns‚ ]pdsØ CX-fp-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ IoS-\m-in\n \n¬°m≥ km[y-
X-bp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v ]pdsØ aq∂v CX-fp-I-sf-¶nepw AS¿Øn am‰n-bn´v Sm∏v
sh≈Øn¬ NIncn sImt≠m kv{I_¿ sImt≠m \∂mbn Dckn
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 53

IgpInsbSp°Ww. Cu¿∏w amdn-b-Xn\p tijw XpWn k©n-I-fn¬ {^nUvPn¬

kq£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
tImfn-^vf-h-dns‚ Ce \o°n-b-tijw ]qhns‚ Hmtcm X≠p-I-fmbn apdn®v
th¿s]-SpØn FSp-°-Ww. Hcp ]c∂ ]m{X-Øn¬ 40 an√n kn¥-‰nIv hn\m-Kncn 2
en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie-°n, emb-\n-bn¬ th¿s]-Sp-Ønb tImfn-^vf-h¿ Ij-W-
߃ 15 an\n-s´-¶nepw ap°n sh°-Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]e Bh¿Øn ]®-sh-≈-
Øn¬ IgpIn Ign™v ]mN-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. apdn® tImfn-^vf-h¿ Ij-W-
߃ Hcp Znh-k-Øn-e-[nIw {^nUvPn¬ kq£n-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
IoS-\m-in\n hnjmw-isØ t]Sn-°msX Ign-°m-hp∂ ]®-°-dn-I-fmWv Imc‰v,
_o‰vdq´v, dmUnjv F∂n-h. IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-bX - p-sIm≠pw
sXmen Npc-≠n-°f - ™
- n´v am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X- p-sIm≠pw kpc-£nX ]®-°dn
Bbn-´m-Wn-hsb Icp-Xp-∂X - v. Xt≠mSv tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ A‰w IØn-sIm≠v apdn®v
am‰n sXmen Npc-≠n-b-tijw ]®-sh-≈-Øn¬ ]e Bh¿Øn IgpIn hrØn-
bm°nb tijw kpj-c-ß-fp≈ ]m{X-Øn¬ Hcp cm{Xn sh®n-cn-°-Ww. ASpØ
Znhkw XpWn k©n-bntem πmÃnIv Is≠-bv\-dntem kq£n-°mw.

6. Ing-ßp-h¿K hnf-Iƒ
tN\, tNºv, Im®n¬, Iq¿Iv (io-h°- n-gß
- )v , a[p-c°
- n-gß
- ,v Dcp-f°
- n-gßv F∂nh
IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw hfsc Ipd-hp≈ hnf-I-fm-Wv. aÆn¬ hnfbp∂ hnf-I-fm-b-
Xp-sIm≠v IoS-\m-in\n hnjmw-i-tØ-°mƒ kq£n-t°-≠-Xv Ch-bn-eqsS `£-W-
Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p∂ a‰p kq£vamWp-°s - fbm-Wv. aen-\a - mb kml-Nc - y-Øn¬
Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv hgnbpw hnf-sh-SpØ tijw ]e ÿeØpw aÆnepw a‰pw
sh®v ]e hml-\-ß-fn-eqsS bm{X sNbvXp-am-bn-cn°pw Ch Itºm-f-Øn-se-Øp-
∂-X.v

tN\, tNºv, Im®n¬, Iq¿°

Ch-bpsS ]pdØv ]‰n-bn-cn-°p∂ aÆn-s‚bpw a‰v amen-\y-ß-fp-sSbpw Awiw
]q¿W-ambpw am‰p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bp≈ hrØn-bm-°-emWv BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv.
]e Bh¿Øn A¬]w NIncn D]-tbm-Kn®v Aa¿Øn Dckn IgpIn tN\-bp-sS-
bpw, tNºn-s‚bpw, Im®n-en-s‚bpw D]-cn-Xe amen\yw \o°-Ww. tN\ apdn®v
Ij-Wß - f
- n¬ \n∂v Cu¿∏w ]q¿W-ambn am‰n-bn-´p-thWw {^nUvPn-te°v am‰m≥.
πmÃnIv Ih-dp-If - n-en´v {^nUvPn¬ hbv°p-∂Xv icn-bmb coXn-b√
- . Cgb-Ie
- a- p≈
XpWn k©n-If - n¬ s]mXn™v shbv°p-∂Xv \√-Xv. ]mNIw sNøp-∂X - n\p ap≥]v
tNºv, Im®n¬, Iq¿° F∂n-h-bpsS sXmen Npc≠n If-bp-I-bpw, tN\-bpsS
sXmen sNØn If-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-tXmsS hnj-hn-ap-‡-am-°¬ {]{Inb
]q¿WamIp-∂p.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
54 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

a[p-c°- n-gß
- v, Dcp-f°
- n-gßv
a[p-c-°n-g-ßpw, Dcp-f-°n-gßpw ]mNIw sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn H∂p-c≠p
XhW sh≈-Øn¬ \√-Xp-t]mse Dc®v IgpIn ]pdØv ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ aÆpw
a‰p amen-\y-ßfpw \o°-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw sXmen-sN-Øn-am‰n Aa¿Øn Dckn
IgpIn thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. {^nUvPn¬ kq£n-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ πmÃnIv Ih-
dp-I-fn¬ C´v sh°msX Cg-b-I∂ XpWn k©n-I-fn¬ B°n-sh-bv°p-∂-XmWv
\√-Xv.
hnhn-[b- n\w ]®-°d - n-If
- psS hnjmw-i]
- c
- n-tim-[\ - b
- n¬ IqsS shfn-s∏-´Xv Idn-
th-∏n-e, ]®-ap-f-Iv, Noc, Im]vkn-°w, h≈n-∏-b¿, ]mh-bv°, ]S-h-ew, tImfn-^vf-
h¿, sh≠-bv°, Imt_-Pv F∂o ]Øp ]®-°d - n-Isf am{Xta IoS-\m-in\n hnjmw-
i-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ t]Sn-t°-≠-Xp-≈q F∂mWv. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-∂nepw hfsc
efn-Xhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Nne am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnj-hn-ap-
‡-am-°m≥ km[n-°pw F∂mWv ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s∏-´-Xv. _m°n ap∏-tXmfw
]®-°-dn-Iƒ ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ IgpIn Cu¿∏w am‰n ipNn-bmbn kq£n-®p-h-bv°m-
sa-¶n¬ Itºm-fØ - n¬ \n∂p hmßp∂ ]®-°d - n-Isf am{Xw B{i-bn-°p-∂h - ¿°v
hnjmw-isØ `b-°msX Pohn-°mw. F∂m¬ kz¥-ambn ASp-°f - t- Øm-´t- am, sSdkv
Irjntbm sNøm≥ Xm¬]-cyhpw ka-bhpw kml-N-cy-ap-≈-h¿°v hnj-c-ln-X-
amb]®-°-dn-I-fn-eqsS Btcm-Ky-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\v ˛
hnf-sh-Sp∏p apX¬ D]-t`mKw hsc
]®-°dn DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ temIØv c≠mw ÿm\-Øp≈ C≥Uy ]®-°dn
DXv]m-Z\- Ø
- n-se-∂t- ]mse Ah \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - nepw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ Xs∂-bm-
Wv. hnØv \´v hnf-sh-Sp-°p∂Xp hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ AXo-h-{i-≤bpw Pm{K-
Xbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ \ΩpsS I¿j-I¿, hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw D¬]-∂-߃°v
bmsXmcp {i≤bpw ]cn-Nc - W
- hpw \¬Ip-∂n-√. CXp-aqew ]®-°dn DXv]m-Z\ - Ø
- ns‚
GI-tZiw 25 apX¬ 30 iX-am\w hsc \jvS-am-Ip-∂p. H∏w hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øp∂
]®-°-dn-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-bm-\p-an-S-bm-Ip-∂p.
[m\y-h¿K-ßsf At]-£n®v ]®-°-dn-Iƒ Ffp∏w tISm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ DXv]-
∂-ß-fm-Wv. Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ Pemwiw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IqSnb
hen∏w, arZphpw teme-hp-amb LS-\, AWp-Po-hn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-
bmWv ]®-°-dn-Isf Ffp∏w \in-∏n-°p-∂- Imc-W-߃. CXn\p ]pdta ]®-°-dn-
Iƒ A{i-≤a - mbn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂X - p-hgn Ah-bpsS \jvSØ - ns‚ tXmXv IqSp-
∂-Xmbpw KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p.
hnf-sh-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™m¬ DXv]∂w ]mt°-Pn-wKv, {Sm≥kvt]m¿´n-- wKv, kw`-c-
Ww, hn]-W\w F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂mWv D]-t`m-‡m-hn-se-
Øp-∂-Xv. Cu Ime-b-f-hn-se√mw {i≤ ]pe¿Øn-bm¬ am{Xta hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\p
tij-ap≈ \jvSw Ipd®v KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ DXv]-∂-߃ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°m-
\m-Ip-Ib
- p≈q.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
Hcp am¿§-tcJ 55

hnf-sh-Sp∏v
hnf-sh-Sp-°p∂ ka-bsØ aq∏v, hnf-sh-Sp-°p∂ ka-bw, coXn F∂n-hs
- bms°
]®-°-dn-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-csØ _m[n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

ImbvI-fpsS aq∏v
IrXy-amb aqs∏-Øp∂ ka-bØv hnf-sh-Sp-Øm¬ am{Xta DXv]-∂-߃°v
icn-bmb KpW-ta∑bp≠m-Ip-Ib - p-≈q. aqs∏-Øp-∂X - n\v apºv ]dn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ DXv]-
∂-߃ tISp-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw Ahbv°v KpW-ta-∑-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. AtX
kabw, aq∏v A[n-I-amb tijw ]dn-s®-Sp-°p∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ hfsc thKw tISp-
h∂v t]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw.
hn¬]-\-bpsS coXnbpw IqSn IW-°n-se-SpØpthWw hnf-sh-Sp-t°≠ aq∏v
IW-°m-t°-≠Xv. DZm-lc - W- Ø - n\v Zqsc-bp≈ ÿe-ßf - nte°v sIm≠p t]mIm≥,
X°m-fn-bpsS ]®-\ndw amdn a™ Bbn hcp∂ ka-bØv ]dn-s®-Sp-°W - w. F∂m¬
ASpØ am¿°-‰n¬ hn¬]-\-bv°m-sW-¶n¬ Nph∂ \nd-amb ImbvIƒ thWw
]dn-s®-Sp-t°-≠X- v. ]®-°d - n-If- psS LS-\b - v°\ - p-kc - n®v Ah hnf-sh-Sp-t°≠ aq∏v
hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. sh≠-bn¬ ]q¿Æ hf¿®-sb-Øn-bXpw F∂m¬ hf¿®
ap‰n \mcp shbv°m-ØX - p-amb ImbvIƒ H∂n-Sh - n´ Znh-kß - f
- n¬ ]dn-s®-Sp-°W
- w.
F∂m¬ aqØ-Xn\v tij-amWv IWn-sh-≈c - n-bpsS hnf-sh-Sp-t°-≠X - v.
 kpc£nX ]®°dnIrjn°v
56 Hcp am¿§-tcJ

hnf-sh-Sp-t°≠ kabw
DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-csØ _m[n-°p∂ as‰mcp LS-I-amWv hnf-sh-
Sp-t°-≠p∂ ka-bw. ÿesØ N¥-bn¬ hn¬°m-\p≈ DXv]-∂-߃ AXXp
Znhkw cmhnse shbn-te¬°p-∂X - n\v apºv hnf-sh-Sp-°W
- w. ImbvIƒ°v `wKnbpw
Xq°-Iq-Sp-Xepw In´m≥ CXv klm-bn-°pw. F∂m¬ AI-se-bp≈ hn]-Wn-bn-te-
°m-sW-¶n¬, sshIp-t∂cw shbn¬ amdnb tijw hnf-sh-SpØv cm{Xn-Im-e-ß-
fn¬ h≠n-bn¬ sIm≠p t]mIp-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw.

hnf-sh-Sp-t°≠ coXn
hfsc {i≤-tbmsS, H´pw ]cp-t°¬°msX thWw DXv]-∂-߃ ]dn-s®-Sp-
t°-≠X - v. hnf-sh-Sp∏v ka-bØv DXv]∂
- ß - f- n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ apdn-hp-Iƒ ]n∂oSv AWp-
_m-[bv°pw IoS-_m-[bv°pw Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. ]®-°d - n-Iƒ IØn-sIm≠v apdn-s®-
Sp°p∂Xp hgn hnf-sh-Sp∏v ka-bsØ £X-߃ Ipd-bv°m-\m-Ipw.