5

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Science – Grade 5

T he Menstrual Cycle

CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
 5

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
The Menstrual Cycle
 Lesson
The Menstrual Cycle
3

What I Need to Know

Puberty is the process of body changes that causes a child’s body

to become capable of reproduction. Every adolescent boys and girls who
is about to enter puberty should be taught or should know the basic
medical definition of menstruation and that it is a normal process that
females go through as their bodies prepare themselves for potential
pregnancy. It is a part of the monthly menstrual cycle that occur in the
female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.

Menstruation is a process that occurs in a woman. This is the

regular discharging of blood and other materials from the lining of the
uterus and occurs on a one-month interval from puberty until
menopause, except during pregnancy. This lasts for about 3-5 days.

In this module, you will be able to explain the menstrual cycle and the
specific events that take place in each cycle.

Note: Use a separate sheet for your answers in all the activities in this
module.
 CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. In a normal 28-day menstrual cycle when would you expect ovulation

to take place?

A. Day 11 C. Day 13
B. Day 12 D. Day 14
2. Where are the hormones estrogen and progesterone produced?
A. Adrenal Gland C. Hypothalamus
B. Anterior Pituitary D. Ovary

3. During the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are at their highest

during the ________.
A. Follicular phase C. Menstruation
B. Luteal phase D. Ovulation
4. The term that refers to painful menstruation is _____________.
A. Dysmenorrhea C. Oligomenorrhea
B. Menorrhagia D. Polymenorrhea
5. The term used to describe excessive volume of menstruation is
______________.
A. Dysmenorrhea C. Oligomenorrhea
B. Menorrhagia D. Polymenorrhea
6. What part of the uterus becomes thicker in preparation for the
implantation of the fertilized egg?
A. Cervix C. Fallopian tube
B. Endometrium D. Ovary
7. What happens to the egg cell while menstruation is going on?
A. It dies.
B. It is fertilized.
C. It starts to mature.
D. It travels to the fallopian tube.
8. How many days does the egg take to travel to the uterus when it is
released from the ovarian follicle?
A. 2-3 C. 4-5
B. 3-4 D. 5-6
9. It is a yellow structure in the ovary that produces estrogen and large
amounts of progesterone.
A. Endometrium C. Corpus luteum
B. Estrogen D. Follicle – stimulating
hormone
10. Myra who is a grade five pupil did not notice that she stained her skirt
with blood due to menstruation. What will you do?
A. Ignore her.
B. Laugh at her for not being cautious.
C. Tell others that Myra has bloodstain so they can start
teasing her.
 D. Tell her in private that she has bloodstain
and help her change her pad.

What’s In

In the discussion of the menstrual cycle, the parts of female

reproductive organ are necessary to be reviewed. Let’s look back at the
parts and corresponding functions of the female reproductive organ.

Directions: Below are parts of the human reproductive system. Choose the
part of the reproductive system described. Write the letter of the
correct answer.

1.Which part of the female reproductive system produces eggs and

hormones?
A. fallopian tube C. uterus
B. ovary D. vagina

2. Which of the statements below describes the uterus?

A. It ejaculates the semen.
B. It is a tube that leads the egg from the ovary.
C. It is also called the womb is shaped like an upside-down pear
where the unborn baby is developed.
D. It produces a sugar- rich fluid that provides sperm with a source
of energy to help them move.
3. Where does successful fertilization of the egg normally occur?
A. endometrium C. fallopian tube
B. ovary D. vagina
4. It is a narrow opening between the uterus and vagina which enlarges to
let the passage of a fetus during birth.
A. ovary C. vagina
B. cervix D. fallopian tube
5. Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?
A. kidney C. cervix
B. ovary D. fallopian tube

What’s New
Activity 1

Directions: Study the illustration of the menstrual cycle below. Identify

the phase being illustrated in each part of the cycle. Choose
your answer from the pool of options in the box.

1._____________________
_____

2. ____________
4._____________
Menstrual Cycle
_______

3. _____________________

Figure 1. The Menstrual Cycle

Follicular Phase Menstrual Phase

Luteal Phase Ovulation Phase

Activity 2

Directions: Below are the phases of menstrual cycle. Read each statement
and rearrange the letters of the jumbled word to form the
word described in each item.

1. LEULTA HESPHA: _____________________________

After ovulation occurs, the follicle develops into a hormone
producing structure called the corpus luteum.

2. LAUVOITNO SEHAP: ___________________________

If you have regular 28-day menstrual cycle, this phase usually
occurs on day 14.

3. CURALLLIOF ESPHA: __________________________

In this phase, the lining of the uterus starts to grow, or
proliferate due to hormone estrogen.

4. STLUAEMNR EPAHS: __________________________

It is a woman’s monthly bleeding, commonly referred to as
your period.

What is It
Phases of Menstrual Cycle

➢ Menstrual Phase (Menstruation)

This commonly referred to as “period” or the woman’s monthly

bleeding. The first menstrual bleeding of a woman is called Menarche. It
signals the possibility of getting pregnant. Menstrual blood, known as
menses, is shed from the thickened lining of the uterus, known as
endometrium. Menstrual blood from the uterus passes through the
cervix, to the vagina, and out through the vaginal opening. This fluid may
be bright red, light pink, or even brown. During menstruation, some eggs
begin to mature in the ovaries. As the eggs develop, the surrounding
cells release the estrogen hormone into the bloodstream. This is the time
when cramping and abdominal pains occur. The contraction of the
uterine and the abdominal muscles that help in expelling the menstrual
fluid also causes the cramps to be felt.
There are also different types of menstrual disorder that can be felt
during menstruation. First is the Dysmenorrhea which is the medical
term for painful menstrual periods which are caused by uterine
contractions. It has two types; the primary and secondary. Primary
dysmenorrhea is common menstrual cramps that are recurrent while
secondary dysmenorrhea results from reproductive system disorders.
Second is the Menorrhagia that is a prolonged and excessively heavy
menstrual bleeding at regular menstrual cycle intervals. Third is the
Oligomenorrhea which is defined irregular and inconsistent menstrual
blood flow in a woman. It is also about missing a period or occasional
irregularity of a menstrual cycle. Lastly is the Polymenorrhea which is a
term used to describe a menstrual cycle that is shorter than 21 days. It is
a form of abnormal uterine bleeding. For some women a shorter cycle
length may just be normal, but for others it can be caused by certain
medical condition. Women with polymenorrhea may also find that their
periods are irregular or unpredictable.

Uterus sheds
its inner lining
Menstrual fluid

Figure 2 . The Menstrual Phase

➢ Follicular Phase (Day 1-13)

This phase also starts on the first day of menstruation, but it ends
up to the thirteenth day of the menstrual cycle. In this phase, the lining
of the uterus starts to grow or proliferate due to hormone known as
estrogen. As the estrogen level increases, menstrual bleeding stops, and
the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for receiving a fertilized
egg. The increase in estrogen also causes the pituitary gland to release a
hormone that travels to the ovaries, stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries
to grow, and causes the most mature egg to be released. One of these egg
cells starts to mature in a sac–like structure called follicle. Each follicle
contains an egg. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity. As the
egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone stimulating the uterus to
develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium. The
endometrium starts to develop to receive the fertilized egg. Late in the
follicular phase, only a single follicle will release an egg.
 Figure 3. The Follicular Phase

➢ Ovulation Phase (Day 14)

In the regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the ovulation usually

occurs on day 14. The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes
the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept
into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger-
like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the
ovaries, and cilia are slender hair-like projections on each fimbria. When
a mature egg (ovum) is released from the ovarian follicle to the nearest
fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs. As the egg
moves down the fallopian tube for several days, the lining of the uterus
continues to grow thicker and thicker. The egg then travels into the
uterus. It takes about three to four days for the egg to travel toward the
uterus. If fertilization is to occur, it must happen within 24 hours of
ovulation or the egg’s life lapses.

Fimbriae
 Figure 4. The Ovulation Phase

➢ Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

This phase starts on the fifteenth day and lasts up to the end of
the cycle. After the ovulation occurs, the follicle develops into a hormone-
producing structure called the corpus luteum. This is a yellow structure
in the ovary that produces estrogen and large amounts of progesterone.
This hormone signals the uterus to thicken. The walls of the uterus
thicken with many blood vessels to provide nutrients for the coming baby
if in case a sperm fertilizes the egg. If the egg is not fertilized, the
thickening of the uterus breaks down and comes out of the body through
the menstruation. Then, the menstrual cycle repeats itself. For females
who have normal periods, the cycle is repeated four weeks or 28 days.
However, the cycle varies and is affected by a lot of factors.

corpus luteum

Figure 5. The Luteal Phase

What’s More

Activity 1
Directions: Match the concepts about menstruation in Column A with the
terms in Column B. Write the letter of your answer.
 A B
1. This hormone stimulates your ovaries a. endometrium
to produce around 5 to 20 small b. ovulation
sacs called follicles. c. menstruation
2. The first occurrence of menstruation. d. menarche
3. This occurs when fertilization does not e. Follicle - Stimulating Hormone
take place.
4. This is the lining of the uterus that
becomes thicker in
preparation for
implantation of the fertilized
egg.
5. At this stage, the process of
fertilization may take place.
Activity 2

Directions: Identify what phase of menstrual cycle is described in each

number.
1. The lining of the uterus becomes thin after menstruation. An egg in
the ovary continues to mature. Just before the mid-cycle, the mature
egg moves to the surface of the ovary.

2. The lining of the uterus called endometrium becomes thicker in

preparation for implantation of the fertilized egg. If fertilization does
not take place, menstruation happens. The next cycle is then about to
begin.

3. This occurs when fertilization does not take place. The uterine lining
begins to break down and bleeding results. Menstrual fluid contains
blood cells and mucus flow and lasts from 3 to 7 days. 4. The
mature egg is released and travels to the fallopian tube and toward the
uterus.

Activity 3
Directions: Rewrite the following statements on your notebook. By writing
numbers 1-10 before the item, rearrange the statements
based on how a menstrual cycle occurs.

1. The process of fertilization may take place.

2. A new egg cell starts to mature within the ovary.
3. The lining of the uterus becomes thin after bleeding.
4. The mature egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.
5. Uterine linings begin to break down and bleeding results.
6. An egg in the ovary continues to mature.
7. The endometrium or lining of the uterus becomes thicker in preparation
for the implantation of the fertilized egg.
8. The mature egg is released.
9. The mature egg moves to the surface of the ovary just before the mid-
cycle. 10. The next menstrual cycle is then about to begin.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Identify the phase of the menstrual cycle below then write the
events that happen in specific phase of menstrual cycle. Copy
the table under the figure to show your answer.

1.

4. 2.

Menstrual Cycle

3.

Figure 6. The Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Phase Description
1
2.
3.
4.