T.

esaZe

saSeni masalebi

Tbilisi
2008

1
 S e s a v a l i

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis tempebis daCqareba metad aqtualuri

amocanaa saSeni masalebis warmoebis dargSi. igi iTvaliswinebs axali
teqnologiis da perspeqtiuli masalebis danergvas, produqciis xarisxis
ganuxrel amaRlebas, adgilobrivi nedleulis da warmoebis narCenebis
farTo gamoyenebas, samSeneblo masalebis warmoebis dros
Tboenergetikuli da materialuri resursebis ekonomias.
axali samSeneblo konstruqciebis, arqiteqturuli formebis da
mSeneblobis meTodebis warmoSoba yovelTvis iyo uSualod dakavSirebuli
axali saSeni masalebis SeqmnasTan. ase iyo maSinac, rodesac qvis, aguris
da xis masalebTan erTad daiwyo im droisaTvis axali masalebis
gamoyeneba, romelsac miekuTvneboda foladi, rkinabetoni da mina.
mSeneblobaSi am masalebis farTo gamoyenebam warmoSva axali
konstruqciebi, mSeneblobis axali meTodebi da axali arqiteqturuli
formebi. aseve xdeba dResac, rodesac yovelwliurad sul ufro metad
gamoiyeneba axali xelovnuri saSeni masalebi Seqmnili polimerebis, minis,
msubuqi Senadnobebis, xis boWkos da sxva masalebisgan. am masalebis axali,
ufro daxvewili Tvisebebi saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT isini ara
rogorc tradiciuli masalebis Semcvleli, aramed, rogorc mSeneblobis
xarisxis asamaRlebleli saSualeba, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
maRali fizikur-meqanikuri da mxatvrul dekoratiuli Tvisebebi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia saSeni masalebis da nakeTobebis
fizikur-qimiuri da meqanikuri Tvisebebi, warmoebis meTodebi, nakeTobaTa
warmoebis teqnologiebi da gamoyenebis sfero.

2
 Tavi I

saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

mSeneblobaSi masalebis gamoyenebamde cnobili unda iyos maTi

Tvisebebi. saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime
jgufad:
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba fizikuri Tvisebebi: simkvrive,
moculobiTi masa, forianoba;
meore jgufs miekuTvneba Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs masalebs
wylisa da uaryofiTi temperaturis moqmedebis dros: wyalSTanTqma,
tenianoba, higroskopuloba, wyalSeRwevadoba, yinvagamZleoba.
mesame jgufSi gaerTianebulia Tvisebebi, romlebic masalebs
axasiaTebs maTze siTbos moqmedebis dros: Tbogamtaroba, Tbotevadoba,
cecxlmedegoba, cecxlgamZleoba.
meoTxe jgufSi gaerTianebulia meqanikuri Tvisebebi: simtkice,
simagre, cveTadoba da sxva.

1.1. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi

simkvrive aris masalis erTeuli moculobis masa absoluturad

mkvriv mdgomareobaSi, forebis da sicarieleebis gareSe. simkvrive
ganisazRvreba masalis mSrali m masis SefardebiT absolutur Va
moculobasTan

m
ς= g/sm 3 .
Va

masalebis simkvrive meryeobs did zRvrebSi. wylis simkvrive

miCneulia 1-is tolad. umetesi saSeni masalebisTvis simkvrive erTze metia.

3
absoluturad mkvriv mdgomareobaSi masalebi bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba,
gamonaklisis garda (kvarci, liToni, mina).
simkvrivis gansazRvra xdeba le-Satelie-kandlos xelsawyos
saSualebiT. masalas fqvaven wmindad 0,25 mm zomis nawilakebamde, yrian
le-Satelie-kandlos xelsawyoSi, romelSic asxia siTxe garkveul
niSnulamde da romelic ar Sedis fxvnilTan qimiur reaqciaSi. siTxis
moculobis namati Cayrili fxvnilis moculobaa absoluturad mkvriv
mdgomareobaSi. Cayrili fxvnilis masis da absoluturi moculobis
SefardebiT gamoiTvleba simkvrive.
moculobiTi masa aris masalis erTeuli moculobis masa bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi. (forebiT da sicarieleebiT). ganisazRvreba formuliT:

m
ς= g/sm 3 ; kg/m 3 ; t/m 3 ,
V

sadac m aris mSrali nimuSis masa (g, kg,t);

V _ nimuSis moculoba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (sm3;m3).
moculobiT masas sazRvraven rogorc mSrali, aseve teniani
masalisaTvis, wesieri da arawesieri geometriuli formis nimuSebze.
wesieri geometriuli formis nimuSebis moculobas sazRvraven grZivi
zomebis saSualebiT, xolo arawesieri formis nimuSebis moculobas misi
siTxeSi CaZirviT da siTxis moculobis namatis mixedviT an siTxeSi
CaZirvisas masis danakargiT. am SemTxvevaSi moculoba ganisazRvra
formuliT

m2 − m1
V = sm 3 ,
d

sadac m1 aris nimuSis masa haerze, (g);

m2 _ nimuSis masa siTxeSi, (g);
d _ siTxis simkvrive.

4
 cnobili gaxdeba ra masalis masa da moculoba, moculobiTi masis
formuliT ganisazRvreba misi mniSvneloba.
saSeni masalebis moculobiTi masa meryeobs did zRvrebSi: 20 kg/m3-
dan 7850 kg/m3-mde (foladisaTvis). moculobiTi masa ganapirobebs masalis
teqnikur Tvisebebs. magaliTad, simtkices, rac ufro didia masalis
moculobiTi masa, miT metia misi simtkice.
forianoba aris masalis moculobis Sevsebis xarisxi forebiT.
forianoba sididis mixedviT avsebs simkvrives erTamde an 100%-mde.

ςg ς −ςm
P = 1− an P = 1− ⋅ 100% ,
ς ς

sadac P aris forianoba;

ς _ simkvrive;

ςm _ moculobiTi masa.
forebi aris wvrili ujredebi masalaSi, romlebic Sevsebulia
wyliT an haeriT, xolo sicariele _ ki aris ujredebi da Rruebi,
romlebic warmoiqmneba fxvieri masalis natexebs Soris. forebis sididis
mixedviT masalebi SeiZleba iyos wvrilforiani (forebis zomebi
milimetris measedi da meaTasedi) da msxvilforiani (forebis zomebi 0,2-2
mm). masalebis forianoba meryeobs did zRvrebSi 0-dan (mina, foladi) 90%-
mde.
zogierTi metad gavrcelebuli saSeni masalis simkvrive,
moculobiTi masa da forianoba mocemulia 1.1. cxrilSi.

5
 cxrili 1.1
moculobiTi
masala simkvrive, g/sm3 forianoba, %
masa, kg/m3

Tixis aguri 2,4 1600-1900 23-32

mZime betoni 2,6 1800-2400 8-31
qafbetoni 2,6 300-600 77-85
xis masalebi 1,55 400-750 50-73
bunebrivi qvis qanebi 2,2-3,3 300-3300 0,1-75
fanjris mina 2,45-2,65 2450-2650 0
foladi 7,8-7,85 7800-7850 0
plastmasi 0,96-2,2 20-1400 0-95

wyalSTanTqma aris masalis Tviseba Seiwovos da Seakavos wyali

Tavis forebSi. ganasxvaveben masiT da moculobiT wyalSTanTqmas.
ganisazRvreba formulebiT:
m2 − m1
Bmas − ⋅ 100% ,
m1

m2 − m1
Bmoc − ⋅ 100% ,
V

sadac m1 aris masalis masa mSral mdgomareobaSi;

m2 _ masalis masa gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi;
V _ moculoba.
moculobiTi da masiTi wyalSTanTqmis fardoba tolia masalis
moculobiTi masis.

m2 − m1
Bmoc V m
= = 1 = βm .
Bmas m2 − m1 V
m1

6
 aqedan miviRebT formulas wyalSTanTqmis erT formidan meoreze
gadasvlisTvis

Bmoc = Bmas ⋅ ς m .

masalis wyalSi gaJRenTvisas icvleba misi Tvisebebi: izrdeba

Tbogamtaroba, moculobiTi masa, mcirdeba simtkice. amitom, sasurvelia
ganisazRvros masalis simtkice ara marto mSral, aramed wyliT
gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi. masalis simtkicis damokidebulebas gaJRenTil
mdgomareobaSi masalis simtkicesTan mSral mdgomareobaSi uwodeben
masalis darbilebis koeficients.

RgaJR
K dar = .
RmSr

darbilebis koeficienti meryeobs 0-dan 1-mde zRvrebSi. masalebs,

romelTa darbilebis koeficienti 0,8-ze metia uwodeben wyalmedegs.
masalebi, romelTa darbilebis koeficienti 0,8-ze naklebia, ar SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes nagebobebSi, romlebic sistematurad ganicdian
datenianebas.
tenianoba aris konkretul pirobebSi masalis wyliT an teniT
gaJRenTvis xarisxi. ganisazRvreba formuliT:

m2 − m1
W = ⋅ 100% ,
m1

sadac m1 aris mSrali masalis masa;

m2 _ masalis masa konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
wyalSeRwevadoba _ es aris masalis Tviseba gaataros wyali wnevis
qveS. wyalSeRwevadobis sidide ganisazRvreba wylis raodenobiT, romelic
gaivlis 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi 1sm2 masalis zedapirs mudmivi wnevisas.

7
wyalSeRwevadoba damokidebulia masalis simkvriveze da agebulebaze.
gansakuTrebiT mkvrivi masalebi (foladi, mina) da masalebi wvrili
daxuruli forebiT praqtikulad wyalSeuRwevadia.
wyalSeRwevadoba mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia hidrosaizolacio da
saxuravis masalebisaTvis. aseT masalebs, rogorebic aris kramiti,
ruberoidi cdian 50 mm wylis svetis wneviT da sazRvraven dros, rodesac
xdeba masalaSi pirveli wveTebis gaJonva.
yinvagamZleoba aris masalis unari wyliT gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi
gauZlos gayinva-galxobis mravaljerad cikls, daSlis niSnebis da
simtkicis (ara umetes 25%) da wonis (ara umetes 5%) mniSvnelovani klebis
gareSe. yinvagamZleobas sazRvraven normaluri temperaturis wyalSi
(20±50C) gaJRenTili masalis nimuSebis gayinviT 170C-ze da Semdgomi
galxobiT. es aixsneba imiT, rom daxurul forebSi wyali iyineba 15-170C-ze.
wyali gayinvisas imatebs moculobaSi daaxloebiT 9%-iT. forebis wyliT
mTlianad Sevsebis da misi gayinvis Sedegad mis kedlebze imoqmedebs didi
Zabvebi, rac iwvevs simtkicis nawilobriv Semcirebas an arasakmarisi
simtkicis SemTxvevaSi mis daSlas.
yinvagamZleobaze markebia 10, 15, 35, 50, 100, 200 da 300.
mocemuli raodenobis SenacvlebiT gayinva-galxobaze gamocdis
Semdeg sazRvraven masalis yinvagamZleobis koeficients

Rgayin
K yinv = ,
RgaJR

sadac Rgayin aris masalis nimuSebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas,

romlebmac gaiares gayinva-galxobis n cikli;
RgaJR _ wyliT gaJRenTili nimuSebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas
gayinvamde;
Kyinv _ unda iyos aranakleb 0,9-isa.
Tbogamtaroba _ masalis Tvisebaa gaataros siTbo masalis erTi
zedapiridan meoreze, rac gamowveulia mis zedapirebze temperaturis

8
sxvaobiT. Tbogamtaroba xasiaTdeba Tbogamtarobis koeficientiT λ.
warmovidginoT σ m sisqis, Fm2 farTis brtyeli kedeli, romlis
zedapirebzec temperatura t1 da t2 gansxvavebulia t1>t2 siTbos raodenoba Q,
romelic gaivlis kedlis sisqes ZsT ganmavlobaSi pirdapirproporciuli
iqneba temperaturaTa sxvaobis, kedlis farTis, drois da
ukuproporciuli sisqis:

F (t1 − t 2 ) Z
Q=λ kkal .
α

am formulidan Tbogamtarobis koeficienti λ toli iqneba:

Qα
λ= kkal/m.sT 0 .
F (t1 − t1 ) Z

Tu CavTvliT, rom α =1m, F=1m2, (t1, t2)=10, Z=1sT da CavsvamT am

mniSvnelobebs formulaSi, miviRebT rom

λ = Q kkal .

e.i. Tbogamtarobis koeficienti tolia siTbos im raodenobis,

romelic gadis 1m sisqis, 1m2 farTobis masalaSi, 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
roca temperaturaTa sxvaoba kedlis mopirdapire zedapirze 10-ia.
Tbogamtaroba damokidebulia masalis forianobaze, forebis
xasiaTze, masalis saxeobaze, tenianobaze, moculobiT masaze da saSualo
temperaturaze, romlis drosac xdeba siTbos gadacema.
zogierTi saSeni masalis Tbogamtarobis koeficientis mniSvnelobebi
mocemulia cxrilSi 1.2.

9
 cxrili 1.2

Tbogamtarobis
moculobiTi
masala koeficienti,
masa, kg/m3
kkal/m. grad. sT

betoni
2000-2400 1,10-1,30
aguri
1800 0,7
graniti
2600 2,5
mineraluri bamba
75-125 0,036-0,040
foladi
7860 50
fibroliti
450-550 0,15-0,2

Tbotevadoba _ masalis Tvisebaa, STanTqos siTbos garkveuli

raodenoba gaxurebisas. masalis, romlis wonaa m, gasaxureblad t2
temperaturidan t1-mde saWiroa daixarjos siTbos raodenoba Q, romelic
pirdapirproporciulia wonis da temperaturaTa sxvaobis:

Q = cm(t1 − t 2 ) kkal ,

sadac, c aris Tbotevadobis koeficienti da ganisazRvreba formuliT:

Q
c= kkal/kg 0 C .
m(t1 − t 2 )

Tu miviRebT, rom m=1kg da temperaturaTa sxvaoba t1-t2=10 maSin

C = Q kkal .

10
 e.i Tbotevadobis koeficienti warmoadgens siTbos raodenobas,
romelic saWiroa 1 kg masalis 10-iT gasaxureblad.
Tbotevadobis codna aucilebelia Senobis sakedle da gadasaxuri
masalebis Tbomedegobis Semowmebis da Rumelebis dasaproeqteblad.
Tbomedegoba _ masalis Tvisebaa, SeinarCunos mudmivi temperatura
mkveTri temperaturuli cvlilebebis dros.
cecxlmedegoba aris masalis Tviseba gauZlos maRali temperaturis
da wylis (xanZris dros) moqmedebas rRvevis gareSe, ceclmedegobis
mixedviT masalebi iyofa sam jgufad:
uwvadi masalebi, romlebic maRali temperaturis dros ar aaldebian,
ar naxSirdebian da iferflebian. (aguri, kramiti da sxva).
Znelad wvadi masalebi maRali tempereturis moqmedebis dros Znelad
aaldebian, naxSirdebian da iwvian. (fibroliti, asfaltbetoni). maTi wva
wydeba cecxlis keris mocilebisTanave.
wvadi masalebi aaldebian an iwvian cecxlis da maRali temperaturis
moqmedebis dros da ganagrZoben wvas cecxlis keris moSorebis drosac
(organuli masalebi).
cecxlgamZleoba aris masalis Tviseba gauZlos maRali temperaturis
xangrZliv moqmedebas dnobis da deformirebis gareSe. cecxlgamZleobis
mixedviT masalebi iyofa sam jgufad:
cecxlgamZleebi _ romlebic uZleben 15800C da met temperaturas
(dinasi, Samoti da sxva); Zneldnobadi masalebi cecxlgamZleobis
temperaturiT 13500C-dan 15800C-mde. (gJelskis aguri);
advildnobadi masalebi _ cecxlgamZleobiT 13500C-mde. (Cveulebrivi
Tixis aguri).
qimiuri medegoba _ masalis unaria winaaRmdegoba gauwios mJavebis,
tuteebis, marilebis da agresiuli airebis mrRvev moqmedebas. rRvevis
xarisxi damokidebulia bevr faqtorze da pirvel rigSi masalis
Sedgenilobaze. qimiur medegobas sazRvraven qimiuri analiziT. maRali
qimiuri medegobiT mJavebis da tuteebis mimarT gamoirCevian keramikuli _
masalebi da mina.

11
 1.2. Mmeqanikuri Tvisebebi

simtkice aris masalis unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios gare Zalebis an

sxva faqtorebis moqmedebas rRvevis gareSe.
masalebi konstruqciebSi, sxvadasxva Zalebis moqmedebis dros
ganicdian kumSvas, Runvas, gaWimvas. bunebrivi da xelovnuri masalebi
(betoni, aguri, graniti da a.S.) xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT kumSvisas da
dabali simtkiciT gaWimvisas. amitom am masalebs ZiriTadad iyeneben
kumSvaze momuSave konstruqciebisaTvis. masalebi rogorebic arian liToni
da xe, kargad muSaoben rogorc kumSvisas, aseve gaWimvisas.
maqsimalur Zabvas, romelic Seesabameba datvirTvas, romlis drosac
xdeba masalis nimuSis rRveva, simtkicis zRvars uwodeben. simtkicis
zRvari samSeneblo dargSi masalis markas uwodeben. R simtkicis zRvari
kumSvisas ganisazRvreba formuliT:

PmrR
R= kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) ,
F

sadac R aris mrRvevi Zala, kvZ;

F _ nimuSis ganikveTis farTobi, sm2.
kumSvisas simtkicis zRvris dasadgenad cdian 5-30 sm waxnagian kubebs
an cilindrebs diametriT da simaRliT 3-10sm. maT gamocdian hidravlikur
an meqanikur wnexebze. didi mniSvneloba aqvs nimuSis rogorc formas, ise
zomas. mcire zomis nimuSebs simtkicis gadidebuli maCveneblebi aqvs didi
zomis nimuSebTan SedarebiT. es aisaxeba masalis araerTgvarovnebiT. rac
metia masalis moculoba, miT metia araerTgvarovneba. am sakiTxis
saregulireblad SemoRebulia yvela masalisaTvis standartuli zomis
nimuSebi, (mag. betoni, romlis standartul zomad miRebulia 15×15×15sm,
xolo gadamyvan koeficientad 1), xolo sxva zomebisaTvis gadamyvani
koeficientebia: cxrili 1.3.

12
 cxrili 1.3
forma da nimuSis zomebi
sm
gadamyvani koeficienti α
kubebi: 7,07×7,07×7,07 0,85
10×10×10 0,91
15×15×15 1,0
20×20×20 1,05
30×30×30 1,10
cilindrebi: 7,14×14,3 1,16
10×20 1,17
15×30 1,20
20×40 1,24

simtkicis zRvari Runvisas gamoiTvleba Zelakebis gamocdiT.

Zelakebis zomebia 4×4×16sm. erTi Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas koWis
marTkuTxa kveTze RR ganisazRvreba formuliT:

3Pl
RR = kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) ,
2bC 2

xolo, rodesac ori tvirTi simetriuladaa modebuli

3P (l − α )
RR = kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) ,
2bC 2

sadac P aris mRrvevi Zala, kgZ;

l _ manZili sayrdenebs Soris, sm;
b da C _ koWis ganivi sigane da simaRle, sm;
α _ or datvirTvas Soris manZili, sm.
simagre _ masalis Tvisebaa winaaRmdegoba gauwios masSi sxva ufro
magari sxeulis SeWras. qvis masalis simagre isazRvreba ramdenime
meTodiT.

13
 moosis skala
cxrili 1.4
simagris
minerali simagris maxasiaTeblebi
maCvenebeli
1 talki an carci advilad ikawreba frCxiliT

2 TabaSiri an qvamarili ikawreba frCxiliT

3 kalciti an anhidriti advilad ikawreba daniT
4 mlxobi Spati Znelad ikawreba daniT
5 apatiti didi dawoliT ikawreba daniT
ar kawravs minas

6 orToklazi odnav kawravs minas. foladis

daniT ar ikawreba

7 kvarci
8 topazi advilad kawravs minas, foladis
9 korundi daniT ar ikawreba
10 almasi

moosis skalis saSualebiT simagris dasadgenad nimuSis zedapirze

gausvamen simagris skalis mineralebs. simagre ganisazRvreba ori
mosazRvre mineraliT, romelTagan erTi ikawreba gamosacdeli masaliT,
xolo rigiT momdevno TviT kawravs nimuSebs. Tu gamosacdeli masalis
nimuSi ikawreba kvarciT, xolo TviT nimuSi kawravs orToklazs, maSin
gamosacdeli masalis simagre am mineralebis simagreebs Sorisaa
moTavsebuli da Seadgens 6,5.
cveTadoba _ cveTadobaze simtkicis gansazRvra warmoebs im
masalebisTvis, romlebsac uxdebaT cveTaze muSaoba. (kibis safexurebi,
iatakis filebi, sagzao betoni, gzis safari da sxv.). masalis cveTadoba

14
ganisazRvreba masis danakargis sididiT misi cveTis dros da
ganisazRvreba formuliT:
m1 − m2
RcveT = g/sm 2 ,
F
sadac m1 aris masalis masa cveTamde, g;
m2 _ masalis masa cveTis Semdeg, g;
F _ cveTis farTobi, sm2.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisTvis:

1. saSeni masalebis Tvisebebis klasifikacia;

2. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi;
3. meqanikuri Tvisebebi.

15
 Tavi II

bunebrivi qvis saSeni masalebi

2.1. mTis qanebi, maTi warmoSoba da klasifikacia

bunebriv qvis masalebs uZvelesi droidan iyeneben mSeneblobaSi.

cnobilia xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, romlebic agebulia da mopir-
keTebulia qvis masalebiT: sveticxoveli, jvris monasteri, gelaTi da
sxva.
bunebrivi qvis masalebi es aris mTis qanebis meqanikuri damuSavebis
Sedegad miRebuli masalebi. qani mineraluri masaa, romelic Sedgeba erTi
an ramdenime mineralisagan. monomineraluri qanebia _ kvarcis qviSa,
magneziti, kirqva,wminda TabaSiri, xolo polimineraluri qanebia _
graniti, bazalti, gabro da sxva. minerali warmoadgens qimiuri
SedgenilobiT da fizikuri TvisebebiT erTgvarovan bunebriv sxeuls. igi
warmoiqmneba dedamiwis qerqSi mimdinare fizikur-qimiuri procesebis
Sedegad.
bunebriv qvis qanebs sxvadasxva fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis gamo
farTod iyeneben mSeneblobaSi: damuSavebis gareSe (xreSi, qviSa) da
meqanikuri damuSavebiT (RorRi, mosapirkeTebeli filebi da sxva) mTis
qanebs iyeneben, rogorc ZiriTad nedleuls Semkvreli nivTierebebis
(cementi, TabaSiri, kiri) da xelovnuri qvis masalebis (aguri, betoni,
duRabi da sxva) dasamzadeblad.
mTis qanebis klasifikacia damyarebulia mis warmoSobaze. warmoSoba
da warmoqmnis pirobebi gansazRvravs maT qimiur-mineralogiur
Sedgenilobas, kristalur agebulebas da struqturas. Ees maCveneblebi
ganapirobeben qanebis simtkices, xangrZlivobas, dekoratiul Tvisebebs.
warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT qvis qanebi iyofa sam jgufad:
amofrqveuli, naleqi da saxeSecvlili anu metamorfuli qanebi.

16
 amofrqveuli qanebi warmoiqmneba Txevadi cecxlovani masis
amofrqveviT dedamiwis siRrmidan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu magma gacivda da
gamagrda dedamiwis zedapiridan did siRrmeze, maRali wnevis da
temperaturis dros warmoiqmneba siRrmuli masuri qanebi. (graniti, sieniti,
gabro, dioriti). Tu magma gacivda dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos, dabali
temperaturis da wnevis dros, warmoiqmneba gadmonTxeuli qanebi (diabazi,
andeziti, bazalti).
amofrqveuli qanebis ZiriTadi qanTwarmomqmneli mineralebia: kvarci,
mindvris Spati, qarsi, da rkinamagneziuri mineralebi. amofrqveuli qvis
qanebis ZiriTadi saxeebia: graniti, sieniti, dioriti, gabro, bazalti,
diabazi, porfiriti da andeziti.
fxvieri namtvrevi qanebi warmoiqmeba vulkanuri amofrqvevebis dros,
magmis mcire nawilakebis swrafi gaciebiT. Mmetad wvril fxvnilisebr
masas, 0,15 mm-ze naklebi zomis marcvlebs, vulkanur ferfls uwodeben;
ufro msxvilmarcvlovans (5-30 mm) - pemzas.
vulkanuri tufi namtvrevi dacementebuli qania. igi warmoiqmneba
vulkanuri ferflis, qviSisa da pemzis marcvlebis erTmaneTTan bunebrivi
Secementebis Sedegad.
naleqi qanebi warmoiqmnen amofrqveuli da sxva qanebis meqanikuri
daSlis da qimiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad, temperaturuli cvlilebebis,
wylis da qaris moqmedebiT. naleqi qanebi ganlagebulia, rogorc
dedamiwis qerqis zeda fenebSi, aseve zRvebis, mdinareebis, tbebis fskerze.
naleqi qanebis warmomqmneli mineralebia: kalciti – CaCO3, magneziti –
MgCO3, dolomiti, TabaSiri, anhidridi. Nnaleqi qanebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
kirqva, carci, niJarqva, kirqvovani tufi _ ujredovani agebulebis qania,
diatomiti da trepeli _ fxvieri foriani qanebia. Nnamtvrev fxvier qanebs
simsxos mixedviT Semdegnairad yofen: kaWari _ 15 sm-dan 1m-mde; xreSi - 0,5-
15 sm-mde; qviSa-0,15-5 mm-mde; mtveri _ 0,005-0,15 mm-mde; Tixa _ 0,005 mm-mde.
Nnamtvrevi fxvieri qanebi droTa ganmavlobaSi dacementdeba TixiT,
kalcitiT an kaJmiwiT da warmoqmnis dacementebul qanebs: qviSa-qvebs,
konglomerats da breqCias.

17
 metamorfuli qanebi _ warmoiqmneba dedamiwis qerqis siRrmeSi
amofrqveuli da naleqi qanebis gardaqmniT maRali wnevis, temperaturis da
airebis moqmedebis Sedegad. aseTebia: gneisi, kvarcitebi, marmarilo,
fiqlebi.
gneisi mineralogiuri SemadgenlobiT granitis msgavsia. gneisi
naklebad yinvamedegia, vidre graniti. miuxedevad amisa, maRali simkvrive
da sakmarisi simtkice (200 mgpa) saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes
gzebis mokirwylisaTvis, trotuaris filebis dasamzadeblad da sxva.
gavrcelebulia ukrainaSi, uralSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi.
marmarilo warmoiqmneba kirqvis da dolomitebis gadakristalebiT
maRali temperaturis da wnevis moqmedebiT. marmarilo masSi Semavali
marilebis, liTonis Jangeulebis da sxva danamatebis mixedviT sxvadasxva
Seferilobisaa: vardisferi, yviTeli, Savi da sxva. Mmarmarilos sabadoebia
cimbirSi, uralSi, Sua aziaSi, yirimSi da sxva. saqarTvelo mdidaria
maRalxarisxovani marmarilos sabadoebiT. cnobilia Telavis, SroSis,
svaneTis, sadaxlos sabadoebi.
kvarcitebi warmoiqmneba kvarcis marcvlebis gadakristalebiT da
maTi SezrdiT kaJmiwian qviSasTan. Ees kavSiri imdenad mWidroa, rom
kristaluri marcvlebis gamorCeva macementeblisgan SeuZlebelia.
kvarcitebi gvxvdeba wiTeli, iisferi, mwvane, TeTri, muqi Sindisferi.
kvarcitebi moipoveba uralSi, ukrainaSi, cimbirSi. saqarTveloSi misi
sabadoebia – bolnisSi. Ggamoiyeneba cecxlgamZle nakeTobebis
dasamzadeblad sadnobi Rumelebis amosagebad, misi xangamZleoba da
atmosferomedegoba saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes mosapirkeTeblad
monumentur nagebobebSi.
fiqlebi. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Tixovani fiqlebi,
romlebic warmoiqmnen Tixisagan maTi Semkvrivebis da nawilobrivi
gadakristalebiT. Tixovani fiqlebi Seicaven qarsis furclebs, mindvris
Spats, kvarcs da sxva mineralebs. fiqlebis feria muqi ruxi. gamoiyeneba
rogorc saxuravis masala (bunebrivi Siferi). fiqlebis sabadoebia

18
uralSi, ukrainaSi. saqarTveloSi fiqlebi moipoveba onis, mestiis da sxva
raionebSi.

2.2. bunebrivi qvis masalebis klasifikacia,

saxeebi da gamoyeneba

bunebrivi qvis saSen masalebs ganasxvaveben Semdegi maCveneblebis

mixedviT:
1. moculobiTi masis mixedviT (mSral mdgomareobaSi): msubuqi
ς m < 1800 kg/m3 (iyeneben ZiriTadad gasaTbobi nagebobebis kedlebisaTvis) da
ς m < 1800 kg/m3 (gamoiyeneba sayrden kedlebSi, cokolebSi, saZirkvlis
wyobisaTvis da sxva).
2. simtkicis mixedviT kumSvisas: dabali simtkicis, romelTa
simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas aris 2,5-10 mgpa; saSualo simtkicis – 15-40 mgpa;
maRali simtkicis – 50 mgpa da meti.
3. yinvagamZleobis mixedviT klasificirdeba Semdeg markebad;
10,15,25,35,50,100,150,200,300 da 500.
4. wyalmedegobis mixedviT qvis masalebi iyofa jgufebad darbilebis
koeficientis sididis mixedviT: K dar aranakleb 0,6, 0,75, 0,9 da 1.
nagebobebis saZirkvlebis da kedlis wyobisTvis gamoiyeneba yore qva.
darbilebis koeficienti unda iyos _ aranakleb 0,75, xolo yinvagamZleoba
_ aranakleb 15 –is. yoreqva warmoadgens 150-500 mm zomis araswori formis
natexebs.
qvis blokebi wesieri geometriuli formis qvis saSeni masalaa.
gamoiyeneba samrewvelo, samoqalaqo da sxva saxis nagebobebis kedlis
wyobis da sxva daniSnulebiT. Mmisi zomebia; xeliT wyobisaTvis: 390×190×188
da 490×240×188 mm; meqanizebuli wyobisaTvis 3000×1000×500 mm. blokebis
dasamzadeblad iyeneben dolomitebs, kirqvebs, vulkanur tufs da sxva qvis
qanebs.

19
 nagebobebis gare mopirkeTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba graniti, sieniti,
dioriti, gabro, kvarciti. Siga mopirkeTebisTvis gamoiyeneba marmarilo,
forovani kirqvebi, tufebi da sxva, iatakis mosapirkeTeblad gamoiyeneba
mkvrivi qanebisgan (graniti, sieniti, kvarciti, marmarilo da sxva)
miRebuli gaprialebuli filebi, sisqiT aranakleb 20 mm. kibeebi keTdeba
mkvrivi, cveTa medegi qanebisgan.
sagzao mSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyeneba amofrqveuli danaleqi
bunebrivi qvis Semdegi masalebi da nakeTobebi: bortis qvebi, Zelakebi,
napobi an riyis qva, RorRi, qviSa da mineraluri fxvnili.
bortis qvebi gamoiyeneba gzis savali nawilis gamosayofad
trotuarisagan. igi warmoadgens 70-200 sm sigrZis Zels; aris dabali-30 sm
simaRlis da maRali _ 40 sm simaRlis; zeda nawilis sigane aris 10,15 da 20
sm. Bbortis qvebi mzaddeba granitis, bazaltis da diabazis qanebisagan.
wyalSTanTqma ar unda aRematebodes 0,6%-s, xolo simtkice kumSvisas unda
iyos 100 mgpa.
Zelura _ napobi an Tlili Zelia, romlis simaRle _ 10-16 sm; sigane
_ 12-15 sm. da sigrZe _ 15-25 sm. gamoiyeneba qvafenilebis, moednebis da sxva
Mmosawyobad.
riyis qvas iyeneben miwayrilebis, wylis auzebis, napirebis
gasamagreblad da sxva.
bunebrivi qvis mopoveba xdeba ERia xerxiT, Tu igi dedamiwis qerqis
zedapirul fenebSia; xolo Tu qani dedamiwis siRrmeSia, mopoveba xdeba
Saxturi wesiT.
bunebrivi qvis masalebi miekuTvneba xangamZle saSen masalebs.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, atmosferuli teni, mJavebi da sxva agresiuli wylebi
iwveven qvis nakeTobebSi bzarebis gaCenas da maT nawilobriv an srul
rRvevas. dacvis meTodebis SerCeva damokidebulia qvis masalis
Taviseburebaze da misi muSaobis pirobebze. Eefeqturia qvis nakeTobis
zedapiris gaJRenTva fluatebiT, romlebic garkveul siRrmeze aRweven
qvaSi da amkvriveben mas. aseTebia siliciumfToriani magniumi da

20
siliciumfToriani alumini. Qqvis masebis dacva SeiZleba konstruqciuli
saSualebiTac, rac iTvaliswinebs qvis nakeTobis daxras.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. mTis qanebis klasifikacia;

2. bunebrivi qvis masalebi, maTi mopoveba da gamoyeneba;
3. bunebrivi qvis masalebis dacva.

21
moliTis marmarilosmagvari kirqva

eklaris kirqva

22
dizis marmarilo

SroSis marmarilosmagvari kirqva

23
lopotis marmarilo salieTis marmarilosmagvari kirqva

sadaxlos marmarilosmagvari kirqva

24
 kursebis tuSeniti

bolnisis tufi

25
 Tavi III

keramikuli nakeTobebi

keramikuli nakeTobebs amzadeben bunebrivi Tixebisagan, zogjer maT

umateben sxvadasxva organul da mineralur danamatebs. Kkeramikuli
nakeTobebis teqnologia moicavs oTx ZiriTad process – Tixebis
momzadeba, dayalibeba, Sroba da gamowva. keramikuli nakeTobebi iyofa or
jgufad – forian da mkvriv masalebad. foriani masalebi xasiaTdeba
wyalSTanTqmiT 5% da meti, xolo mkvrivi masalebis wyalSTanTqma
naklebia 5%-ze. Fforian nakeTobebs miekuTvneba Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri,
Rruebiani aguri, Rruebiani kedlis qvebi, saxuravis kramiti,
mosapirkeTebeli masalebi da keramikuli milebi. mkvriv nakeTobebs
miekuTvneba iatakis filebi, sagzao aguri, sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi.
keramikuli nakeTobebis maRali simtkice, farTo asortimenti,
teqnologiis simartive, da xangamZleoba saSualebas iZleva, rom farTod
iqnes gamoyenebuli Senobis yvela nawilSi. Kkeramikul nakeTobebs aqvT
erTi mniSvnelovani nakli – sxva samSeneblo masalebTan SedarebiT
gadidebuli simyife.
keramikuli masalebisaTvis ZiriTad nedleuls warmoadgens Tixa.
teqnologiuri da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis gasaumjobeseblad TixaSi
SehyavT danamatebi. (kvarcis qviSa, Samoti,wida,xe-tyis naxerxi, qvanaxSiris
mtveri da sxva). Tixebi warmoiqmnebian amofrqveuli mTis qanebis-mindvris
Spatebis gamoqarviT. Tixis SedgenilobaSi Sedis mineralebi: kvarci, qarsi,
mindvris Spati, kalciti, magneziti da sxva. SedarebiT sufTa Tixebi
Sedgeba umetesad kaolinitisagan, romlebic miiReba mindvris Spatze
wylis da naxSirorJangis moqmedebiT. AaseT Tixebs uwodeben kaolinitur
Tixebs ( Al 2 O3 ⋅ 2 sio2 ⋅ H 2 O).
Tixebi warmoqmnis pirobebis mixedviT iyofa narCen da gadatanil
Tixebad. narCeni Tixebi danagvianebulia im qanis nawilebiT, romlisganac
warmoiqmnen. Ggadatanili Tixebi umetesad dispersiulia, isini

26
Tavisufalia pirveladi qanis msxvili fraqciebisagan, magram SesaZlebelia
danagvianebuli iyos qviSiT, kirqviT, rkinis naerTebiT da sxva.
maRal temperaturebze damokidebulebis mixedviT arCeven Tixebis sam
jgufs: cecxlgamZle, Zneladdnobadi da advildnobadi. cecxlgamZle
Tixebi uZlebs temperaturas O15800C. aseTi Tixebi Seicaven didi
raodenobiT Tixamiwas (Al2O3- 40%-mde) da mcire raodenobis minarevebs.
Tixebs, romlebsac gamowvis Semdeg aqvs TeTri feri, uwodeben
faifurovans. maT iyeneben qaSanuris (fainsi) da faifuris warmoebaSi.
Zneldnobadi Tixebi uZleben temperaturas _ 1350_15800C. gamoiyeneba
iatakis filebis, sakanalizacio milebis, mosapirkeTebeli aguris da sxv.
Ddasamzadeblad. advilad dnobadi Tixebis cecxlgamZleoba naklebia
13500C-ze. isini Seicaven qviSis da kirqvis minarevebs, organul naerTebs,
rkinis Jangeulebs. maT iyeneben aguris blokebis, kramitis da sxva
masalebis dasamzadeblad.
Tixebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da minarevebi. Tixebi Sedgeba
sxvadasxva Jangeulebisagan, Tavisufali da qimiurad mierTebuli wylis da
organuli minarevebisagan. Jangeulebidan Tixis SedgenilobaSi Sedis:
Tixamiwa _ Al2O3, kaJmiwa – SiO2, kalciumis Jangi _ CaO, rkinis Jangi _ Fe2O3,
natriumis Jangi _ Na2O, magniumis Jangi _MMgO da kaliumis Jangi – K2O.
Tixamiwa – Al2O3 mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens keramikuli nakeTobebis
Tvisebebze, rac metia misi raodenoba, miT metia Tixis plastikuroba da
cecxlgamZleoba. kaJmiwa _ SiO2 ZiriTadi (raodenobrivad 60-80%)
Jangeulia, romelic warmoqmnis Tixas. rkinis Jangis raodenoba
ganapirobebs Tixis nakeTobebis fers da natexaris Secxobis temperaturas.
minarevebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen Tixis Tvisebebze. rkinis
naerTebi amcirebs Tixis cecxlgamZleobas. Oorganuli nivTierebebis
Semcveloba ki dakavSirebulia gamowvis dros masis kargvasTan da
Sesabamisad nakeTobis SeklebasTan; garda amisa organuli naerTebis
gadidebuli raodenoba amcirebs Tixis cecxlgamZleobas.
Tixis ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri Tvisebaa
plastikuroba. plastikurobis xarisxi damokidebulia Tixis mineralogiur

27
da granulometriul Sedgenilobaze, marcvlebis formas da zedapiris
xasiaTze, organul naerTebsa da wylis Semcvelobaze. plastikurobis
xarisxis mixedviT Tixebi iyofa maRalplastikur Tixebad –
wyalmomTxovneloba 28% da meti, haeruli Sekleba 10-15%. saSualo
plastikurobis Tixebi _ wyalmoTxovniloba _ 20-28%, haeruli Sekleba 7-
10%; mcire plastikurobis Tixebi _ wyalmomTxovneloba _20%-ze naklebi,
haeruli Sekleba _5-7%.
Tixebis granulometriuli Sedgeniloba Semdegia:
qviSis fraqcia -5-0,14 mm; mtvrisebri fraqcia -0,14-0,005 mm; Tixis
fraqcia _ 0,005 mm-ze naklebi.
keramikuli nakeTobebisaTvis sxvadasxva Tvisebebis misaniWeblad
TixaSi SehyavT damamWlevebuli, amowvadi da specialuri danamatebi.
araplastikur TixebSi umateben damamWleveblebs (kvarcis qviSa, dafquli
wida, nacari, nakeTobis lewi), romlebic mniSvnelovnad amcireben wylis
xarjs da Seklebas. garda amisa aumjobeseben masis dayalibebas,
aadvileben teqnologiur process. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi aumjobeseben
nakeTobis Tbomedegobas da Tbogamtarobas. amowvadi danamatebi gamoiyeneba
mcire moculobiTi masis da maRali forianobis nakeTobebis
dasamzadeblad. umetesad gamoiyeneba organuli danamatebi: qvanaxSiris
fxvnili, torfis mtveri, xis naxerxi da sxva. gamoiyeneba agreTve
danamatebi, romlebic maRal temperaturaze gamowvis dros gamoyofen
naxSirorJangs, romelic warmoqmnis forebs. aseTebia carci, dolomiti da
Tixovani mergeli.
specialuri danamatebi gamoiyeneba nakeTobebisaTvis specialuri
Tvisebebis misaniWeblad. Mmag. MmJavamedegi nakeTobebis da mosapirkeTebeli
filebis damzadebisas Tixebs umateben qviSian narevebs, romlebic
aduRabebulia Txevadi miniT an tuteebiT. Tixebs sxvadasxva
SeferelobisaTvis emateba zogierTi liTonis Jangeulebi.

28
 3.1. keramikuli nakeTobebis saerTo
teqnologiuri sqema

keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoebis teqnologia Sedgeba Semdegi

stadiebisagan: Tixis mopoveba da masis momzadeba, nakeTobebis dayalibeba,
Sroba, gamowva, nakeTobis damuSaveba (daWra, moWiqureba da sxva).
masis momzadeba iTvaliswinebs Tixebis damsxvrevas, dawvrilmanebas,
Tixis arevas danamatebTan erTad, mis datenianebas da
advildasayalibebeli masis miRebas.
keramikuli nakeTobebis damzadeba warmoebs sveli, plastikuri da
naxevrad mSrali meTodiT. sveli xerxis dros nedleuls awvrilmaneben da
ureven 60%-mde wyalSi. Aam dros miiReba erTgvarovani masa _ Slikeri.
Pplastikuri xerxiT dayalibebisas datenianeba xdeba 20-25%-mde da Tixis
areva danamatebTan erTad xdeba TixasarevSi. naxevrad mSrali xerxiT
warmoebis dros Tixas amsxvreven, aSroben, awvrilmaneben da atenianeben 8-
12%-mde.
nakeTobebis dayalibebas plastikuri da sveli xerxebis dros
awarmoeben lentur wnexebze, xolo naxevrad mSrali xerxis SemTxvevaSi
dayalibeba xdeba hidravlikur an meqanikur wnexebze.
Semdegi stadia aris Sroba. Sroba warmoebs xelovnurad, airebis an
cxeli haeris saSualebiT, perioduli moqmedebis kamerul an uwyveti
moqmedebis gvirabisebr saSrobebSi. Srobis dros warmoebs tenis
gadaadgileba nakeTobis Siga nawilidan zedapirze da Semdgom aorTqleba.
tenis aorTqlebis Sedegad masalis nawilakebi uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs da
warmoebs Sekleba.
keramikuli nakeTobebis gamowvis procesi SeiZleba daiyos sam
periodad: gaxurebis, gamowvis da gaciebisGgaxurebis dros 100-1200C-mde.
temperaturas nel-nela zrdian bzarebis gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad.
Semdeg temperaturas swrafad zrdian 750-8000C-mde. Aam dros advildnobadi
SenaerTebi iwyeben dnobas, gars ekvrian udnobad nawilakebs, rasac Tan
sdevs wrfivi zomebis Semcireba da nakeTobis gamkvriveba. advildnobadi

29
Tixebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gamowvas awarmoeben 900-11000C-ze. Zalzed
mniSvnelovania gaciebis periodi. gacieba xdeba TandaTanobiT bzarebis
gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad. 8000C-mde temperaturas sweven nela, xolo
Semdeg SeiZleba temperaturis dawevis aCqareba.

3.2. Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri

Tixis aguri swori paralelepipedis formis xelovnuri qvaa,

romelic mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebisagan dayalibebiT, SrobiT da
gamowviT. aguris standartuli zomebia: 250×120×65mm. agurs amzadeben ori
xerxiT: plastikuri da naxevrad mSrali. Uufro gavrcelebulia
plastikuri xerxi, romelic Semdegi teqnologiuri procesebiT
mimdinareobs: Tixis dawvrilmaneba xdeba lilvakisebur samsxvrevelebSi,
Semdeg TixasarevSi xdeba Tixis datenianeba 18-25%-mde da areva
erTgvarovani plastikuri masis miRebamde. momzadebuli masa miewodeba
lentur wnexs. lentur wnexze Tixis masa Snekis saSualebiT
SemWidrovdeba da gadaagildeba gamosasvleli xvrelisaken – satuCesaken.
satuCedan uwyvetad gamodis dayalibebuli Tixis Zeli, romelic iWreba
aguris zomebad da ewyoba saSrobis vagonetze. aseTi wnexis mwarmoebloba
10000 cali aguria saaTSi. Srobis xangZlivoba 24 saaTidan 70 saaTamdea.
damamTavrebeli stadiaa aguris gamowva. gamowvas awarmoeben uwyveti
moqmedebis wriul an gvirabisebur RumelebSi. wriuli Rumelebi
gamoirCeva maRali SromatevadobiT da muSaobis mZime pirobebiT, amitom
axal qarxnebSi maT ar aSeneben da gamoiyeneben gvirabisebur Rumelebs.
gvirabiseburi Rumeli warmoadgens 3,5_5,5 m2 kveTis 100_150 m sigrZis
arxs. arxSi aris relsebi, romlebzec moZraoben vagonetebi. dayalibebuli
agurebiT. Ggvirabisebur Rumels aqvs sami zona: gaxurebis, gamowvis da
gaciebis. Ggaxurebis periodSi aguris masidan orTqldeba higroskopiuli
da hidratiuli teni, iwvis organuli minarevebi, Tanabrad xurdeba masa da
iSleba karbonatebi. Ggadnobis dros xdeba Tixis dnobadi nawilakebis

30
gadnoba, romlebic gars ertymis Tixis udnob nawilakebs da Seacxobs mas.
Ggaciebis periodSi xdeba qvis warmoqmna.

nax. 1. gvirabiseburi Rumeli.

aguris warmoebis naxevrad mSral xerxs is upiratesoba aqvs

plastikurTan SedarebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
mcireplastikuri Tixebis gamoyeneba da gamoricxulia Srobis procesi.
naxevrad mSrali xerxiT aguris dayalibebis dros nedleul masalebs,
winaswari dawvrilmanebis Semdeg aSroben saSrob dolSi 6-8%
tenianobamde, awvrilmaneben dezintegratorSi, crian, atenianeben 8-12%-mde
da ureven. dayalibeba warmoebs hidravlikur an meqanikur wnexebze.
naxevrad mSrali meTodiT SesaZlebelia rogorc mTliani, ise
naxvretebiani aguris da sxvadasxva keramikuli filebis dayalibeba.

31
 aguris Tvisebebi. Aaguris xarisxi unda akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo
standartis moTxovnebs. Aagurs unda hqondes marTkuTxa paralelepipedis
forma, swori kuTxeebiT da wiboebiT. aguris zomebia: sigrZe _ 250±6 mm,
sigane _ 120±4 mm da sisqe _ 65±3 mm. aguri unda iyos normalurad
gamomwvari. wyalSTanTqma normalurad gamomwvari agurisTvis unda iyos
aranakleb 8%, xolo yinvagamZleoba _ aranaleb 15 ciklisa. moculobiTi
masa meryeobs 1700-1990kg/m3-is farglebSi, Tbogamtarobis koeficientia 0,5-
0,75. aguri mzaddeba xuTi markis: 75,100,125,150 da 200.
Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri gamoiyeneba Siga da gare kedlebis
panelebis dasamzadeblad, gare da Siga kedlebis, svetebis da sxva mzidi
konstruqciebisaTvs.

3.3. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi

efeqtur keramkul masalebs uwodeben iseT masalebs, romlebsac aqvT

mcire moculobiTi masa, dabali Tbogamtarobis koeficienti, sakmarisi
simtkice da SedarebiT naklebi Rirebuleba. mSeneblobaSi Cveulebrivi
Tixis aguri xSirad adgils uTmobs iseT efeqtur masalebs, rogoricaa
Tixis Rruebiani aguri, msubuqi aguri, Rruebiani keramikuli qvebi da sxva.
Tixis Rruebiani aguri mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebis da
danamatebis gamoyenebiT, plastikuri da naxevrad mSrali dawnexvis xerxiT.
Ddayalibeba sasurvelia vakuumwnexebze, romlebsac aqvT specialuri
mowyobilobebi (kernebi) agurSi sicarieleebis warmosaqmnelad.
sicarieleebi agurSi SeiZleba iyos mrgvali _ diametriT ara umetes 15 mm
da marTkuTxa _ siganiT 15 mm. Rruebian agurs amzadeben 250×120×65 mm an
250X120X88 mm zomisas. misi markebia: 75, 100, 125 da 150; moculobiTi masa _
1000 _ 1450 kg/m3, wyalSTanTqma _ aranakleb 6%; yinvagamZleoba _ aranakleb
15 ciklis. gamoiyeneba gare da Siga kedlebis, tixrebis da Senobebis sxva
nawilebisaTvis. Aar aris rekomendebuli misi gamoyeneba Senobebis
saZirkvlebis, cokolis da sveli kedlebis wyobisaTvis.

32
 nax. 2. Tixis Rruebiani aguri.

samSeneblo msubuqi aguri mzaddeba diatomitis an trepelisagan

Tixis damatebiT. an Tixisa da amosawvavi danamatebisagan. am agurs aqvs
mcire moculobiTi masa da Tbogamtaroba. misi gamoyenebiT SeiZleba
Semcirdes kedlis sisqe 40%-iT, Semsubuqdes konstruqcia 36%-iT. aguri
mzaddeba zomebis: 250×120×88 mm Tu moculobiTi masa aris 700-1000 kv/m3
gamodis Semdegi markebis: 35,50,75 kmZ/sm2; roca moculobiTi masa 1000-1300
km/m3-ia, markebia 50 da 75 kmZ/sm2, xolo roca moculobiTi masa aris 1300-
1500 kv/m3, simtkice aris 50,75 da 100 kmZ/sm2 yinvagamZleoba unda iyos –
aranakleb 10 ciklisa. Mmsubuq agurs iyeneben normaluri tenianobis
SenobebisaTvis.
keramikuli qvebi. maT ayalibeben gluvi an daRaruli zedapirebiT,
vakuumwnexebze gamWoli an Caketili sicarieleebiT. Qqvis zomebia: sigrZe _
250-290 mm, sigane _ 120-190 mm, sisqe _ 138-288 mm moculobiTi masa _ 1300-1450
kv/m3 wyalSTanTqma aranaklebi 6%-sa, yinvagamZleoba – aranakleb 15
ciklisa. keramikuli qvebi gamodis oTxi markis: 75,100,125,150. isini cvlian
Cveulebriv agurs, magram maTi gamoyeneba ar aris mizanSewonili
nagebobebis saZirkvlebsa da cokolebSi da teniani Senobebis gare
kedlebSi.

33
 3.4. specialuri daniSnulebis keramikuli masalebi

Tixis mrudTarga aguri mzaddeba Cveulebrivi aguris analogiurad.

amzadeben zomebiT: sigrZe _ 80-225 mm, simrudis radiusi _ 850-1500 mm. misi
markebia: 100, 125 da 150. wyalSTanTqma _ aranakleb 8%-is, yinvagamZleoba _
aranakleb 15 ciklis. gamoiyeneba bol _ da airsadeni milebis wyobisa da
amogebisaTvis, rodesac aguri airebis saSualebiT cxeldeba 7000C-mde.
sagzao aguri – mzaddeba Zneldnobadi Tixebisagan. misi zomebi;
220X110X65 mm. sagzao aguri mzaddeba Semdegi markebis: 400, 600, 1000 kgZ/sm2
(40, 60, 100 mgpa); yinvagamZleoba – 30, 50, 100 cikli, wyalSTanTqma ara
umetes 2, 4, 6%-is; cveTis koeficienti %-Si – aranakleb 14, 16, 18.
sadrenaJo keramikuli milebi mzaddeba plastikuri Tixebisagan,
lentur wnexebze dayalibebiT da Semdgomi gamowviT. milebis gare
zedapirs faraven WiquriT. sadrenaJo milebi mzaddeba 25-250 mm diametris,
335-500 mm sigrZis da yinvagamZleobiT aranakieb 15 ciklis.
sakanalizacio keramikuli milebi mzaddeba cecxlgamZle an
Zneldnobadi Tixebisagan, diametriT 100-dan 600 mm-mde, sigrZiT _ 800-1200
mm. milebis gare da Siga zedapiri dafarulia WiquriT. kedlis sisqe Siga
diametris Sesabamisad unda iyos 19-41 mm. dayalibeba warmoebs milisebr
wnexebze. gamowva xdeba kamerul da gvirabisebur RumelebSi 1250-
13000C-ze. sakanalizacio milebi wyalSTanTqmis mixedviT aris I da II
xarisxis. I xarisxis milebisaTvis wyalSTanTqma unda iyos _ ara umetes
9%-is, xolo II xarisxisaTvis _ ara umetes 11%-is. mJavamedegoba unda iyos
aranakleb 90%-is. unda uZlebdes hidravlikur wnevas aranakleb 2
atmosferosi. gamoiyeneba sawarmoo da sameurneo-fekaluri, sakanalizacio
da wyalsadinari qselebisaTvis.

3.5. Tixis kramiti

Tixis kramiti gamoiyeneba uZvelesi droidan. igi lamazi, xangamZle

da iafi masalaa. misi naklia – simZime (65 kg/m2) da saxuravis samuSaoebis

34
didi Sromatevadoba. mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebisagan. mSeneblobaSi
gamoiyeneba oTxi saxis kramiti: daStampuli, kiloiani, brtyeli, kexis da
lenturi.
kramitis damzadebis teqnologia ZiriTadad ar gansxvavdeba aguris
damzadebisagan. dayalibebamde Tixas guldasmiT amuSaveben erTgvarovani
plastikuri masis miRebamde. ayalibeben lentur wnexebze. Semdeg xdeba
Sroba da bolos gamowva natexaris srul Secxobamde. gamowva xdeba 950-
10000C-ze. kramiti unda iyos kargad gamomwvari. unda hqondes swori da
gluvi zedapiri, wyalSeuRwevadi da yinvagamZle.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. Tixa da misi Tvisebebi;

2. keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoSobis saerTo teqnologiuri sqema;
3. aguri, warmoebis teqnologiuri sqema da Tvisebebi;
4. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi;
5. sadrenaJo da sakanalizacio masalebi;
6. kramiti.

35
 Tavi IV

araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi

Semkvreli nivTierebebi, maTi Tvisebebis, Sedgenilobis da

gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa: araorganul da organul Semkvrelebad.
araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi warmoadgens fxvnilisebr
masalas, romlebic wyalTan urTierTqmedebisas gadadian plastiur
mdgomareobaSi, fizikur-qimiuri procesebis moqmedebis Sedegad nel-nela
magrdebian da gadadian qvisebr mdgomareobaSi. organuli Semkvreli
nivTierebebi hidrofoburia: isini muSa mdgomareobaSi gadadian
gacxelebiT an organul xsnarebSi aduRabebiT. Aaraorganuli Semkvreli
nivTierebebi iyofa haerul da hidravlikur Semkvrelebad.
haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi wyalSi aduRabebis Semdeg gadadian
qvisebr mdgomareobaSi, inarCuneben da imateben simtkiceSi mxolod haerze.
haerul Semkvrelebs miekuTvneba: TabaSiri, haeruli kiri, magneziuri
Semkvrelebi da Txevadi mina.
hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi magrdebian, inarCuneben da
imateben simtkiceSi ara mxolod haerze, aramed wyalSic. hidravlikur
Semkvrelebs miekuTvneba: hidravlikuri kiri, portlandcementi da misi
nairsaxeobebi da sxv.
haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi gamoiyeneba mxolod miwiszeda
nagebobebSi, xolo hidravlikuri Semkvrelebi, rogorc miwiszeda, aseve
miwisqveSa da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi.
calke jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos avtoklavuri gamyarebis
Semkvrelebi, romlebic magrdeba mxolod maRali temperaturisa da
gajerebuli oTqlis wnevis moqmedebis Sedegad avtoklavebSi. aseTebia:
kir-kaJmiwovani, kir-nacriani, kir-wida da sxva Semkvrelebi.

36
 4.1. haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi

TabaSiri

TabaSiri haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebaa, romelic nedleulis saxisa

da damzadebis teqnologiuri procesis mixedviT iyofa or jgufad;
dabali gamowvis (TabaSirovani) da maRali gamowvis (anhidridul)
Semkvrelebad.
dabali gamowvis TabaSiri swrafmWidi da swrafmyarebadi
nivTierebaa, romelic miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris qvis CaSO4·2H2O
gaxurebiT 140-1800C-mde. am jgufs miekuTvneba: samSeneblo TabaSiri, maRali
simtkicis da sayalibo TabaSiri.
maRali gamowvis (anhidriduli) TabaSiri miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris
qvis gamowviT 700-10000C-ze. mas miekuTvneba anhidriduli cementi da maRali
gamowvis TabaSiri (estrix – TabaSiri). es Semkvrelebi nela myardeba da
Seicavs uwylo kalciumis sulfats (CaSO4).
TabaSirovani Semkvrelebis misaRebad ZiriTad nedleuls
warmoadgens bunebrivi TabaSiris qva, gaji (Tixa – TabaSiris narevi) da
qimiuri mrewvelobis narCenebi.
samSeneblo TabaSiri – miiReba nedleulis msxvreviT, dafqviT da
Tburi damuSavebiT. TabaSiris Tburi damuSaveba xdeba saxarS qvabebSi 140-
1800C-ze, 90-120 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. saxarSi qvabis moculoba aris 3-5 m3.
140-1800C-ze warmoebs orwyliani TabaSiris qvis dehidratacia:

CaSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O → CaSO 4 ⋅ 0,5 H 2 O + 1,5 H 2 O .

miRebuli naxevarwyliani TabaSiri warmoadgens samSeneblo TabaSirs.

samSeneblo TabaSiri TeTri feris fxvnilia. misi moculobiTi masa aris
800-1000 kg/m3, simkvrive – 2,65-2,75 g/sm3. igi swrafSemkvreli da
swrafmyarebadia. Sekvris procesis dasawyisi aris 3-5 wuTi, dasasruli –

37
12-30 wuTi. TabaSiris gamagreba warmoebs orwyliani kalciumis sulfatis
warmoqmniT:

CaSO4 ⋅ 0,5 H 2 O + 1,5 H 2 O → CaSO4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O .

TabaSiris gamagrebis procesSi ganasxvaveben sam periods: gaxsnis,

koloidaciis da kristalizaciis periodebs.
TabaSiris Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens gaxsnisaTvis saWiro wylis
raodenoba da dafqvis siwminde. Teoriulad TabaSiris sruli
hidrataciisaTvis saWiroa 18,6% wyali, xolo normaluri sisqis comis
misaRebad saWiroa 50-70% wyali. gamyarebis procesSi zedmeti wyali
orTqldeba, matulobs TabaSiris qvis forianoba (40-50%) da Sesabamisad
klebulobs simtkice. TabaSiris dafqvis simtkice ganisazRvreba TabaSiris
fxvnilis narCeniT sacerze #02. pirveli xarisxis TabaSirisaTvis es
narCeni ar unda aRematebodes 15%, meore xarisxisaTvis _ 20%, mesame
xarisxisaTvis _ 30%.
TabaSiris simtkice ganisazRvreba 4×4×16 sm zomis Zelakebis
gamocdiT Runvaze da kumSvaze. dafqvis siwmindis mixedviT nimuSebis
simtkicis zRvari Runvisas 1,5 saaTis Semdeg unda iyos aranakleb 2,7; 2,2
da 1,7 mgpa, xolo naxevarZelakebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas unda iyos
aranakleb 5,5; 4,5 da 3,5 mgpa, Sesabamisad 1, 2 da 3 xarisxis TabaSirisaTvis.
samSeneblo TabaSiri gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli da mosapirkeTebeli
nakeTobebis, tixris filebis, panelebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad.
gamoiyeneba TabaSiriani da TabaSirbetonis samSeneblo nakeTobebis
dasamzadeblad nagebobebis Sua nawilisaTvis, mSrali baTqaSis da
TabaSiris da Sereuli duRabebis dasamzadeblad.
sayalibo TabaSiri gamoiyeneba arqiteqturuli nakeTobebis yalibebis
da modelebis dasamzadeblad keramikul da mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi.
igi xasiaTdeba dafqvis maRali siwmindiT. narCeni #02 sacerze ar unda
aRematebodes 2%.

38
 anhidriduli cementi miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris qvis gamowviT 600-
700 0C-ze da Semdgomi dafqviT danamatebTan erTad. danamatebad gamoiyeneba
haerkiri (1-5%), brZmedis granulirebuli wida (10-15%) da sxva.
anhidriduli cementi xasiaTdeba neli Sekvris unariT. Sekvris procesi
iwyeba 30wT-Si da mTavrdeba ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa. misi markebia: 5, 10, 15
da 20 mgpa. gamoiyeneba wyobisa da sabaTqaSe duRabebisaTvis, xelovnuri
marmarilos, Tbosaizolacio masalebis da sxva dekoratiuli masalebis
dasamzadeblad.
maRali gamowvis TabaSiri (estrix-TabaSiri) miiReba bunebrivi
TabaSiris qvis gamowviT 800-10000C-ze da Semdgomi dafqviT. gamowvis dros
xdeba TabaSiris gauwyloeba da anhidridis nawilobrivi daSla CaSO4→
CaO+ SO4. wamoqmnili CaO moqmedebs rogorc katalizatori da aCqarebs
Sekvris process. misi markebia 10, 15, 20 mgpa. gamoiyeneba wyobisa da
sabaTqaSe duRabebisaTvis, xelovnuri marmarilos, mozaikuri iatakis
mosawyobad da sxva.
gaji _ haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebaa, romelic miiReba
TixaTabaSiriani qanebisagan. gamowva xdeba 150-2500C. gajis Sekvris procesi
iwyba 3-5wT-Si da mTavrdeba 30-40 wuTSi. gajis simkvrivea 2,25-2,6 g/sm3,
moculobiT masa nayar mdgomareobaSi 800-1000 kg/m3, simtkice kumSvaze _ 40
mgpa. mas iyeneben kedlebis wyobaSi da Siga zedapirebis mobaTqaSebisaTvis.
tenian garemoSi gajis duRabs ar iyeneben.

4.2. magneziuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi

magneziur Semkvrel nivTierebebs miekuTvneba kaustikuri magneziti

da kaustikuri dolomiti.
kaustikuri magneziti miiReba bunebrivi magnezitis qvis (MgCO3)
gamowviT 800-8500C-ze. gamowvis Sedegad MgCO3 iSleba: MgCO3→MgO+CO3.
miiReba kaustikuri magneziti MgO, romelic xasiaTdeba Semkvreli
TvisebebiT. gamowvis Semdeg kaustikur magnezits fqvaven da fuTaven.

39
Sekvris procesis dasawyisia ara uadres 20 wT-sa da dasasruli ara
ugvianes _ 6sT-sa.
kaustikuri dolomiti MgO·CaCO3 miiReba bunebrivi dolomitis
MgCO3·CaCO3 gamowviT 650-7500C-ze. magneziuri Semkvrelebi ixsneba ara
wyalSi, aramed marilis xsnarebSi. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia eqvswyliani
qlorovani magniumis xsnari MgCl2·6H2O, romelic uzrunvelyofs did
simtkices.
kaustikuri magneziti xasiaTdeba SedarebiT maRali simtkiciT.
simtkice 28 dRis asakSi aRwevs 40-60 mgpa, xolo kaustikur dolomits aqvs
naklebi simtkice - 10-30 mgpa.
magneziuri Semkvrelebisgan amzadeben qsilolits da fibrolits,
nagebobebis Siga mosapirkeTebel filebs, Tbosaizolacio masalebs da
sxva.

4.3. Txevadi mina

Txevadi mina warmoadgens natriumis silikats Na2O·nSiO2 an kaliumis

silikats K2O·nSiO2, romelic miiReba wmindad dafquli kvarcis qviSis
dnobiT sodasTan Na2CO3 an natriumis sulfatTan Na2SO4 erTad 1300-14000C-
ze.
Txevadi mina magrdeba mxolod haerze. mas iyeneben mJavagamZle
cementebis da mxurvalmedegi betonis misaRebad, qviSiani gruntebis
gasamagreblad da sxva.

4.4. haerkiri

haerkiri miiReba bunebrivi qanebis: carcis, kirqvebis dolomitebis,

dolomitizirebuli kirqvebis zomieri gamowviT, romlebic Seicaven 8%-
mde Tixas.

40
 magniumis Jangis MgO-s Semcvelobis mixedviT haerkiri iyofa mcire
magneziur (MgO<5%), magneziur _ (MgO 5-20%) da dolomitian (MgO 20-40%)
haerkirad.
Caqrobis siCqaris mixedviT aris swrafadqrobadi kiri, Caqrobis
siCqariT 20 wT-mde da nelqrobadi kiri 20 wT-ze meti Caqrobis siCqariT.
CaO-sa da MgO-s Semcvelobis mixedviT kiri aris ori xarisxis.
pirveli xarisxis kirSi CaO+MgO unda iyos aranakleb 85%, xolo meore
xarisxis kirSi aranakleb 70% kiris masidan.
kirs iyeneben, rogorc sufTa saxiT, aseve danamatebTan erTad:
nacari, pemza, tufi, kvarcis qviSa, kirqva.
kiris miRebis teqnologiuri procesi moicavs Semdeg stadiebs:
kirqvis mopoveba, misi msxvreva da gamowva. gamowva kiris miRebis ZiriTadi
procesia, romlis drosac kiri miiReba kirqvis dekarbonizaciiT:
CaCO3→CaO+CO2.
kirqvis gamowva xdeba uwyveti moqmedebis Saxtur RumelebSi 1000-
12000C temperaturaze. kirs ZiriTadad iyeneben Camqrali saxiT. kirze wylis
moqmedebis Sedegad warmoebs kalciumis mJavis hidratacia
CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2+q. am dros xdeba kiris Caqroba siTbos didi raodenobis
gamoyofiT _ 15,5 kkal 1 grammolekula CaO-ze an 227 kkal 1kg CaO-ze.
kirs mSeneblobaSi iyeneben duRabis saxiT e.i. qviSasTan da sxva
SemvsebebTan erTad.
kiri inaxeba mWidrod Tavdaxurul WurWelSi da transportirdeba
daxuruli vagonebiT an avtomobilebiT.

4.5. hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi

hidravlikuri kiri

hidravlikuri kiri miiReba mergeluri kirqvebis zomieri gamowviT

900-10000C-ze. nedleuli unda Seicavdes 8-20%-mde Tixovan minarevebs.
gamowva xdeba Saxtur RumelebSi.

41
 mergeluri kirqvebis gamowvis Sedegad miRebuli kalciumis Jangi
uerTdeba TixaSi Semavali SiO2, Al2O3 da Fe2O3 Jangeulebs da warmoqmnis
Semdeg mineralebs: 2CaO·SiO2 _ orkalciumi silikati; 2CaO·Fe2O3 _
orkalciumiani feriti da CaO·Al2O3 _ erTkalciumiani aluminati. miRebuli
mineralebi ganapirobeben mis gamagrebas, ara marto haerze, aramed
wyalSic. hidravlikuri kiri aris ori saxis: susti da Zlieri.
susti hidravlikuri kiris simtkicea _ 1-1,5 mgpa, xolo
Zlierhidravlikuris _ 5 mgpa. simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas ganisazRvreba 28
dRis kombinirebuli Senaxvis Semdeg. (7 dRe haerze, 21 dRe _ wyalSi).
hidravlikuri kiri magrdeba nela. gamoiyeneba dabali simtkicis
betonebis, samSeneblo duRabebis dasamzadeblad. transportireba da
Senaxva unda moxdes daxuruli WurWliT, raTa dacul iqnes
datenianebisagan.

4.6. portlandcementi

portlandcementi ZiriTadi hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebaa,

romelic miiReba kirqvis da Tixis narevis Secxobamde gamowviT da
miRebuli klinkeris wvrilad dafqviT. Sekvris vadebis regulirebisaTvis
klinkers dafqvisas umateben 1,5-3,5%-mde TabaSirs cementis masidan
gogirdmJavas anhidridze SO3-ze gadaangariSebiT. portlandcementSi
Jangeulebis Semcveloba meryeobs Semdeg zRvrebSi: CaO-60-70%; SiO2-19-24%;
Al2O3-4-8%; Fe2O3-2-6%; MgO – ar unda aRematebodes 5%-s, SO3-1,5-3,5%.
ZiriTadi teqnologiuri procesebi portlandcementis warmoebis
Semdegia: nedleulis mopoveba da momzadeba, gamowva da gamowvis Sedegad
miRebuli klinkeris dafqva danamatebTan erTad.
nedleuli gamowvisaTvis SeiZleba momzaddes sveli da mSrali
xerxiT.
portlandcementis warmoebis sveli xerxi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
qarxanaSi mitanil nedleuls awvrilmaneben 5 mm simsxomde. magari qanebi

42
imsxvreva samsxvrevelebSi, xolo rbili qanebi (Tixa, carci) wvrilmandeba
wyalTan erTad TixasaTqvefelebSi. 35-40% datenianebul Slams, dafqul
kirqvas da danamatebs gadatumbaven milisebr wisqvilSi saboloo wvrili
dafqvisaTvis. milisebri wisqvili warmoadgens foladis cilindrs,
romlis sigrZe aris 8,5-16 m, diametri _ 2-4,5 m. wisqvili Siga mxridan
tixrebiT gayofilia or-sam kamerad. pirvel da meore kameraSi
moTavsebulia foladis an Tujis burTulebi, xolo mesameSi _ mcire
zomis cilindrebi. milisebri wisqvilidan gamosuli Txevadi masa tumbos
saSualebiT gadadis cilindruli formis Slamis auzSi, sadac xdeba
Slamis qimiuri Sedgenilobis saboloo koreqtireba da iqmneba maragi
Rumelis uwveti muSaobisaTvis. gamowva xdeba mbrunav RumelSi. mbrunavi
Rumelis sigrZe aris _ 185-200 m, diametri _ 3-5 m, Rumelis doli daxrilia
40C-iT da brunavs 1-2 br/wT. sixSiriT. Slami itvirTeba Rumelis zeda
nawilSi, brunvis dros gadaadgildeba qveda nawilSi, sadac temperatura
aRwevs 14500C-s. Slami gadaadgilebis dros cxeldeba, orTqldeba
meqanikurad mierTebuli wyali, masa Sreba da warmoiqmneba koStebi. 5000C-
ze xdeba qimiurad mierTebuli hidratuli wylis aorTqleba; 800-10000C-ze
warmoebs kalciumis karbonatis disociacia: CaCO3→CaO+CO2. naxSiroJangi
wvis produqtebTan erTad gamodis Rumelidan, xolo kalciumis Jangi 1000-
12000C-ze Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi kaolinitis da sxva mineralebis daSlis
produqtebTan da warmoqmnis qimiur naerTebs. 14500C-ze sruli gamowvis
Sedegad miiReba cementis klinkeri, romlis mineralogiuri Semadgenloba
Semdegia:
1. 3CaO·SiO2 _ samkalciumiani silikati _ aliti; 45-65% _ C3S
2. 2CaO·SiO _ orkalciumiani silikati _ beliti; 15-35% _ C2S
3. 3CaO·Al2O3 _ samkalciumiani aluminati _ celiti; 4-14% _
C3A
4. 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 _ oTxkalciumiani alumoferiti _ 10-8% _ C4AF
miRebuli klinkeri dafqvamde unda gacivdes. gacieba did gavlenas
axdens cementis xarisxze. neli gaciebisas miiReba dabali xarisxis
portlandcementi. klinkeris swrafi gaciebisas izrdeba cementis xarisxi,

43
risTvisac RumelebSi gamoyenebulia specialuri macivrebi. klinkeri
ifqveba danamatebTan erTad mravalkamerian burTula wisqvilebSi.
dafquli cementi separatorebidan miemarTeba silosebSi, sadac xdeba
misi dayovneba, raTa cementSi darCenili Tvisufali kalciumis Jangi
Caqres haeris teniT. Semdeg miewodeba SesafuT ganyofilebas. SefuTva
xdeba mravalfenian qaRaldis tomrebSi.
portdancementis miRebis mSrali xerxi, svelTan SedarebiT
xasiaTdeba maRali teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT. cementis sveli
xerxiT miRebis dros gaadvilebulia nedleulis dawvrilmaneba da male
miiRweva kazmis erTgvarovneba, vidre mSrali xerxis dros. mSrali xerxis
dros gacilebiT metia eleqtroenergiis xarji da warmoebis
Sromatevadoba.

4.7. portlandcementis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

portlandcementis simkvrive meryeobs 3,05-3,2 g/sm3 _ Soris. igi

damokidebulia mis Sedgenilobaze.
moculobiTi masa fxvier mdgomareobaSi Seadgens 900-1100 kv/m3, xolo
datkepnil mdgomareobaSi _ 1400-1700 kg/m3.
dafqvis siwminde mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs Sekvris vadebsa da
simtkiceze. rac ufro wvrilad aris dafquli cementis klinkeri, miT
ufro swrafad da srulad warmoebs urTierTqmedeba cementsa da wyals
Soris. am dros cementis yvela molekula Rebulobs monawileobas
hidrataciaSi, ris safuZvelzec izrdeba cementis qvis simtkice. dafqvis
siwminde ganisazRvreba sacruli analiziT. narCeni #008 sacerze gacrisas
ar unda aRematebodes aRebuli sinjidan 15% masis mixedviT. dafqvis
siwmindis ufro zusti maxasiaTebelia misi xvedriTi zedapiri anu 1 gram
cementSi Semavali marcvlebis zedapiris farTobebis jami.
portlandcementis xvedriTi zedapiria 2800-3000 sm2/g da meti.
wyalmomTxovneloba da comis normaluri sisqe. wyalmomTxovneloba
wylis is raodenobaa, romelic saWiroa ara marto cementis

44
hidrataciisaTvis, aramed normaluri sisqis comis misaRebadac. normaluri
sisqis comis misaRebad saWiroa 28-30% wyali cementis masidan.
Sekvris vadebis gansazRvra xdeba vikas xelsawyos gamoyenebiT.
Sekvris procesis dasawyisi normaluri sisqis comisaTvis aris ara uadres
45 wT-isa, xolo dasasruli ara ugvianes 10 sT-sa.
moculobis Tanabari cvlileba cementis gamagrebisas mniSvnelovani
Tvisebaa. moculobis araTanabari cvlilebebisas mcirdeba cementis qvis
ara marto simtkice, aramed xdeba rRvevac. moculobis araTanabari
cvlileba gamowveulia masSi Tavisufali kalciumis Jangis CaO-s
hidrataciiT. standartis mixedviT am Tvisebas adgenen normaluri sisqis
comisagan damzadebuli kverebis gamocdiT. Tu kverebi daiSala, daibrica
da gauCnda mniSvnelovani bzarebi, aseTi cementis gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi
ar SeiZleba.
portlandcementis simtkice anu marka aris misi simtkicis zRvari
Runvaze da kumSvaze. ganisazRvreba 4×4×16 sm-is Zelakebis gamocdiT,
romlebic damzadebulia cementis duRabisagan fardobiT 1:3 (erTi masiTi
nawili cementi, sami nawili volskis qviSa). gamocda xdeba 28-e dRes.
pirvel xanebSi myardeba yalibebSi tenian haerze, xolo Semdeg wyalSi
normaluri temperaturis pirobebSi 20±50. volskis qviSa saxelmwifo
standartiT etalonur qviSad aris miCneuli. Mmas aqvs mudmivi
granulometriuli Sedgeniloba (marcvlebis simsxoa 0,5-dan 0,85 mm-mde) da
Seicavs upiratesad kvarcis marcvlebs (SiO2 98%-ze meti). Zelakebs jer
cdian Runvaze, xolo Semdeg mis naxevrebs kumSvaze.
simtkicis zRvari Runvaze Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas malis
SuaSi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

3Pl
RR = kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) ,
2 bh 2
sadac P aris mrRveli Zala, kgZ;
l _ sayrdenebis centrebs Soris manZili, sm;
b da h nimuSis kveTis sigane da simaRle, sm;

45
 simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas gamoiTvleba formuliT:

P
Rk = kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) .
ab

simtkicis zRvars kumSvisas 28-e dReze cementis aqtivobas uwodeben.

potlandcementis markebia: 300, 400, 500, 600. 300 markis cements
simtkice kumSvaze unda hqondes 300 kgZ/sm (30 mgpa), simtkicis zRvari
Runvaze unda iyos 45 kgZ/sm2 (4,5 mgpa); 400 markis cementis simtkice
kumSvaze unda hqondes 400 kgZ/sm2 (40 mgpa), xolo Runvaze _ 55 kgZ/sm2 (5,5
mgpa); 500 markianisTvis simtkicis zRvari kumSvaze 500 kgZ/sm2 (50 mgpa),
Runvaze _ 60 kgZ/sm2 (6 mgpa); 600 markianisTvis simtkicis zRvari kumSvaze
aris 600 kgZ/sm2 (60 mgpa), Runvaze _ 65 kgZ/sm2 (6,5 mgpa).
cementis gamagreba _ rTuli fizikur-qimiuri procesia, romlis
drosac cementis qvis simtkice TandaTanobiT izrdeba. gamagrebis sami
periodia: mosamzadebeli anu gaxsnis periodi, romlis drosac cementis
comi TandaTanobiT magrdeba; koloidaciis periodi, romlis drosac comi
kargavs plastikurobas da iwyebs Sekvras; kristalizaciis periodi,
rodesac xdeba cementis qvis warmoqmna.
cementis qvis korozia xdeba agresiuli garemos zemoqmedebiT,
romelic Seicavs mavne nivTierebebs. ganasxvaveben koroziis sam saxeobas.
pirvels miekuTvneba procesebi, romlebsac iwvevs mtknari wylebis
moqmedeba.
meores miekuTvneba procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs wylis
moqmedebiT, romelic Seicavs qimiur nivTierebebs;
mesames miekuTvneba procesebi, romelic dakavSirebulia naklebad
xsnadi produqtebis warmoqmnasTan, romlebic nel-nela grovdeba cementis
qvis kapilarebSi, forebSi da sicarieleebSi.
koroziisagan dacva _ es aris mkvrivi betonis damzadeba, dafarva
wyalSeuRwevadi masalebiT an specialuri mJavamedegi cementebis
gamoyeneba.

46
 4.8. cementebis gamoyeneba, transportireba da
Senaxvis wesi

cementebi gamoiyeneba miwiszeda, miwisqveSa da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi.

portlandcementi ZiriTadi Semkvrelia, romelic gamoiyeneba betonis da
rkinabetonis konstruqciebis, samSeneblo duRabebis, Tboizolacio
masalebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad.
cementis transportireba xdeba SefuTul an nayar mdgomareobaSi,
specialuri avtocementmzidebiT, rkinigzis vagoncementmzidebiT da sxva
saSualebebiT. cementis yovel partias Tan axlavs pasporti, sadac
aRniSnuli aris: cementis dasaxeleba, marka da sxva fizikur-meqanikuri
Tvisebebi.
cementi inaxeba daxurul sawyobebSi. hermetul WurWelSi cementi
simtkices inarCunebs, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi igi kargavs simtkices: 3 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi 10-20%-mde; 6 TveSi _ 28-30%-mde; 12 TveSi _ 35-40%-mde.

4.9. portlandcementis specialuri saxeebi

mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva Tvisebebis mqone cementebs.

plastificirebuli portlandcementi _ miiReba portlandcementis
klinkeris da maplastificirebeli danamatebis erToblivi dafqviT. aseT
danamatebad gamoiyeneba sulfat-spirtuli durdo da sulfat-safuari 0,15-
0,25% cementis masidan. plastificirebuli portlandcementis gamoyeneba
saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes wyalcementis fardoba, rac zrdis betonis
simtkices.
hidrofobuli portlandcementi _ miiReba portlandcementis
klinkeris da hidrofobuli danamatebis gamoyenebiT. danamatebad
gamoiyeneba saponnavTi, asidoli, oleinmJava da sxva. hidrofobuli
danamatebi aumjobeseben betonis narevis denadobas da advilCawyobadobas.

47
hidrofobuli cementi xasiaTdeba didi wyalmedegobiT da
wyaluJonadobiT. misi markebia 300, 400, 500, 600.
swrafmyarebadi portlandcementi Cveulebrivi portladcementisagan
gansxvavdeba simtkicis swrafi matebiT gamagrebis adreul asakSi. am
cementis dafqvis siwminde xasiaTdeba didi xvedriTi zedapiriT. misi
markebia 400,500,600.
sulfatmedegi portlandcementi miiReba portlandcementis
klinkeris wvrilad dafqviT, romelic Seicavs samkalciumian aluminats
3CaO·Al2O3 ara umetes 5%-isa. klinkeri dafqvisas ar saWiroebs mineralur
danamatebs. cementi xasiaTdeba maRali sulfatmedegobiT, magram
axasiaTebs gamyarebis dabali intensiuroba. markebia 300 da 400. gamoiyeneba
hidroteqnikur mSeneblobaSi. mas iyeneben agreTve mineralizebul da
mtknar wyalSi momuSave betonis konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad.
TeTri portlandcementi _ miiReba sufTa kirqvebisa da TeTri Tixis
gamowviT, romlebic Seicaven mcire raodenobiT mRebav mineralebs da
gansakuTrebiT rkinis Jangs. TeTri cementi siTeTris xarisxis mixedviT
sami saxisaa: БЦ-1, БЦ-2, БЦ-3. gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli miznebisaTvis. misi
markebia: 300, 400, 500.
feradi portlandcementi miiReba TeTri portlandcementis
klinkeris, ferisa da tutemedegi mineralebis (oxra, surinjis, muris,
rkinis surinjis) erToblivi dafqviT. misi markebia: 400, 500. gamoiyeneba
xelovnuri marmarilosa da mosapirkeTebeli filebis dasamzadeblad.

4.10. pucolaniani portlandcementi

pucolaniani portlandcementi hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebaa,

romelic miiReba portlandcementis klinkeris, aqtiuri mineraluri
danamatebis da TabaSiris dafqviT. TabaSirs umateben 5%-mde Sekvris
procesis regulirebisaTvis. aqtiuri mineraluri danamatebi aris ori
saxis: bunebrivi da xelovnuri. bunebrivi danamatebidan farTod

48
gamoiyeneba pemza, vulkanuri wida, diatomiti, trepeli da sxva, xolo
xelovnuri danamatebidan gamoiyeneba brZmedis wida, nacari, gamomwvari
Tixa da sxva. Cveulebriv portlandcementTan SedarebiT pucolaniani
portladcementi xasiaTdeba cementis qvis didi wyalmedegobiT, naklebi
siTbos gamoyofiT Sekvrisa da gamyarebis dros, cementis qvis
wyaluJonvadobiT da dabali TviTRirebulebiT. axasiaTebs naklovani
mxareebic: gadidebuli wyalmomTxovneloba, rac iwvevs cementis xarjis
gazrdas da dabali yinvamedegoba.
pucolaniani portlandcementis dafqvis siwminde da Sekvris vadebi
igivea, rac Cveulebrivi portlandcementisaTvis. igi xasiaTdeba
Senelebuli simtkicis matebiT gamagrebis pirvel dReebSi, magram 28-e
dRes misi simtkice aRwevs portlandcementis simtkices. misi markebia: 200,
300, 400 da 500. ZiriTadad iyeneben hidroteqnikur mSeneblobaSi, miwisqveSa
da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi da sxva.

4.11. widiani cementebi

widaportlandcementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba

portlandcementis klinkeris, granulirebuli brZmedis widis da
TabaSiris erToblivi an cal-calke dafqviT da Semdgomi areviT. brZmedis
widis raodenoba unda iyos 30-60% cementis masidan. widaportlandcementis
dafqvis siwminde igivea, rac Cveulebrivi portlandcementis. misi
simkvrivea _ 2,8-3,8 g/sm3; moculobiTi masa nayar mdgomareobaSi _ 1100-1300
kg/m3, xolo datkepnil mdgomareobaSi 1600 kg/m3. Sekvris procesis
dasawyisi 4-6 sT; damTavreba _ 10-12sT. misi markebia: 200, 300, 400, 500.
gamoiyeneba hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi. naklebi yinvagamZleobis gamo ar
aris sasurveli misi gamoyeneba konstruqciebSi, romlebic ganicdian xSir
gayinvas da galxobas.
kirwidiani cementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba
wvrilad dafquli kiris da granulirebuli brZmedis widis areviT mSral
mdgomareobaSi. Camqrali an Caumqrali saxis kiri aiReba 10-30%,

49
granulirebuli brZmedis wida _ 90-70%. Sekvris procesis
regulirebisaTvis umateben 5%-mde TabaSirs. kirwidiani cementi nela
ikvreba: Sekvris procesis dasawyisi _ 5-6sT, dasasruli _ 12-20sT. misi
markebia: 50, 100 da 150.
kirwidiani cementi xasiaTdeba arasakmarisi haer da yinvamedegobiT.
amitom rekomendirebulia misi gamoyeneba betonebisa da duRabebis
dasamzadeblad, romlebic mudmivad tenian garemoSi imyofebian.
sulfadwida cementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba
granulirebuli brZmedis widis (80-85%), TabaSiris an anhidridis (20-15%)
da portlandcementis klinkeris (5%-mde) erToblivi dafqviT. misi
markebia: 300, 400. xasiaTdeba didi medegobiT sulfatian wylebSi. amitom
mas iyeneben zRvis hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi da miwisqveSa
konstruqciebSi, romlebzec moqmedeben agresiuli wylebi.

4.12. Tixamiwovani cementi

Tixamiwovani cementi _ swrafadmyarebadi hidravlikuri Semkvrelia,

romelic miiReba Secxobis an dnobis temperaturamde gamomwvari klinkeris
wmindad dafqviT. nedleulad gamoiyeneba boqsitebis da kirqvebis narevi.
boqsiti bunebrivi qania, romelic Seicavs 80% Tixamiwas. kirqva unda iyos
sufTa mavne minarevebisagan.
Tixamiwovan cements aqvs Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: moculobiTi masa
nayar msgomareobaSi 1000-1400 kg/m3, datkepnil mdgomareobaSi 1600-1800 kg/m3.
simkvrive _ 3,3 g/sm3. dafqvis siwminde ufro didia, vidre
portlandcementis; narCeni sacerze #008 ar inda aRematebodes 10%-s.
Tixamiwovani cementis Sekvris vadebia: dasawyisi _ 30wT, dasasruli _ ara
ugvianes 12 sT-sa. Tixamiwovani cementis samarko simtkices sazRvraven 3
dRe-Ramis Semdeg. gamagrebidan 6-7 saaTis Semdeg Tixamiwovani cementis
simtkice aRwevs samarko simtkicis 30%-s, xolo erTi dRe-Ramis asakSi 80-
90%-s. sami markisaa: 300, 400, 500.

50
 Tixamiwovani cemnti 2-3-jer ufro Zviria, vidre portlandcementi.
amitom mas im SemTxvevaSi iyeneben, rodesac ufro racionalurad xdeba
misi specifiuri Tvisebebis gamoyeneba. kerZod, daCqarebul samontaJo da
saremonto samuSaoebSi, sxvadasxva avariul samuSaoebSi, betonisa da
rkinabetonis konstruqciebSi, romlebic ganicdian Zliermineralizebuli
wylebis moqmedebas, cecxlmedegi betonebis dasamzadeblad.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. araorganuli Semkvrelebis klasifikacia gamagrebis pirobebis

mixedviT;
2. TabaSiri da kiri, maTi miReba da Tvisebebi;
3. hidravlikuri kiri;
4. portlandcementi, misi miReba da Tvisebebi, nairsaxeobebi da
gamoyeneba.

51
 Tavi V
betoni

5.1. ZiriTadi cnobebi

betoni uZvelesi saSeni masalaa, romelic Cvens welTaRricxvamde

gamoiyeneboda. betonisagan aSenebulia egviptis labirinTi, CineTis didi
kedlis nawili. Semdgom saukuneebSi misi gamoyeneba TiTqmis mTlianad
Sewyda. am masalis meored dabadeba daiwyo me-19 saukuneSi. betonis
teqnologiis fuZemdeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos akademikosi i.g.maluga. mis
naSromSi “cementis betonis momzadeba da Semadgenloba” (1893 w.)
gadmocemulia kvlevebis Sedegebi betonis Sesaxeb. 1927 w. gamoqveynebuli
iyo prof. n.m.beliaevis betonis Seswavlis masalebi. dRemde betoni erT-
erTi Zvirfasi masalaa, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo,
satransporto, hidroteqnikur da sxva nagebobebSi.
betoni xelovnuri qvis masalaa, romelic miiReba racionalurad
SerCeuli Semkvreli nivTierebebis (wvrili Semvsebi – qviSa, msxvili
Semvsebi – xreSi an RorRi), wylisa da sxva specialuri danamatebis areviT
da Semdgomi gamyarebiT. gamyarebamde am masalebis narevs betonis narevs
uwodeben.
Semkvreli nivTiereba da wyali warmoadgens betonis aqtiuri
Semadgenlebs. maT Soris qimiuri reaqciebis Sedegad miRebuli cementis
comi gars ekvris qviSisa da xreSis an RorRis marcvlebs, avsebs maT
marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebs da asrulebs SemzeTavis rols, rac narevs
aniWebs denadobas, xolo Semdgomi gamyarebis Sedegad akavSirebs
Semvsebebis marcvlebs erTmaneTTan da warmoqmnis xelovnur qvas – betons.

52
 5.2. betonis klasifikacia

betonebi klasificirdeba moculobiTi masis, simtkicis, Semkvrelis

saxeobis, daniSnulebis, Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxosa da saxis,
yinvagamZleobis, struqturis da gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT.
moculobiTi masis mixediviT betoni aris: zemZime – moculobiTi
masiT 2500 kg/m3-ze meti; mZime betonebi – moculobiTi masa – 1800-2500 kg/m3
msubuqi betonis moculobiTi masa 500-1800kg/m3. zemsubuqi _ moculobiTi
masiT 500 kg/m3-ze naklebi.
simtkicis mixedviT (kumSvaze) betoni iyofa Semdeg markebad: zemZime
betoni – 100-200 markamde; mZime betoni mkvriv Semvsebebze – 100-800; msubuqi
betoni 25-300; cecxlgamZle betoni 100-400; mkvrivi silikaturi betoni –
100-400; ujredovani betoni – 25-200.
Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad:
cementiani, romelic mzaddeba portlandcementisa da mis nairsaxeobebis
gamoyenebiT; silikaturi sadac Semkvrelad gamoiyeneba kiri; TabaSirovani,
romelic mzaddeba TabaSiris an TabaSirovan Semkvrelebze da organul
Semkvrelebze damzadebuli betonebi.
daniSnulebis mixedviT betonebi aris: Cveulebrivi – Senobebisa da
nagebobebis mzidi konstruqciebisaTvis (svetebi, filebi, koWebi da sxva.;
hidroteqnikuri betoni – kaSxlebis, gvirabebis da sxva nagebobebis
safarad; sagzao betoni – sagzao nagebobebisaTvis; specialuri
daniSnulebis betonebi, rogoricaa: mJavamedegi, tutemedegi, mxurvalmedegi,
biologiuri da sxva.
Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT betonebi aris:
wvrilmarcvlovani betonebi, romlebic ar Seicaven msxvil Semvsebebs
(xreSi an RorRi) da msxvilmarcvlovani betonebi, wvrili da msxvili
SemvsebebiT.
Semvsebebis saxis mixedviT aris betonebi mkvriv Semvsebebze,
marcvalTa moculobiTi wyalSTanTqma ar aRemateba 6%-s da betonebi
forian Semvsebebze, marcvalTa moculobiTi wyalSTanTqma metia 6%-ze.

53
 yinvagamZleobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa Semdeg markebad: mZime
betonebisaTvis 50-300 cikli gayinva-galxobis da msubuqi betonebisaTvis
10-200 cikli. yinvagamZleobis xarisxiT afaseben betonis xangamZleobas.
struqturis mixedviT betonebi aris: mkvrivi, msxvilforovani,
forizebuli da ujredovani. mkvrivia betoni, romlis Semvsebebis
marcvlebs Soris Sevsebis xarisxi aris aranakleb 94%-is. msxvilforian
betonSi marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebi nawilobriv aris Sevsebuli
wvrili SemvsebiT da SemkvreliT. forizebul betonebSi marcvlebs Soris
sicarieleebi Sevsebulia gadidebuli forianobis mqone cementis qviT, rac
miiReba betonis narevSi qaf da arawarmomqmnelebis SeyvaniT. ujredovani
betoni warmoadgens maRalforebian betons Tanabrad ganawilebuli
forebiT, 1-2 mm diametris ujredebis saxiT.
gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT arsebobs betonebi bunebrivi
gamyarebiT, TbodamuSavebiT da avtoklavuri gamyarebiT.

5.3. masalebi mZime betonis dasamzadeblad

cementi. betonebis dasamzadeblad iyeneben portlancements da mis

narsaxeobebs. cementis SerCevis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
betonebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi (simtkice, yinvagamZleoba, qimiuri
medegoba da sxv.) da agreTve nakeTobebis damzadebis teqnologia. cementis
marka rekomendebulia SeirCes betonis saproeqto markis mixedviT kumSvaze.

cxrili 5.1

betonis marka 150 200 300 400

cementis marka 300 300-400 400-500 500-600

54
da a.S. mZime betonis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba portlandcementi,
plastificirebuli portlandcementi, portlandcementi hidravlikuri
danamatebiT, widaportlandcementi da sxva.
wyali. betonisaTvis ZiriTadad xmaroben sufTa sasmel wyals.
wyali ar unda Seicavdes mavne minarevebs (mJavebs, sulfatebs, Saqars,
cximebs da sxv.), romlebic xels uSlian cementis Sekvrisa da gamyarebis
process. SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos bunebrivi wyali, romlis wyalbadis
maCvenebeli PH<4, xolo marilebis Semcveloba ara umetes 500 mgr/l.
dasaSvebia zRvis wylis gamoyeneba, marilebis SemcvelobiT ara umetes
3,4%. wylis vargisianobas sazRvraven qimiuri analiziT an betonis
nimuSebis simtkiceebis SedarebiT 28-e dRes, romlebic damzadebuli iqneba
sasmel wyalze da bunebriv wylebze. wyali vargisianad CaiTvleba, Tu
betonis nimuSebis simtkice ar Camouvardeba sufTa sasmeli wyliT
damzadebuli betonis nimuSebis simtkices.
wvrili Semvsebebi aris qviSa, romlis marcvlebis simsxoa 0,14-5mm.
betonebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba bunebrivi da iSvaTad xelovnuri qviSebi
(keramziti, agloporiti da sxva.). mineraluri Sedgenilobis mixedviT
ZiriTadad gvxvdeba kvarcis, dolomitis, mindvris Spatis da kirqvis
qviSebi. warmoSobis mixedviT qviSebi aris mTis an xramis, zRvis, mdinaris
an tbis. mTisa da xramis qviSebis zedapiri ufro xorkliania da meti
SeWiduloba aqvs cementis qvasTan, vidre zRvis, mdinaris da tbis qviSebs,
romelTa zedapiri gluvia. qviSebi ar unda Seicavdes mavne minarevebs:
mtvrisebris, lamovans, Tixovans, organul nivTierebebs da sxva, vinaidan
maTi arseboba qviSebSi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens betonis Tvisebebze.
minarevebis Semcveloba isazRvreba ganleqviT da ar unda aWarbebdes 3%-s
bunebrivi da 5%-s xelovnur qviSebSi. gogirdmJava da gogirdovani
SenaerTebi iwveven betonis qvis korozias da amitom maTi Semcveloba
qviSaSi dasaSvebia 1%-mde. qviSa mavne minarevebisagan sufTavdeba wyliT
garecxviT specialur manqanebSi – qviSamrecxebSi.
maRali xarisxis betonis misaRebad qviSa unda Seicavdes yvela
zomis marcvlebs (0,14 mm-dan 5 mm-mde), raTa marcvalTSorisi sicarieleebi

55
dayvanili iyos minimumamde; rac ufro naklebia marcvalTSorisi
sicarieleebi qviSaSi, miT ufro naklebi cementia saWiro mkvrivi betonis
misaRebad.
qviSis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba 1 kg qviSis gacriT
0,14; 0,315; 0,63; 1,25 da 2,5 zomis naxvretebian standartul nakreb sacrebSi.
sacrebSi gacris Semdeg sazRvraven narCens TiToeuli sacerisaTvis,
romelsac kerZo narCens uwodeben. ganisazRvreba 0,1% sizustiT da
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
m1
ai = ⋅100% ,
m

sadac m1 aris narCenebis masa aRebul sacerze;

m – sinjis masa.
sruli narCeni Ai TiToeuli sacrisaTvis aris aRebul sacerze
kerZo narCens damatebuli mis zemoT mdebare sacrebis kerZo narCenebis
jami. gamoiTvleba 0,1% sizustiT formuliT:
Ai = a2,5 + a1, 25 + ......... + ai ,

sadac a2,5; a1,25.....ai – kerZo narCenebia %-Si.

sacrebze sruli narCenebis jamis SefardebiT 100-ze isazRvreba
qviSis simsxos moduli:

A2,5 + A1, 25 + A0, 63 + A0,315 + A0,14

Mi = ,
100

sadac A2,5; A1,25; A0,63; A0,315; A0,14 aris sruli narCenebi sacrebze %-Si.
qviSis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba betonSi unda Seesabamebodes
standartul grafiks (nax. 3).
Tu gacris mrudi Sedgenili qviSis sruli narCenebis mixedviT,
moTavsdeba daStrixul zonaSi, qviSa ar moiTxovs koreqtirebas. Tu
gacris mrudi gascda daStrixul nawils, maSin saWiroa qviSis
marcvlovani Sedgenilobis koreqtireba.

56
 nax. 3. qviSis marcvlovani Sedgenilobis grafiki

qviSebs simsxos modulis mixedviT yofen: msxvil, saSualo, wvril

da Zalian wvril qviSebad.
msxvili qviSa _ simsxos moduli metia 2,5-ze
saSualo qviSa – simsxos moduli 2,5-2
wvrili qviSa – simsxos moduli 2-1,5
Zalian wvrili – simsxos moduli 1,5-1
qviSis sicariele ganisazRvreba formuliT:

⎛ ς n.m ⎞
Vcar = ⎜1 − ⎟ ⋅ 100 ,
⎝ ϑ ⋅ 1000 ⎠

sadac ς n.m aris qviSis nayari moculobiTi masa mSral mdgomareobaSi,

kg/m3;
ς _ qviSis simkvrive, g/sm3.
qviSis damakmayofilebeli granulometriuli SemadgenlobiT, ar
aRemateba 40%-s. qviSis nayari moculobiTi masa 1300-1500 kg/m3. igi
damokidebulia marcvlebis Sedgenilobaze, tenianobaze, carielobaze.
msxvili Semvsebi. betonebSi msxvil Semvsebebad iyeneben xreSs an
RorRs.

57
 xreSi miiReba mTis qanebis bunebrivi daSlis Sedegad. maT aqvT
momrgvalebuli da gluvi zedapiri. xreSis marcvlebis zomebia 5-70 mm;
masiuri nagebobebis dabetonebisas iyeneben 150-200 mm zomisas. warmoSobis
mixedviT aris mTis, mdinaris da zRvis xreSi. qviSis msgavsad xreSic
Seicavs mavne minarevebs, romelTa raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 1-3%-s.
xSir SemTxvevaSi xreSi moipoveba qviSasTan erTad. rodesac xreSis
SedgenilobaSi qviSis raodenoba meryeobs 25-40%-s Soris masalas
uwodeben qviSaxreSovan narevs. marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT xreSi iyofa
Semdeg fraqciebad: 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 da 40-70 mm.
xreSis simtkices sazRvraven cilindrSi msxvrevadobaze gamocdiT.
igi iyofa markebad: msx. 8 – masis 8% danakargisas; msx. 12 _ masis 9-12%
danakargisas da msx. 16 _ masis 13-16% danakargisas. 300 da meti markis
betonisaTvis iyeneben msx. 8 markis xreSs; 200 markis betonisaTvis msx. 12
da mcire simtkicis betonisaTvis (marka 200 da mcire simtkicis)
dasamzadeblad xreSs markiT msx. 16.
xreSis cveTadobas sazRvraven Tarovan dolSi gamocdiT, masis
danakargebis saSualebiT, markebia: cv – 20; cv – 45; cv – 55. dartymaze
simtkice isazRvreba urnaliT markebia: dr – 75; dr – 50; dr – 40.
yinvagamZleobis markebia: 15, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300. xreSis marcvlovani
Sedgeniloba isazRvreba 10 kg xreSis gacriT 70, 40, 20, 10 da 5 mm zomis
naxvretebian standartul sacrebSi.
RorRi. RorRis misaRebad gamoiyeneba specialuri qvasamsxvrevebi,
romelTa muSaobisas garda RorRisa miiReba xelovnuri qviSa da mtveri.
xreSisagan gansxvavebiT, RorRis marcvlebis zedapiri ufro xorkliania
da maTi SeWiduloba cementis qvasTan ukeTesia, vidre xreSis. maRali
simtkicis (marka 400 da meti) betonebis misaRebad iyeneben mxolod RorRs.
msxvrevadobis, yinvagamZleobis, cveTadobis, dartymis winaaRmdeg RorRs
waeyeneba igive moTxovnebi, rac xreSs.
RorRi iyofa Semdeg markebad: 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400.
mis simtkices kumSvaze aRdgenen mTis qanebis gamocdiT, wyalnajer
mdgomareobaSi. igi 1,5-2-jer meti unda iyos betonis markaze. RorRi ar

58
unda Seicavdes susti qanebis marcvlebs 10%-ze mets; firfitovani da
nemsisebri formis marcvlebs 15%-ze mets.
Tixisa da mtvrisebri nawilakebis Semcveloba RorRSi isazRvreba
ganleqviT.
RorRis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba iseve, rogorc
xreSis. TiToeuli an ramdenime fraqciis narevi unda akmayofilebdes
Semdeg moTxovnebs (cxr. 5.2).
cxrili 5.2

sacrebis
Dmin a5(Dmin+ Dmaq.) Dmaq. 1,25 Dmaq.
naxvretebis zomebi, mm

sruli narCeni
95-100 40-70 0-5 0
sacerze, % masiT

5.4. betonis narevis Tvisebebi, momzadeba da

transportireba

betonis narevi es aris racionalurad SerCeuli da guldasmiT

areuli betonis Semadgeneli komponentebi Sekvris procesisa da gamyarebis
dawyebamde. igi unda akmayofilebdes or ZiriTad moTxovnas: unda iyos
advilCawyobadi da SeinarCunos erTgvarovneba transportirebasa da
Cawyobis dros.
advilCawyobadoba narevis Tvisebaa Seavsos yalibi erTgvarovnebis
SenarCunebiT. betonis narevis advilCawyobadoba xasiaTdeba narevis
ZvradobiT da sixistiT.

59
 narevis Zvradoba narevis struqturuli simtkicis maxasiaTebelia.
es aris narevis unari ganiRvaros yalibSi da Seavsos igi sakuTari masis
an mcire meqanikuri Zalebis moqmedebiT. betonis narevis denadoba
Semvsebis 70 mm-mde marcvlebis simsxoTi ganisazRvreba konusis jdomiT
firfitaze, yalibs avseben betonis narevis erTnairi simaRlis sami SriT.
TiToeul Sres amkvriveben ReroTi 25-jer CaxiStviT. moasworeben yalibis
zedapirs da Semdeg aTavisufleben betonis narevs yalibisagan. betonis
narevi sakuTari masis gavleniT jdeba, romlis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba
sm-Si. narevis Zvradobis dadgenisas unda Semowmdes bmulobac, radganac
nebismieri Zvradobis betonis narevma unda SeinarCunos erTgvarovneba da
ar unda ganSrevdes. konusis jdomis mixedviT betoni narevebi iyofa: xist
narevebad – 0 sm; mcired Zvradi – 2-4 sm; Zvradi – 4-12 sm da sxmuli
narevebi – 12 sm da meti.

nax. 4. Zvradobis gansazRvra konusis saSualebiT.

Tu betonis narevis Zvradoba nulis tolia, advilCawyobadoba

xasiaTdeba sixistis maCvenebliT, rac ganisazRvreba teqnikuri
viskozimetriT. betonis narevis sixiste, rodesac Semvsebis marcvlebis
simsxo 70-100 mm-ia, ganisazRvreba gamartivebuli meTodiT. vibro magidaze
aTavseben 20X20X20 sm zomis liTonis yalibs, romelSiac aris

60
standartuli konusi. konusSi asxamen betonis narevs da amkvriveben
CaxiStviT. Semdeg yalibs aTavisufleben konusisagan da iwyeben vibrirebas.
vibrirebis dawyebisTanave rTaven wamzoms, vibrireba grZeldeba
manam, sanam betonis narevi mTlianad ar Seavsebs yalibs da zedapiri ar
miiRebs horizontalur mdgomareobas. betonis narevis sixiste
ganisazRvreba droiT (wm-Si), romelic mravldeba koeficient 1,5. sixistis
maCveneblis mixedviT narevebi aris: Cveulebrivi narevebi 30-200 wm.
sixistiT da gansakuTrebiT xisti narevebi, sixistiT 200 wm-ze meti.
betonis narevis adgilCawyobadobaze did gavlenas axdens
Semvsebebis simsxo, forma, forianoba, marcvlovani Sedgeniloba. qviSis
raodenobis gazrda iwvevs Zvradobis Semcirebas; xreSis an RorRis
fraqciebis gazrda ki jamuri zedapiris Semcirebis gamo iwvevs Zvradobis
gazrdas. advilCawyobadoba agreTve damokidebulia Semkvrelis saxeobaze.
magaliTad, portlandcementze damzadebuli narevi ufro Zvradia, vidre
pucolaniani da widaportlandcementze damzadebuli narevebi, rac
aixsneba am cementebis wyalmomTxovnelobiT. betonis narevSi wylis
xarjis gazrda zrdis betonis narevis Zvradobas, magram amcirebs
simtkices.

nax. 5. betonis narevis Zvradobis ganmsazRvreli standartuli

konusi. 1 – konusi; 2 – saxelurebi; 3 – sabjenebi.

61
 betonis narevis momzadeba. betonis narevis momzadebis ZiriTadi
operaciebia. masalebis dozireba da areva. dozireba xdeba uwyveti an
wyvetili moqmedebis dozatorebiT. srulyofilia avtomaturi masiTi
(woniTi) dozatorebi.
dozirebuli masalis areva xdeba perioduli an uwyveti moqmedebis
betonmrevebSi sxvadasxva xerxiT. Semadgeneli masalebis Tavisufali
vardniT, masalebis iZulebiTi areviT da vibroareviT. denadi betonis
arevas awarmoeben iZulebiTi vardnis betonmrevebSi. xisti da
gansakuTrebiT xisti narevebis asarevad gamoiyeneba vibroamrevebi,
romlebSic areva xdeba vibrirebasTan erTad. xisti, mcireZvradi narevebis
areva xdeba iZulebiTi xerxiT.

nax. 6. perioduli moqmedebis betonamrevi dasaxreli doliT.

1 –amZravi, dolis dasaxrelad; 2 – CasatvirTi da gansatvirTi
xvreli; 3 – asarevi doli; 4 – dolis amZravi; 5 – sadgari.

betonis narevis transportireba. betonis narevis

transportirebisas SenarCunebuli unda iyos misi erTgvarovneba da
advilCawyobadoba. betonis narevis transportireba ar unda aRematebodes
1 saaTs, radganac Semdeg iwyeba cementis hidratacia, narevi sqeldeba da
kargavs Cawyobis unars. aseT SemTxvevaSi iyeneben avtobetonmrevebs.
betonis narevis transportirebas awarmoeben lenturi transportirebiT,
bunkerebiTa da vagonetebiT, avtotvirTmclelebiT, betonmzidebiT da sxv.

62
 5.5. betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba

betonis narevis Cawyoba yvelaze Sromatevadi samuSaoa betonis

teqnologiaSi. igi xorcieldeba badeebiT, xorTumebiT, lenturi
konveierebiT, amweebiT, betontumboebiT, betonCamwyobebiT. betonCamwyobebi
gansakuTrebiT kargad uzrunvelyofen betonis narevis yalibSi
ganawilebas.
narevi yalibSi ise unda ganawildes, rom masSi ar darCes
Tavisufali adgilebi, gansakuTrebiT kargad unda Seivsos yalibis
kuTxeebi da viwro adgilebi.
Cawyobis Semdeg unda moxdes gamkvriveba vibrirebiT, dawnexiT,
vakuumirebiT, centrifugiviT da sxva meTodebiT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli
da efeqturi meTodia vibrireba. vibracias rxeviT moZraobaSi mohyavs
betonis narevis nawilebi. am dros mcirdeba xaxunis Siga Zalebi da
SeWideba nawilakebs Soris. Semvsebebis nawilebs Soris sicarieleebi
ivseba cementis comiT, xolo haeri gamoiwnexeba gareT, ris Sedegadac
warmoiqmneba mkvrivi da monoliTuri struqturis betoni.
vibrogamkvrivebis efeqturoba damokidebulia rxevis sixSireze,
romelic meryeobs 2800-7000 rx/wT, anu 25-150 hercs Soris da rxevis
amplitudaze, romelic meryeobs 0,3-0,7 mm zRvrebSi.
ganasxvaveben eleqtromeqanikur, eleqtromagnitur, prevmatikur da
hidravlikur vibratorebs. yvelaze gavrcelebulia eleqtromeqanikuri
vibratorebi. rxevebis gadacemis meTodis mixedviT vibratorebi
klasificirdebian: zedapirul, Siga da gare vibratorebad, zedapiruli
vibratorebi vibracias axdenen liTonis baqnis saSualebiT betonis
narevis zedapirze. rxevis gavrcelebis siRrme betonis sisqeSi 20-30 sm-ia.
gare vibratorebi magrdeba nakeTobis yalibze, romelic rxevebs
gadascemen betonis narevs. Siga anu siRrmiseuli vibratorebi yvelaze
efeqturia, radganac igi Tavsdeba betonis narevSi da uSualo kontaqtiT
gadascems rxevas. rxevaTa sixSire 5-7 aTasi rxeva wuTSi, simZlavre 1-1,5
kvt, mwarmoebloba 2-20 m3/sT.

63
 nax. 7. siRrmiseuli vibratori: 1 _ eleqtroamZravi; 2 – moqnili
lilvi; 3 – vibrobuniki.

betonis movla gamyarebis dros. betonis gamyarebisas simtkicis

mateba damokidebulia temperaturasa da garemoze. normalur pirobebad
iTvleba 20±50C temperatura da 90-100% fardobiT tenianoba. temperaturis
aweviT simtkice intensiurad izrdeba. Tu temperatura uaxlovdeba 00-s,
betonis simtkicis zrda Cerdeba. maRali xarisxis betonis miReba
SesaZlebelia, Tu SeuqmniT normalur pirobebs gamyarebis dros. amisaTvis
saWiroa misi zedapiris dacva gamoSrobisagan. yvelaze efeqturia betonis
zedapiris dafarva afskiseburi nivTierebebiT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba
bitumis emulsiebi da sxv. horizontalur zedapirebs faraven qviSiT an
naxerxiT da asveleben periodulad. bolo dros farTod gamoiyeneba
polimeruli wyalgaumtari afskebi. civ dReebSi betoni unda davicvaT
gayinvisagan. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodi. maT Soris: Semvsebis
an wylis gacxeleba (dayalibebisas temperatura ar unda aRematebodes
300C-s) da swrafadmyarebadi maRali simtkicis cementebis gamoyeneba.

5.6. betonis Tvisebebi

Senobebisa da nagebobebis konstruqciebSi betoni ganicdis

sxvadasxva saxis datvirTvebs: kumSvas, Runvas, gaWimvas, xleCas da sxv.
yvelaze kargad betoni muSaobs kumSvisas. amitom misi mTavar
maxasiaTeblad iTvleba simtkice kumSvaze.

64
 betonis simtkices kumSvaze betonis saproeqto markas uwodeben.
betonis marka ganisazRvreba 15X15X15 sm. kubebis gamocdiT 28 dRis
gamyarebis Semdeg normalur pirobebSi, roca temperatura aris 20±20C da
fardobiTi tenianoba 90-100%. kubebi SeiZleba agreTve damzaddes zomebiT;
10X10X10 sm; 20X20X20 sm da 30X30X30 sm betonis araerTgvarovnebis da
masStabis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT betonis faqtiuri simtkicis
dasadgenad gamoyenebulia gadamyvani koeficientebi: 10 sm – 0,91; 15 sm –
1,0; 20 sm – 1,05 da 30 sm – 1,10. mZime betonis markebia: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800.
betonis simtkice kumSvisas da gaWimvisas ganisazRvreba mrRvevi
Zalis SefardebiT nimuSis kveTis farTobTan:

PmrR
R= kgZ/sm 2 (mgpa) .
F

mZime betonis markebi RerZuli gaWimvisas aris: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40.
betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs mravali faqtori, rogorebicaa
cementis aqtivoba, wyalcementis fardoba, Semvsebebis xarisxi, gamagrebis
pirobebi, magram ZiriTadi faqtorebia cementis aqtivoba da wyalcementis
fardoba. maRali aqtivobis cementisagan miReba ufro maRali simtkicis
betoni. magram amasTanave erTi da igive aqtivobis cementisagan SeiZleba
miviRoT sxvadasxva simtkicis betoni, rac gamowveulia wylis raodenobis
cvalebadobiT. es damokidebuleba pirvelad daadgina prof. i.g. malugam
1895 wels. SemdgomSi gamoyenebul iqna empiriuli formulebi, romlebic
akavSireben erTmaneTTan betonis simtkices, cementis aqtivobas da
wyalcementis fardobas. cnobilia prof. n.m.beliaevis formula:

Rc
Rb = ,
K (wy/c )n

sadac Rb aris betonis simtkice;

65
 Rc – cementis aqtivoba;
K da n – parametrebia, romlebic damokidebulia Semvsebebis
xarisxze da saxeobaze.
RorRisaTvis K=3,5; xreSisaTvis K=4; mZime betonisaTvis _ n=1,5.
betonis simtkicis damokidebuleba wyalcementis fardobasTan grafikulad
mocemulia nax. 8.

nax. 8.

adgilCawyobadi betonis misaRebad wyalcementis fardoba Cveulebriv

miiReba w/c=0,4-0,7, maSin rodesac cementsa da wyals Soris qimiuri
reaqciisaTvis saWiroa mxolod 15-20% wyali cementis masidan. zedmeti
wyali, romelic ar Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi cementTan orTqldeba
betonidan da masSi warmoqmnis forebs, rac amcirebs betonis simkvrives da
Sesabamisad mis simtkicesac. gamomdinare aqedan, betonis simtkicis gazrda
SeiZleba w/c fardobis SemcirebiT.
SemdgomSi betonis simtkicis formula Secvlil iqna skramtaev-
bolomeis SedarebiT martivi formulebiT:
betonebisaTvis wyalcementis fardobiT 0,4 an wy/c >0,4 da c/wy ≤ 2,5.

66
 Rb = ARc (c/w - 0,5)

betonebisaTvis wy/c < 0,4 da c/w >2,5

Rb = A1 Rc (s/w + 0,5)

sadac A da A1 aris gamoyenebuli masalebis xarisxis maCveneblebi.

cxrili 5.3

Semvsebebi da
A A1
Semkvrelebi

maRali xarisxis 0,65 0,43

saSualo xarisxis 0,6 0,4
dabali xarisxis 0,55 0,37

betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs sxva faqtorebic, romelTa

gaTvaliswineba formulebSi jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia. Semvsebebis
simtkice betonis simtkiceze axdens gavlenas maSin, Tu maTi simtkice
naklebia dasaproeqtebeli betonis markaze. am dros saWiroa cementis
xarjis gazrda. betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs Semvsebis zedapiris
xorklianoba, rac ufro xorkliania zedapiri, miT ufro kargia misi
SeWiduloba cementis qvasTan da metia simtkice. amitom Tanabar pirobebSi
RorRze damzadebuli betonis simtkice metia xreSze damzadebuli betonis
simtkiceze. mniSvneloba aqvs betonis gamyarebis xangrZlivobas. gamyarebis
dasaCqareblad iyeneben qlorovan kalciums CaCl2, Na2SO4 da sxv. gamyarebis
siCqareze moqmedebs cementis mineralogiuri Sedgeniloba, garemo pirobebi
da sxva faqtorebi. betonis simtkicis zrda xelsayrel pirobebSi

67
grZeldeba xangrZlivad, Tavdapirvelad intensiurad, Semdeg ki naklebi
intensiurobiT. es kanonzomiereba gamosaxulia Semdegi logariTmuli
damokidebulebiT;

Lgn
Rn = R28 ,
lg 28
sadac Rn da R28 aris zRvari kumSvisas n da 28 dRes, mgpa.
n – betonis asaki, dR.
daculi unda iyos piroba, rom n≥3 dReze.
betonis gamyarebis normalur pirobebad iTvleba haeris fardobiTi
tenianoba 90-100% da temperatura 15-200C.
simkvrive gavlenas axdens betonis simtkiceze, xangamZleobaze da sxv.
betonis maRali simkvrive mniSvnelovania iseTi konstruqciebisaTvis,
romlebic gamoiyenebian hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi. simkvrivis gazrda
SeiZleba cementis markis gazrdiT, w/c fardobis SemcirebiT da sxva
saSualebebiT.
yinvagamZleoba. betonis yinvagamZleoba xasiaTdeba gayinva-galxobis
im ricxviT, romelsac gauZlebs betonis nimuSebi, ise rom maT ar
moakldes simtkicis 25%-ze meti. yinvagamZleobis mixedviT betonis
markebia: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 didi yinvagamZleobiT xasiaTdeba
maRali simkvrivis betoni.
betonis wyalSeuRwevadoba. wyalSeuRwevadi betoni Txeli
konstruqciebisTvis SeiZleba damzaddes hidrofobuli nivTierebebis
(bitumis emulsiebi, holimerebi da sxv.) SeyvaniT betonis narevSi. garda
amisa, iyeneben wyalsaizolacio safars an zedapirze daaqvT mkvrivi
duRabi pnevmaturi xerxiT.
wyalSeuRwevadobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa markebad: B – 2; B – 4; B –
6; B – 8; B – 10 romlebic Sesabamisad uZleben 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 0,10 mgpa atm.
wnevas.

68
 Tbogamtaroba betonis Tbogamtaroba meryeobs did zRvrebSi 0,07-0,15
kkal/m.sT.grad. Tbogamtarobis koeficienti izrdeba betonis moculobiTi
masis zrdiT da mcirdeba forianobis gazrdiT.

5.7. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba

betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba iTvaliswinebs betonis

Semadgeneli komponentebis raodenobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs saWiro
Tvisebebis betonis miRebas. betonis narevis Sedgenilobas gamosaxaven
masSi Semavali komponentebis masiTi (an moculobiTi) SefardebiT da
wyalcementis fardobis CvenebiT. cementis raodenoba miCneulia 1-is
tolad. amitom betonis narevis Sedgenilobas gamosaxaven Semdegnairad:
cementi : qviSa : xreSi (RorRi) – 1 : X : Y, w/c = Z. betonis narevis
Sedgenilobis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa Seswavlil iyos Semadgeneli
yvela masala: cementi, qviSa, xreSi (RorRi) saxelmwifo standartebis
moTxovnebis mixedviT. Sedgenilobis gaangariSebisTvis ZiriTadad
gamoyenebulia skramtaev-baJenovis absolitur moculobaTa meTodi. sawyisi
monacemebia: betonis marka, cementis marka, betonis narevis Zvradoba da
sixiste, Semvsebebis: qviSis, xreSis an RorRis simkvriveebi da moculobiTi
masebi; marcvlebis udidesi simsxo da carieloba. Sedgenilobis
gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: wyalcementis fardobis
gansazRvra, wylis, cementis xreSis (RorRis) raodenobis gansazRvra;
narevis Zvradobis Semowmeba; sakontrolo nimuSebis damzadeba;
laboratoriuli nimuSebis damzadeba; laboratoriuli Sedgenilobis
gadaangariSeba sawarmoo Sedgenilobaze. gaangariSeba xdeba 1m3
betonisTvis.
wyalcementis fardobis gansazRvra xdeba Semdegi formulebiT:
rodesac c/w<2,5-ze; w/c>0,4

69
 w ARc
= ,
c R b + 0,5AR c

rodesac c/w>2,5-ze; w/c<0,4-ze

w A1 Rc
= ,
c R b + A1 R c

sadac, A koeficienti damokidebulia Semvsebebis xarisxze da icvleba 0,37-

dan 0,65-mde.
wyali. wylis xarjis gansazRvra litrobiT xdeba grafikebisa da mza
cxrilebis saSualebiT. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba prof s.mironovis grafiki
(nax. 9).

nax. 9. betonis narevis wyalmomTxovnelobis damokidebuleba konusis

jdomisagan: a) 10 mm simsxo marcvlebi; b) 20 mm; g) 40 mm; d) 70 mm.

grafikiT gansazRvruli wylis xarji ganisazRvreba konusis jdomisa

da xreSis marcvlebis udidesi simsxos mixedviT. wylis xarjis
koreqtireba xdeba qviSis simsxos modulis da cementis saxeobis mixedviT.

70
pucolaniani cementis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi wylis xarji izrdeba 20
litriT, radganac pucolaniani cementi, gansxvavebiT portland-
cementisagan danamatebiani cementia da wyalmomTxovneloba ufro didi
aqvs. wvrili qviSis an RorRis gamoyenebis dros wylis xarji izrdeba 10
litriT, radganac wvrili qviSa xasiaTdeba didi xvedriTi zedapiriT,
RorRi ki Tavisi xorkliani zedapiris gamo zrdis narevis Sua xaxunis
Zalebs da saWiroa wylis raodenobis gazrda.
wylis xarji cxrilebis saSualebiT aseve ganisazRvreba
Zvradobisa da msxvili Semvsebis udidesi simsxos mixedviT.

betonis narevis advilCawyobadoba da wyalmomTxovneloba

cxrili 5.4
betonis narevis xreSis udidesi simsxo, mm
maxasiaTeblebi 10 20 40 80

konusis
sixiste, wm wylis xarji 1m3 betonisaTvis litrobiT
jdoma, sm

0 150-20 145 130 120 115

0 90-120 150 135 125 120
0 60-80 160 145 130 125
0 30-50 165 150 135 130
0 15-30 175 160 145 135
1 15-30 185 170 155 140
2 15-30 190 175 160 145
3 15-30 195 180 165 145
5 15-30 200 185 170 150
7 15-30 205 190 175 160
8 15-30 210 195 180 170
10 15-30 215 200 185 170

71
 cementis raodenoba kg-Si iangariSeba formuliT:

w
c= .
w/c

1m3 betonisaTvis cementis minimaluri xarji dadgenilia samSeneblo

normebis da wesebis mixedviT.
Semvsebebis raodenobis gansazRvris dros kg-Si 1m3 betonisaTvis,
vsargeblobT Semdegi ori pirobiT: betonis yvela Semadgeneli komponentis
absolutur moculobaTa jami udris 1000 l (1m3):

c qv xr(R)
+ + + wy = 1 000l, (1)
ςc ςqv ςxr(R)

sadac, ς c, ς qv, ς xr(R) – aris masalebis simkvriveebi, kv/m3.

meore pirobiT, betonis arevisas cement-qviSis duRabi Seavsebs
sicarieleebs msxvili Semvsebis marcvlebs Soris, marcvalTSorisi
gawevis koeficientis gaTvaliswinebiT.

c qv xr(R)
+ + wy = m σgk ⋅ Vcar (2)
ςc ξqv ς xr (R)

sadac σg.k. aris msxvili Semvsebebis gawevis koeficienti;

Vcar – xr(R) carieloba fxvier mdgomareobaSi
ς xr(R)
m
_ xr(R) moculobiTi masa, kg/m3.

Vcar. xr(R) formulaSi Caismeba SefardebiTi sididis saxiT 100-jer

Semcirebuli (mag., Vcar=43%, Caismeba 0,43) σg.k. xisti betonis
narevebisaTvis miiReba 1,05-1,1, xolo wvrilqviSiani narevebisaTvis – 1,2. (1)
da (2) gantolebebis amoxsniT miviRebT xreSs (RorRs) da qviSis xarjs 1m3
betonisaTvis:

72
 1000
xr(R) = ,
1 Vcar
+ ⋅ σg.k.
ς xr(R) ς xr(R)
m

⎡ ⎛ c xr(R) ⎞⎤
qv = ⎢1000 - ⎜ + + wy ⎟⎥ ⋅ ςqv .
⎢⎣ ⎜ ςc ς xr(R) ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦

betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSebis Semdeg amzadeben sacdel narevs

da sazRvraven konusis jdomasa da sixistes. Tu narevi aRmoCnda naklebad
Zvradi, gaangariSebaSi SeaqvT Sesworeba. emateba cementisa da wylis
raodenoba, ise, rom wyalcementis fardoba ar Seicvleba. Tu Zvradoba
metia, maSin emateba mcire porciebiT qviSa da msxvili Semvsebi, maTi
fardobis Seucvlelad. am gziT miiReba saWiro Zvradobis betonis narevi.
betonis Sedgenilobis dazusteba xdeba sasinj narevebze. amisaTvis
mzaddeba sami sacdeli anarevi. erTi anarevi gaangariSebulia
Sedgenilobis mixedviT, xolo ori ki wyalcementis fardobiT, 20%-iT meti
an naklebi saangariSo Sedgenilobidan. am narevebidan mzaddeba sam-sami
15X15X15 sm zomebis kubebi, romelsac inaxaven normalur pirobebSi da
gamocdian 28-e dRes. gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT igeba grafiki betonis
simtkicesa da wyalcementis fardobis damokidebulebis, romlis
saSualebiTac SeirCeva w/c fardoba, romelic iZleva saWiro markis
betons.
betonis komponentebis arevisas msxvil Semvsebebs Soris
sicarieleebs ikavebs qviSis wvrili fraqciebi, xolo cementis comiT
ivseba qviSis marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebi. miRebuli betonis narevis
moculoba yovelTvis naklebia misi mSrali Sedgenilobis nayar
moculobaTa jamze; amitomac SemoRebulia betonis gamosavlianobis
koeficientis cneba, romelic ganisazRvreba miRebuli betonis narevis
moculobis SefardebiT mSrali komponentebis nayar moculobaTa jamTan.

73
 Vb.n.
β= .
Vc + Vqv + Vxr(R)

msxvilmarcvliani betonebisaTvis β = 0,6 − 0,7 , xolo

wvrilmarcvlovani betonebisaTvis β = 0,7 − 0,8. am koeficientiT SeiZleba
ganisazRvros betonebis erTi arevisaTvis saWiro komponentebis xarji
Semdegi forulebiT:
βV βV
cv = ⋅ c; wv = ⋅ wy;
1000 1000
βV βV
qvv = ⋅ qv; xr(R)v = ⋅ xr(R);
1000 1000

sadac, cv, wyv, qvv, xr(R)v aris V moculobis betonmrevis erTi arevisaTvis
saWiro wylis, cementis, qviSis, xreSis, an RorRis raodenoba.
c, qv, wy, xr(R) – xarjebi cementis, wylis, qviSis, xr(RorRis) 1m3
betonis narevisaTvis, kg.

5.8. betonis specialuri saxeebi

hidroteqnikuri betoni mZime betonis saxesxvaobaa, romelic

xasiaTdeba didi wyalmedegobiT, wyaluJonadobiT, yinvagamZleobiT, dabali
siTbogamoyofiT da rig SemTxvevaSi qimiuri medegobiT. yinvagamZleobaze
misi markebia 50-500 hidroteqnikuri betonis simtkice ganisazRvreba 180
dRis asakSi. misi markebia: 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 da 500.
wyaluJonadobaze betonis markebia: B-2; B-4; B-6; B-8 da B-12. miwisqveSa,
wyalqveSa da nagebobebis Siga nawilebisaTvis betonSi SehyavT
wvriladdafquli qviSa da sxva mineraluri danamatebi (diatomiti,
granulirebuli wida), rac iwvevs agresiuli moqmedebis mimarT medegobis
zrdas da amcirebs egzoTermul movlenebs. plastificirebuli da
hidrofobuli danamatebi amcirebs wyalmomTxovnelobas da cementis

74
xarjs, zrdis betonis simkvrives da yinvagamZleobas. Semvsebebi – qviSa,
xreSi an RorRi unda akmayofilebdes ufro maRal moTxovnebs, vidre
Cveulebrivi betonis. gamoiyeneba mxolod saSualo da msxvili qviSebi.
betonis narevi Cawyobisas maqsimalurad unda Semkvrivdes, xolo
gamyarebisaTvis unda Seiqmnas saWiro temperatura da tenianobis reJimi.
hidroteqnikuri betoni gamoiyeneba iseT nagebobebSi, rogorebicaa
sazRvao nagebobebi, kaSxlebi, sayrdeni kedlebi, xidis burjebi, rabebi da
sxv., romlebic periodulad an mudmivad ganicdian wylis moqmedebas.
mJavamedegi betoni gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciebis,
rezervuarebis, milebis da aparatebis dasamzadeblad qimiuri
mrewvelobisaTvis. igi cvlis iseT Zvirfas masalebs, rogoricaa
mJavamedegi keramika, furclovani tyvia, Tlili qva da sxv.
mJavamedegi betonisaTvis gamoiyeneba Txevadi minas (15%), kaJftorovan
natriums Na2SiF6 da mkvriv mJavamedeg Semvsebebs: kvarcis qviSas, andezitis,
granitis, kvarcitebis RorRs da mtvrisebr fraqcias (<0,14 mm-ze), romelic
miRebulia mJavamedegi masalebisagan. mJavamedegi betonis gamyareba unda
moxdes Tbili, mSrali haeris garemoSi.
mJavamedegi betoni kargad eWideba armaturas. igi medegia iseTi
mJavebis mimarT, rogoricaa: marilmJava, gogirdmJava, azotmJava da sxv.
wylis moqmedebiT es betoni nel-nela iSleba, tuteebi ki mas advilad
Slian. mJavamedegi betonis simtkice 15 mgpa.
mxurvalemedegi betoni inarCunebs Tavis fiziko-meqanikur Tvisebebs
maRali temperaturebis xangrZlivi moqmedebis dros. igi gamoiyeneba
Rumelebis, qvabebis, sakvamle milebis, reaqtorebis amosagebad da sxv.
mxurvalemedeg betonSi Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba portlandcementi,
widaportlandcementi, Tixamiwovani cementi da Txevadi mina. Semvsebebad
iyeneben cecxlmedeg masalebs: Samots, andezits, korunds, brZmedis widas
da sxv.
mxurvalemedegobis xarisxis mixedviT mxurvalemedegi betoni iyofa
maRalmxurvalemedeg (uZlebs 17700C da meti), mxurvalemedeg (15500-17700C) da
mxurvale gamZle (uZlebs 15800C-ze dabal temperaturas) betonebad.

75
 mxurvalemedegi betonis markebia 100-250, moculobiTi masa 1,7-2 t/m3,
forianoba 20-35%, wyalSTanTqma 10-20%.
dekoratiuli betoni miiReba betonis narevSi tute da Suqmdegi
pigmentebis (mumia, surinji da sxv.) SeyvaniT, 8-10% cementis masidan an
feradi cementis gamoyenebiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneben ferad
Semvsebebs: tufi, marmarilo, wiTeli kvarci da sxv. dekoratiul betons
garda ferisa, moeTxoveba xangamZleoba, atmosferomedegoba, simtkice,
simkvrive da zogierT SemTxvevaSi yinvagamZleoba da cveTamedegoba. igi
gamoiyeneba Senobebisa da nagebobebis rogorc gare elementebis, aseve
interierebis gasaformeblad, parkebSi savali bilikebis mosawyobad, gzis
safarisaTvis da sxva. dekoratiuli betonis markebia: 150, 200.
radioaqtiuri gamosxivebisagan damcavi betoni. atomuri energiis
mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis gamoyenebam, moiTxova momsaxure personalis
dacva gamosxivebisagan. atombirTvuli daSlis reaqciebisas yvelaze metad
saSiSia σ - sxivebi da neitronuli gamosxiveba. neitronuli gamosxi-
vebisagan efeqturad icavs wyali da is nivTierebebi, romlebic Seicaven
didi raodenobis wyalbads. radgan wyali mcire simkvrivisaa, amitom
neitonuli da σ - gamosxivebis erTdrouli dacvisaTvis gamoiyeneba
zemZime betoni 3000-5000 kg/m3 moculobiTi masiT, sadac Semvsebebad
gamoyenebulia mZime masalebi: bariti, magnititi, Tujisa da foladis
narCenebi da sxv. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba portlandcementi,
widaportlandcementi da Tixamiwovani cementi. damcveli betonebis
markebia 100, 150 da 200.

5.9. msubuqi betoni

msubuq betonebs miekuTvneba betonebi, romelTa moculobiTi masa

naklebia 1800 kg/m3-ze da gamoirCevian maRali forianobiT.

76
 forianobis Seqmnis meTodebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben msubuq betonebs
msubuq forian Semvsebebze, msxvilforiani (uqviSo) betonebi da
ujredovani betoni.
daniSnulebis mixedviT msubuqi betonebi iyofa: Tbosaizolacio
betonebad, romelTa moculobiTi masa 500 kg/m3-ze naklebia, Tbogamtarobis
koeficienti 0,2 vt/m0C; konstruqciul betonebad, romlebic Senobebsa da
nagebobebSi iRebs mniSvnelovan datvirTvebs. maTi moculobiTi masa aris
1400-1800 kg/m3, marka aranakleb 50, yinvagamZleoba ara nakleb 15 cikli;
konstruqciul – Tbosaizolacio betonebi, romlebSiac SeTavsebulia wina
orive saxis betonis Tvisebebi. maTi moculobiTi masa 500-1400 kg/m3, marka
aranakleb 35, Tbogamtarobis koeficienti aranakleb 0,64vt/m0C.
msubuq betonebs forian Semvsebebze maTi universaluri Tvisebebis
gamo iyeneben sxvadasxva samSeneblo elementebis dasamzadeblad Senobebsa
da negebobebSi. maTgan amzadeben gasaTbobi Senobebis kedlisa da
gadaxurvis panelebs, koWebs, kibis marSebs, filebsa da sxva
konstruqciebs.
msubuqi betoni forian Semvsebebze gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi mZime
betonisagan, rac gamowveulia foriani SemvsebebiT. mkvriv SemvsebebTan
SedarebiT foriani Semvsebebi xasiaTdeba mcire masiT, mniSvnelovnad
dabali simtkiciT. Semvsebebi ganapirobeben betonis narevis
wyalmomTxovnelobas da betonis Tvisebebs. wylis optimluri xarjis
SemTxvevaSi betonis narevi xasiaTdeba kargi advilCawyobadobiT da
betonis markac izrdeba, xolo optimalurze meti wylis gamoyenebisas
mcirdeba betonis simtkice. msubuqi betonis gaangariSeba xdeba iseTive
principiT, rogorc mZime betonis. wylisa da cementis xarjis
gaangariSebis Semdeg xdeba wvrili da msxvili Semvsebebis xarjis
angariSi, ris Semdeg mzaddeba ramdenime msgavsi narevi msxvili Semvsebebi
15-20%-is gansxvavebiT. mzaddeba kubebi 15X15X15 sm zomis da xdeba maTi
simtkicis gansazRvra 28-e dRes. gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT adgenen
msubuqi betonis optimalur Sedgenilobas. betons awyoben, amkvriveben,
rogorc Cveulebriv mZime betonebs.

77
 msxvilforovani (uqviSo) betonebi gamoirCevian dabali moculobiTi
masiT da dabali simtkiciT kumSvisas – 5 mgpa. msxvilforovani agebuleba
miiReba masSi wvrili Semvsebebis arqonis gamo. am betonebs iyeneben
kedlis blokebis da naklebad datvirTuli samSeneblo detalebis
dasamzadeblad, sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo SenobebisaTvis, romelTa
simaRle ar aRemateba 4 sarTuls.
msxvilforovani betoni Sedgeba xreSisagan (an RorRisagan),
marcvlebis simsxoTi 5-40 mm (sasurvelia 10-20 mm), portlandcementis an
widaportlandcementisa da wylisagan. moculobiTi masa Semvsebebis saxis
mixedviT 1500-1800 kg/m3-ia, Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,58-0,98 vt/m0C.

5.10. masalebi msubuqi betonis dasamzadeblad

Semkvreli nivTierebebi. betonis sxvadasxva markebisaTvis samSeneblo

normebiT da wesebiT rekomendebulia Semkvrelebis Semdegi markebi:
betonis marka ................................ 35-mde; 50-75; 100-150
Semkvrelis marka ........................ 200-300; 250-300; 400-500.
wyali. gamoiyeneba sufTa sasmeli wyali, romelic unda
akmayofilebdes yvela im moTxovnebs, rasac Cveulebrivi mZime
betonisaTvis gamoyenebuli wyali.
Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba bunebrivi da xelovnuri forovani masalebi.
bunebrivi forovani Semvsebebi miiReba forovani qvis qanebisagan:
vulkanuri widebisa da tufebis, pemzis, niJarovani kirqvebis da sxvaTa
msxvreviT da daxarisxebiT. xelovnuri forovani Semvsebebi miiReba
warmoebis narCenebis specialuri gadamuSavebiT. xelovnurad damzadebuli
Semvsebebia keramzitis xreSi da qviSa, romelic miiReba Tixebis afubiT da
gamowviT. 1000-12500C temperaturaze. afuebuli perliti, vermikuliti da
obsidiani miiReba bunebrivi perlitis, vermikulitisa da obsidianis maRal
temperaturaze TbogadamuSavebiT.

78
 danamatebi. msubuq betonSi danamatebad iyeneben dafqvil,
granulirebul widebs, diatomits, tufs, pemzas da sxv. gamagrebis
dasaCqareblad SehyavT kalciumis qlori CaCl2 1-2% cementis masidan.
forebis warmosaqmnelad umateben aluminis fxvnils, fissaponian
qafwarmomqmnelebs da sxv.

5.11. ujredovani betoni

ujredovani betoni, msubuqi betonis nairsaxeobaa, romelic

gamoirCeva didi raodenobiT (85%-mde betonis moculobidan) xelovnurad
Seqmnili daxuruli forebiT, ujredebis saxiT 0,5-2 mm diametriT,
romelic Sevsebulia haeriT an airiT.
ganasxvaveben ori saxis ujredovan betons: qafbetoni, romelic
miiReba Semkvrelis, wylis da kaJmiwiani komponentis qafTan SereviT da
airbetoni, romelic miiReba analogiuri narevis airwarmomqmnelebTan
SereviT.
gamoyenebuli Semkvrelis mixedviT ganasxvaveben qafbetons da
airbetons damzadebuls portlandcementze, cement-kiris da kir-nefelinis
Semkvrelebze; qafsilikatebs da airsilikatebs haerkirze, qafwidabetons
da airwidabetons damzadebuls brZmedis widisagan gamaaqtivebeli
danamatebiT (kiri da TabaSiri).
gamoyenebis mixedviT ujredovani betoni iyofa: Tbosaizolaciod,
moculobiTi masa 500 kg/m3 da naklebi; konstruqciul – Tbosaizolaciod,
moculobiTi masa 500-dan 900 kg/m3-mde da konstruqciul betonad,
moculobiTi masiT 900-dan 1200 kg/m3. ujredovani betonis simtkice
damokidebulia moculobiT masaze. moculobiT masis 500, 600, 700, 900, 1000
da 1200 kg/m3 Seesabameba simtkice 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7,5; 10 da 15 mgpa.
gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT ujredovani betoni klasificirdeba
bunebrivi da avtoklavuri gamyarebis betonad. mSeneblobaSi farTod
gamoiyeneba avtoklavuri gamyarebis ujredovani betoni.

79
 qafbetons amzadeben cementis comis an xsnaris SereviT specialur
mdgrad qafTan. cementis comis an xsnaris qafTan areva xdeba 2-3 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg am narevs asxamen yalibebSi da ayovneben. Semdeg
xdeba qafbetonis nakeTobis gamyareba avtoklavSi, gacieba, nakeTobis
ganyalibeba da gamoyvana.
qafi miiReba qafbetonisagan wyalTan areviT. qafwarmomqnelad
iyeneben saponis wylian xsnars, kolofonisgan damzadebul
webokolofonis xsnarebsa da sxva nivTierebebs.
Tbosaizolacio qafebisagan amzadeben filebs, blokebs, tixrebsa da
gare kedlebisaTvis da sxva Tbosaizolacio elementebs. daarmaturebuli
konstruqciul-Tbosaizolacio da konstruqciuli qafbetoni xasiaTdeba
maRali simtkiciT da dabali TbogamtarobiT. iyeneben iseT
konstruqciebSi, sadac SeTavsebulia mzidi da Tbosaizolacio funqciebi.
aseTi betoni daarmaturebuli foladis badeebiT, gamoiyeneba Senobebis
gadaxurvisaTvis.

nax. 10. qafbetonsarevi

1 – doli cementis comis dasamzadeblad;
2 – doli qafis dasamzadeblad;
3 – qafbetonis dasamzadebeli doli.

80
 airbetonis miRebis procesi qafbetonis miRebis procesis
analogiuria, mcired gansxvavebiT teqnologiaSi. airbetonsarevSi asxamen
wyals, Semdeg awvdian Jangmiwa komponents da Semkvrels. arevidan 2-3
wuTSi SehyavT airwarmomqmneli aluminis fxvnili, wyal-aluminis
suspenziis saxiT. arevis Semdeg narevs asxamen yalibSi, sadac xdeba
afueba wyalbadis gamoyofis gamo, romelic warmoiqmneba Semdegi reaqciiT:

2 Al + 3Ca (OH ) 2 + 6 H 2 O = 3CaO ⋅ Al 2 O3 ⋅ 6 H 2 O + 3H 2 .

gamoyofili wyalbadi iwvevs cementis comis afuebas, romelic

gamagrebis Semdeg inarCunebs forovan struqturas.
airbetonis saorientacio Sedgenilobaa: 90% portlandcementi, 9,75%
kir-fifqi, 0,25% aluminis fxvnili da w/c=0,55-0,65.
airbetonisagan nakeTobebs amzadeben Semdegnairad: dafquli qviSisa
da wylis narevi miewodeba sarevSi da ureven cementTan, aluminis
fxvnilTan, wyalTan da qviSasaTan. areul narevs asxamen yalibSi, sadac
myardeba 4-5 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. amis Semdeg airbetons Wrian filebad da
SeaqvT avtoklavSi, sadac 1750C temeraturaze da 8 atm wnevis dros
warmoebs nakeTobis saboloo gamyareba. airbetonis avtoklavSi gamyareba
uzrunvelyofs maRal simtkices da iZleva saSualebas cementis xarjis
Semcirebis, cementis kiriT nawilobriv an mTlianad SecvliT.
airbetonis warmoebaSi airwarmomqmnelad gamoiyeneben agreTve
perhidrols-wyalbadis teqnikuri zeJangis H2O2 wylis xsnars

2 H 2 O2 → 2 H 2 O + O2 .

airbetons da qafbetons erTi da igive daniSnulebiT iyeneben, magram

unda aRiniSnos, rom airbetonis nakeTobebs aqvs ufro wvrili forebi
dabali Tbogamtaroba, meti mdgradoba da mcire moculobiTi masa.

81
SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. betonis klasifikacia;
2. masalebi mZime betonisaTvis;
3. betonis narevis Tvisebebi;
4. betonis Tvisebebi;
5. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba;
6. qafbetoni da airbetoni, maTi miReba da Tvisebebi.

82
 Tavi VI

samSeneblo duRabi

samSeneblo duRabi xelovnuri qvis masalaa, romelic miiReba

racionalurad SerCeuli Semkvrelis, wylis, wvrili Semvsebis da
specialuri danamatebis gamagrebis Sedegad. gamagrebamde mas duRabis
narevs uwodeben.
duRabi gamoiyeneba aguris da qvis wyobaSi, calkeuli panelebisa da
blokebis SesaerTeblad, zedapiris mobaTqaSebisaTvis da sxv.
duRabis klasifikacia xdeba oTxi ZiriTadi niSniT: Semkvrelis
saxeobis, moculobiTi masis, daniSnulebis da fizikur-meqanikuri
Tvisebebis mixedviT.
Semkvreli nivTierebis saxeobis mixedviT duRabebi aris cementis,
kiris, TabaSirovani, cement-kiris, cement-Tixis.
moculobiTi masis mixedviT samSeneblo duRabs gamagrebul
mdgomareobaSi yofen mZime da msubuq duRabebad. mZime duRabis
moculobiTi masa metia 1500 kg/m3-ze. Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba bunebrivi
qviSebi. msubuqi duRabis moculobiTi masa naklebia 1500 kv/m3-ze. Semvsebad
gamoiyeneba foriani Semvsebebi (pemza, vulkanuri widis, keramzitis da sxv.
qviSebi).
daniSnulebis mixedviT aris sakalatozo, gamosayvani (salesi) da
specialuri duRabebi.
fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT duRabi klasificirdeba
simtkicisa da yinvagamZleobis mixedviT.
duRabis Sedgeniloba gamoisaxeba Semadgeneli masalebis
raodenobiT, masiT an moculobiTi saxiT 1m3 duRabis narevze an TiToeuli
Semadgenlis fardobiT SemkvrelTan masiT an moculobiT, romlis drosac
Semkvrelis xarji miRebulia erTeulad.

83
 martivi duRabis Sedgenilobas, romelic erTi Semkvrelisagan
Sedgeba aRniSnaven ricxvTa SefardebiT. magaliTad, 1:3. es niSnavs, rom 1
nawil Semkvrelze masiT an moculobiT modis 3 nawili qviSa.
Sereuli duRabebi, romlebic Sedgebian ori Semkvrelisagan an
Seicaven mineralur danamatebs, aRiniSneba 3 cifriT. 1:0,4:5 (cementi 1; kiri
an Tixa 0,4; qviSa 5).

6.1. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi da

duRabis momzadeba

duRabis narevis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia: Zvradoba, advilCawyobadoba da

wyalSekavebis unari, xolo gamagrebuli duRabis – simtkice da
yinvagamZleoba.
Zvradoba – duRabis narevs Sedgenilobis mixedviT SeiZleba hqondes
sxvadasxva konsistencia – xistidan sxmulamde. Zvradoba ganisazRvreba
duRabis narevSi 300 gr-iani konusis CaZirvis siRrmiT santimetrebSi.
konusis simaRlea – 145 mm, fuZis diametri – 75 mm, kuTxe wverosTan – 300.

nax. 11. duRabis narevis Zvradobis ganmsazRvreli xelswayo.

1 – damWeri; 2 – Stativis dgari; 3 – Stangi; 4 – ciferblati;
5 – konusis sriala Rero; 6 – zambaris knopi; 7 – konusi;
8 – gamosacdeli narevis WurWeli.

84
 sxvadasxva daniSnulebis duRabi sxvadasxva ZvradobiT xasiaTdeba.
qvis wyobisTvis duRabis Zvradoba aris – 4-6 sm; aguris wyobisTvis 6-10 sm;
Selesvis pirveli fenisTvis _ 8-11 sm; meore fenisTvis – 6-8 sm. duRabis
narevis Zvradoba damokidebulia masSi Semavali Semkvrelisa da wylis
raodenobaze, agreTve qviSis simsxosa da saxeze.
wyalSekavebis unari aris duRabis Tviseba SeinarCunos wyali
transportirebisa da fuZeze datanisas. forian fuZeze datanisas (Tixis
aguri, betoni, xe) duRabi swrafad gadascems mas wyals da gauwyloebis
xarisxi SeiZleba imdenad mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes, rom mas aRar eyos
wyali narevis gamagrebisaTvis. meore mxriv duRabidan wylis garkveuli
nawilis gamoyofa zrdis duRabis narevis simkvrives wyobaSi, rac iwvevs
duRabis simtkicis matebas. wyalSekavebis unars amaRlebs
wvrildispersiuli mineraluri nivTierebebis Seyvana duRabis narevSi
(kiri, nacari, Tixa da aqtiuri mineraluri danamatebi).
advilCawyobadoba duRabis narevis unaria minimaluri energiis
xarjviT datanil iqnes fuZeze Txel, Tanabar fenebad da mtkiced
SeeWidos fuZis zedapirs.
simtkice gamagrebuli duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa; igi damokidebulia
Semkvreli nivTierebis aqtivobaze, Semkvrelisa da wylis fardobaze.
portlandcementze damzadebuli duRabis simtkices 28 dRis asakSi
sazRvraven prof. n.popovis formuliT:

⎛c ⎞
Rd = 0,25Rc ⎜⎜ − 0,4 ⎟⎟ ,
⎝w ⎠
sadac Rd aris duRabis simtkice kumSvisas, kgZ/sm2;
Rc _ cementis aqtivoba, kgZ/sm2;
c/w – cement-wylis fardoba.
es formula marTebulia duRabebisaTvis, romlebic datanilia mkvriv
fuZeze.
foriani fuZis SemTxvevaSi duRabidan wyali Seiwoveba, rac zrdis
cement-wylis fardobas, duRabis simkvrives da simtkices 1,5-jer.

85
 erTi da igive Sedgenilobis duRabSi, fuZis mier wylis garkveuli
nawilis Sewovis Semdeg duRabSi rCeba wylis erTi da igive raodenoba.
amitom duRabis simtkice am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoisaxos cementis
xarjiT da qviSis xarisxiT:
Rd = KRc (c - 0,05) + 4 ,

sadac c aris cementis xarji 1 m3 qviSaze, t;

K – qviSis xarjis koeficientia.
saSualo simsxos qviSisaTvis K=0,8
wvrili qviSisaTvis K=0,5-0,7
msxvili qviSisaTvis K=1.
Sereuli duRabis simtkice damokidebulia wvrilad dafqvili
danamatebis raodenobaze. roca duRabSi danamatad gamoyenebulia kiris an
Tixis comi, maSin misi raodenoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:
d = 0,17(1 - 0,002c ) ,

sadac d aris danamatis raodenoba 1 m3 qviSaze;

c – cementis xarji 1 m3 qviSaze, kg.
cementis duRabis yovel Sedgenilobas Seesabameba danamatis
optimaluri sidide, romlis drosac narevs axasiaTebs saukeTeso
advilCawyobadoba da maRali simtkice.
duRabis simtkice anu marka ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo standartiT
7,07X7,07X7,07 sm zomis kubebis gamocdiT, kumSvaze 28 dRis asakSi, romelic
magrdeba normaluri temperaturis (20±50) da haeris raodenobiTi
tenianobis 90-100% pirobebSi.
duRabis damzadeba. duRabis damzadeba xdeba gadasaadgilebel
duRabsarevebSi an stacionalur duRabsarev kvanZebSi, saWiro Zviradobis
mza narevis an mSrali narevis saxiT, romelsac aaduRabeben gamoyenebis
win. mSrali narevis damzadebisas saWiroa qviSis winaswar gamoSroba 1%
tenianobamde. Semkvrelad ukeTesia hidrofoburi cementis gamoyeneba,
radgan igi didxans inarCunebs aqtivobas.
duRabis damzadebisas saWiroa: qviSis gacra (zamTarSi gacxeleba),
komponentebis dozireba da kargad areva. areva xdeba duRabsarevebSi,

86
romelic awarmoebs duRabis komponentebis iZulebiT arevas dolSi.
duRabsarevebi aris perioduli da uwyveti moqmedebis. maTi tevadobaa: 150,
375, 750 da 1500 litri. Cveulebrivi duRabis arevis xangrZlivobaa – 1,5-2,5
wT; msubuqi duRabis – 2,5-3,5 wT, xolo hidravlikuri da sxva
danamatebisTvis – 5 wT.

6.2. sakalatozo duRabi

sakalatozo duRabi gamoiyeneba aguris da qvis wyobaSi, didi zomis

nakeTobebis montaJisTvis. misi daniSnulebaa calkeuli qvebis da
elementebis SekavSireba, maT Soris uTanabro zedapirebis mosworeba da
wyobis da kedlis dacva gamofitvisagan da wylis SeRwevisagan.
sakalatozo duRabi Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT oTxi saxisaa:
cementis, cement-kiris, cement-Tixis da kiris. cementis duRabi gamoiyeneba
Cveulebrivi wyobisTvis, panelebis, betonis da aguris blokebis
montaJisTvis da sxva daniSnulebiT. cementiani duRabisTvis iyeneben yvela
saxis cements, maTi specifikuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cement-kiris
duRabi xasiaTdeba kargi adgilCawyobadobiT, maRali simtkiciT da
yinvagamZleobiT. gamoiyeneba, rogorc miwisqveSa, ise miwiszeda nawilebis
wyobisaTvis. cement-Tixis duRabic xasiaTdeba advilCawyobadobiT,
sakmarisi simtkiciT da yinvagamZleobiT. igi warmoadgens cementis, Tixis
comis, qviSisa da wylis narevs. gamoiyeneba miwiszeda da miwisqveSa
nawilebis wyobisaTvis. kiris duRabi Seicavs kiris coms, qviSas da wyals.
xasiaTdeba maRali plastikurobiT, kargad eWideba zedapirs, xanmedegia,
magram nela magrdeba. gamoiyeneba miwiszeda samuSaoebisTvis, romlebic
ganicdian mcire datvirTvebs.
duRabs ar moeTxovebaT maRali simtkice, amitom Semkvrelis xarji
masSi gacilebiT naklebia, vidre betonSi. cementis xarji 1 m3 qviSaze
cementis duRabSi 150-175 kg, cement-kiris duRabSi 75-100 kg, xolo cement-
Tixis duRabSi 25-125 kg.

87
 6.3. gamosayvani duRabi

gamosayvani duRabi daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofa Cveulebriv sabaTqaSe

da dekoratiul duRabad.
sabaTqaSe duRabi gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa gare da Siga kedlebis
duRabad. Senobebis gare SelesvisaTvis iyeneben cementis da cement-kiris
duRabs, xolo Siga kedlebis da Weris SelesvisaTvis iyeneben cement-
kiris, TabaSiris, kir-TabaSiris da gajis duRabs.
dekoratiul duRabs iyeneben nagebobebis fasadebis da Siga
zedapirebis feradi mobaTqaSebisaTvis. ferad dekoratiul duRabSi
Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba kvarcis, marmarilos, granitis, kirqvis da sxva
TeTri da feradi qvis qanebis qviSebi. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba TeTri da
feradi portlandcementi.

6.4. specialuri duRabi

specialur duRabs miekuTvneba saineqcio, hidrosaizolacio,

satamponaJo, akustikuri, mxurvalmedegi, rentgenodamcveli, duRabi
iatakebisa da asawyobi rkinabetonis konstruqciebs Soris nakerebis
amosavsebad.
hidrosaizolacio duRabi gamoiyeneba betonisa da rkinabetonis
miwisqveSa nagebobebis hidrosaizolacio garsis mosawyobad da sxv.
saineqcio duRabi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis gvirabebSi bzarebis da
napralebis amosavsebad, armaturis koroziisagan dasacavad da sxv.
akustikuri duRabi gamoiyeneba bgeraTSTanTqmeli baTqaSis misaRebad,
SenobebSi xmauris gavrcelebis Sesamcireblad. rentgenodamcveli duRabi
gamoiyeneba rentgenokabinetebSi kedlebis da Weris mobaTqaSebisaTvis.
mxurvalmedeg duRabs iyeneben iseTi konstruqciebis da elementebis
asagebad, romlebic ganicdian maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebas.

88
SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. duRabis Sedgeniloba da klasifikacia;

2. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi;
3. duRabis nairsaxeobebi.

89
 Tavi VII

rkinabetonis nakeTobebi

7.1. zogadi cnobebi

rkinabetoni warmoadgens samSeneblo masalas, sadac kargad aris

Serwymuli betonis da foladis erToblivi muSaoba.
betoni, rogorc qvis masala, kargad ewinaaRmdegeba mkumSav
datvirTvebs da cudad ewinaaRmdegeba gamWimav Zalvebs. betonis simtkice
gaWimvaze 10-15-jer naklebia mis simtkiceze kumSvisas. aseTi gansxvavebis
gamo, mxolod betonis gamoyeneba iseT konstruqciebSi, sadac aRiZvreba
gamWimavi Zalvebi usargebloa. amitom konstruqciebis gaWimul zonaSi
aTavseben foladis armaturas. betonis da armaturis SexamebiT, miiReba
xarisxobrivad axali masala – rkinabetoni, sadac mkumSavi Zalvebi miiReba
betonis, xolo gamWimavi Zalvebi – armaturis mier. foladis armaturis da
betonis erToblivi muSaoba ganpirobebulia SemdegiT:
1. betoni da armatura xasiaTdeba kargi SeWidulobiT urTierTSoris;
2. temperaturis cvalebadobisas 0-dan 800C-mde betons da armaturas
aqvT erTi da imave sididis temperaturuli gafarToebis koeficientebi,
amitom temperaturis cvlilebisas rkinabetonis monoliTuroba ar irRveva.
3. betoni saimedod icavs armaturas koroziisagan.
rkinabetonis konstruqciebi iyofa monoliTur konstruqciebad da
asawyob konstruqciebad. monoliTur rkinabetonis konstruqciebs
amzadeben mSeneblobis adgilze, xolo asawyob konstruqciebs amzadeben
rkinabetonis qarxnebSi da amontaJeben mSeneblobis adgilze.
asawyobi rkinabetonis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva gaizardos
Sromis nayofiereba da mSeneblobis tempebi, Semcirdes mSeneblobis
Rirebuleba, amartivebs samuSaoebis warmoebas zamTris pirobebSi da
zrdis mSeneblobis xarisxs.

90
 rkinabetonis konstruqciebi mzaddeba Cveulebriv da winaswar
daZabuli. winaswar daZabvis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom damzadebisas
betons xelovnurad kumSaven, ris gamoc betoni mxolod maSin iWimeba,
rodesac gadailaxeba moWimviT gamowveuli mkumSavi Zabvebi. Tu es Zabvebi
Warbobs datvirTvisagan gamowveul gamWimav Zabvebs, SeiZleba Tavidan iqnes
acilebuli betonSi naadrevi bzarebis gaCena. winaswar daZabul betonSi an
sul ar warmoiqmneba gamWimavi Zabvebi, an warmoiqmneba imdenad mcire
sididiT, romelic ar Warbobs betonis simtkices gaWimvisas.
winaswar daZabva xdeba armaturis daWimviT dabetonebamde da
konstruqciebSi betonis mier garkveuli simtkicis miRebis Semdeg. Tu
armaturis daZabva xdeba dabetonebamde, maSin yalibSi Cawyobil armaturas
gaWimaven da ase gaWimul mdgomareobaSi Caamagreben yalibSi. betonis
narevis gamagrebis Semdeg armaturas aTavisufleben damWimavi
mowyobilobisagan, romelic cdilobs ra daubrundes Tavis sawyis
mdgomareobas, awarmoebs betonis SekumSvas. Tu armaturis daZabva xdeba
betonis gamyarebis Semdeg gaWimul zonSi toveben arxebs, sadac SehyavT
armatura betonis gamyarebis Semdeg, romelsac Wimaven da amagreben
sabjenebze, xolo arxebs avseben duRabiT.
armaturis winaswari daZabva aramarto gamoricxavs bzarebis gaCenas,
aramed saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes armatris xarji; Semcirdes
konstruqciis wona, gaizardos maTi xangamZleoba. amitom winaswar
daZabuli rkinabetonis konstruqciebis gamoSveba yovelwliurad
matulobs.
rkinabetonis konstruqciebis daarmaturebisTvis iyeneben rogorc
Rerovan, aseve mavTulovan armaturas. foladis armaturas ganasxvaveben
simtkicis, diametris da gare zedapiris (gluvi da perioduli profilis)
mixedviT (nax. 12).
armaturas dauZabavi rkinabetonis konstruqciebisTvis amzadeben
SeduRebuli karkasebis da badeebis saxiT.

91
nax. 12. armaturis saxeebi: a – gluvi Rerovani; b – gluvi mavTulovani;
g – cxladnaglini perioduli profilis; d-v – wna mavTulisagan;
e – civSetyleJili; z – SeduRebuli bade.

winaswar daZabuli konstruqciebis daarmaturebisaTvis iyeneben

maRali simtkicis Rerovan folads da maRali simtkicis naxSirbadovani
foladis civWimul mavTuls. msxvili elementebis daarmaturebisaTvis
iyeneben 8 mm diametris mavTuls, armaturis gvarlebis konebis saxiT,
romelic Seicavs 10-60 Zafs.
SeduReba warmoebs wertilovani kontaqturi eleqtroSeduRebiT.

7.2. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacia

asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs

Semdegi maCveneblebi: armaturis saxe, moculobiTi masa, betonis saxeoba,
Sinagani agebuleba da daniSnuleba.

92
 armaturebis saxeobis mixedviT nakeTobebi iyofa winaswar daZabuli
da Cveulebrivi armaturebiT.
moculobiTi masis mixedviT rkinabetoni iyofa: zemZime betonisagan
damzadebuli (moculobiTi masa 2500 kg/m3 diametri), mZime betonisagan
(moculobiTi masa 1800-2500 kg/m3), msubuqi betonebisagan (moculobiTi masa
500-800 kg/m3) da zemsubuqi (moculobiTi masiT 500 kg/m3-ze naklebi)
betonebisagan damzadebuli.
betonis saxeobisa da masSi gamoyenebuli Semkvrelis mixedviT
rkinabetonis nakeTobebi iyofa: cementian betonebze damzadebuli,
silikatur betonebze, ujredovan betonebze da specialur betonebze
(mxurvalmedegi, qimiur mdgradi da sxv.) damzadebul nakeTobebad.
Sinagani agebulebebis mixedviT rkinabetonis nakeToba SeiZleba iyos
mTliani an carielobiTi, damzadebuli erTi saxeobis betonisagan,
erTfeniani an orfeniani da mravalfeniani, damzadebuli betonis
sxvadasxva saxeobaze an sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli (mag.
Tbosaizolacio) erTi saxeobis rkinabetonis nakeToba SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes tipobrivi zomebiT, rodesac maTi konstruqcia an zomebi
gansxvavebulia (mag. kedlis kuTxis bloki, fanjrisqveSa bloki da sxv.).
erTi tipobrivi zomis nakeToba kidev iyofa markebad. markebad dayofas
safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva armireba, samontaJo xvretebis an detalebis
sxvadasxvaoba.
daniSnulebis mixedviT asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebi iyofa
Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebad. sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi
nagebobebisaTvis, samrewvelo SenobebisaTvis, sainJinro da saerTo
daniSnulebis nakeTobebad.
rkinabetonis nakeTobebi unda pasuxobdes standartul moTxovnebs.

93
 7.3. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis warmoeba

rkinabetonis da betonis nakeTobebs da konstruqciebs amzadeben

qarxnebSi da poligonebze. maTi damzadebis procesi Sedgeba oTxi
ZiriTadi operaciisagan: betonis narevis momzadeba, armaturis damzadeba,
dayalibeba (betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba) da Tboteniani
damuSaveba. garda amisa, Semdeg xdeba nakeTobis saxiani zedapirebis
dekoratiuli gamoyvana.
rkinabetonis nakeTobaTa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, SeiZleba
gamovyoT teqnologiuri procesis sami principialuri sqema:
1. nakeTobebis damzadeba stacionalur yalibebSi – stenduri da
kaseturi meTodebi;
2. nakeTobebis damzadeba gadasaadgilebel yalibebSi ganasxvaveben
konveirul da nakadur-agregatul meTods (rodesac ramdenime operacia
sruldeba erT postze);
3. dayalibebis uwyveti xerxi – warmoebs vibrosaglinav dganze.
nakeTobebis damzadebisas stacionalur yalibebSi, yvela ZiriTadi
teqnologiuri operacia sruldeba erT teqnologiur postze.
stenduri xerxis dros yalibi rCeba erT adgilze – stendze, mTeli
teqnologiuri ciklis ganmavlobaSi. stendi warmoadgens rkinabetonis
baqans gluvi zedapiriT, sisqiT 12-20 sm, romelic nakeTobebis
dayalibebisas yalibis Ziris movaleobas asrulebs. rTuli konfiguraciis
nakeTobebis dabetonebisas, stendze amagreben matricebs – rkinabetonis
yalibebs. matricaSi datanebulia nakeTobaSi siRrmiseuli warmomqmneli
elementebi. matricas Siga zomebi Seesabameba nakeTobebis gare zomebs.
nakeTobebis Tboteniani damuSavebisaTvis stendis tanSi an matricaSi
Cawyobilia gasaTbobi xelsawyoebi – milebi, sadac atareben orTqls,
cxel wyals an zeTs. stenduri xerxi mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iyos
zomagrZeli konstruqciebis, maRali svetebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad.
kaseturi xerxis dros nakeTobebis formireba da gamyareba xdeba
uZrav vertikalur yalibebSi-kasetebSi, romelic Signidan foladis

94
kedlebiT dayofilia nakeTobad, TiToeuli nakeTobis dasayalibeblad. es
mniSvnelovnad zrdis Sromis nayofierebas, xolo nakeTobebis vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi damzadeba mkveTrad amcirebs sawarmoo farTobs (nax. 13).

nax. 13. kaseta rkinabetonis nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad.

kasetur danadgars aqvs specialuri mowyobilobebi (perangebi)

nakeTobebis orTqliT an eleqtroenergiiT gamyarebisaTvis. kaseturi xerxi
gamoiyeneba brtyeli Txelkedliani nakeTobebis (Siga da gare sakedle
panelebi da sxv.) damzadebisaTvis.
nakeTobebis damzadebisas gadasaadgilebel yalibSi nakadur-
agregatuli meTodiT xdeba Semdegnairad: armaturis da betonis narevis
Cawyoba yalibebSi da narevis Semkvriveba xdeba erT teqnologiur postze,
xolo nakeTobebis gamyareba xdeba specialur Tbur aparatebSi
(gasaorTqli kamerebi an avtoklavebSi). am meTodis dros xdeba saerTo
teqnologiuri procesebis danawevreba.
yvelaze didi danawevreba xdeba konveiruli warmoebis dros am dros
yvela operacia sruldeba calkeul specialur postebze, romlebic
mTlianobaSi qmnian daxurul xazs – konveiers. yalibebi nakeTobebiT
postidan gadaadgildeba mkacrad gansazRvruli drois (15 wT) Semdeg.
nakeTobebis gamyareba xdeba uwyveti moqmedebis kamerebSi (nax. 14).

95
 nax. 14. konveieruli teqnologiuri xazi
I – konveieri farTo nakeTobisaTvis; II – konveieri viwro nakeTobisaTvis;
III – gvirabisebri gasaorTqli kamerebi;
1 – yalibebis gawmendis posti; 2 – yalibebis SezeTvis posti;
3 – daarmaturebis posti; 4 – yalibi-vagoneti daWimuli armaturiT;
5 – betonCamwyobi; 6 – dayalibebis posti; 7 – gadamcemi xazis yalibi;
8 – sawevela yalib-vagonebis CasatvirTad kamerebSi; 9 – kameridan yalib-
vagonis gansatvirTi mowyobiloba; 10 – gadamcemi xazi vagonebis
dasabruneblad mza nakeTobebis gamyalibebis postze; 11. ganyalibebis da
mza nakeTobebis sawyobSi gamcemi posti.

aseTi danawevreba teqnologiuri procesebis saSualebas iZleva

mTlianad meqanizebuli da avtomatizebuli gaxdes teqnologiuri
operaciebi. amaSi mdgomareobs konveiruli meTodis upiratesoba.
nakadur-agregatuli meTodebis dros yalibebis gadaadgileba
postidan postze xdeba amweebis saSualebiT garkveuli drois intervaliT,
romelic meryeobs ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde, rac saSualebas
iZleva erTi da imave xazze sxvadasxva teqnologiuri mowyobilobebiT
damzaddes sxvadasxva saxis nakeTobebi (nax. 15).

96
 nax. 15. nakaduri agregatuli teqnologiuri xazi:
1 – vibrobaqani; 2 – damyalibebeli danadgari,
3 – betonCamwyobi; 4 – betonis sazidi estakada; 5 – ormos
tipis gasaorTqli kamerebi; 6 – nakeTobebis ganyalbebis,
yalibebis gawmendis da armaturis karkasebis Cawyobis posti;
7 – armaturis eleqtroTermuli daZabvis danadgari; 8 – xiduri
amwe.

dayalibebis uwyveti xerxi warmoebs vibrosaglinav dganze. moZrav

lentze dganis sawyis ubanze awyoben armaturas, Semdeg ubanze awodeben
betonis narevs, amkvriveben vibrirebiT da nawilobriv sakalibrebeli
livlivakebiT. dayalibebuli nakeToba lentis moZraobiT gadadis
Tboteniani damuSavebis zonaSi da 2 saaTis gaorTqvlis Semdeg mza saxiT
Camodis lentidan da miemarTeba mza produqciis sawyobSi.
am procesis gansxvavebuli Tavisebureba is aris, rom yvela
teqnologiuri operacia, betonis narevis damzadebidan, mza nakeTobis
miRebamde mimdinareobs erT danadgarze, romelic uwyvetad moZraobs 15-30
m/sT siCqariT.

97
 7.4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadebis ZiriTadi
teqnologiuri operaciebi

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadeba iTvaliswinebs Semdeg

teqnologiur operaciebs; betonis narevis damzadeba, foladis armaturis
momzadeba, dayalibeba, gamyareba da Tboteniani damuSaveba.
armaturis momzadeba. gluvi armaturis foladi, 12 mm-iani diametriT,
qarxanaSi miewodeba daxveuli gorglebis saxiT, didi diametris liToni
da perioduli profilis ki Reroebis saxiT. armaturis momzadeba
iTvaliswinebs liTonis Reroebis gawmendas, gamarTvas, Reroebis daWras
saWiro zomebad da Runvas. maTi damuSaveba (Runva) warmoebs specialur
dazgebze. mcire diametris Reroebisa da mavTulis wnexisagan karkasebisa
da badeebis miReba xdeba kontaqturi eleqtroSeduRebiT, erTwertilovani,
mravalwertilovani da sivrculi SemduRebeli manqanebis gamoyenebiT,
kontaqtis adgilebSi foladis gacxelebiT dnobis temperaturis zeviT.
didi diametris Reroebis SeerTeba xdeba pirapiruli eleqtroSeduRebiT
an Cveulebrivi rkaluri SeduRebiT.
rkinabetonis nakeTobebis dayalibeba iTvaliswinebs Semdeg
teqnologiur operaciebs: yalibebis gawmenda, SezeTva da awyoba,
armaturis Cawyoba, betonis narevis Cawyoba da Semkvriveba.
rkinabetonis dasamzadeblad iyeneben xis liTonis, rkinabetonis
yalibebs. yvelaze didi gamoyeneba aqvs liTonis yalibebs, radganac isini
xasiaTdebian zomebis sizustiT, maRali sixistiT, xangamZleobiT;
gamoirCeva awyobis da daSlis simartiviT. liTonis yalibebis naklovani
mxarea liTonis didi xarji, rac zrdis nakeTobis Rirebulebas. xis
yalibebi yvelaze iafia, magram misi eqspluataciis vada mcirea. yalibebi
iwmindeba SekumSuli haeriT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs yalibebis dasazeTi
masalis swor SerCevas, romelic icavs betons yalibTan SeWidebisagan.
dabetonebis win yalibi unda SeizeTos. yalibebis dasazeTad iyeneben
zeTis emulsiebs kalcinirebuli sodis damatebiT, teqnikur vazelins da
sxva emulsiebs.

98
 awyobil, gasufTavebul da dazeTil yalibebSi ewyoba armaturis
karkasebi da warmoebs maTi fiqsacia saproeqto moTxovnis Sesabamisad.
betonis narevis Cawyoba yalibebSi warmoebs kiduri badeebiT,
betonCamwyobebiT da sxv. betonis narevis gamkvriveba xdeba: vibraciiT
dawnexviT da vibrodawnexviT, centrifugviT, vibrovakuumirebiT,
vibrogaglinviT da sxv.
centrifugirebas iyeneben iseTi nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad,
romlebsac SigniT aqvs gamWoli, mrgvali kveTis sicariele. liTonis
mrgval yalibSi daayeneben armaturas, Caawyoben betonis narevs da yalibs
abruneben 600-1000 br/wT sixSiriT. centridanuli Zalis gavleniT betonis
narevi Tanabar fenad ganawildeba yalibis zedapirze, didi ZaliT awveba
mas da kargad mkvrivdeba. am dros betonis narevidan gamodis haeri da
zedmeti wyali. centrifugvis procesi grZeldeba 15-20 wuTs. mza nakeTobas
agzavnian gamyarebis kameraSi, ris Semdegac mas anTavisufleben yalibidan
da agzavnian mza nakeTobebis sawyobSi.
stenduri xerxis dros nakeTobebi mzaddeba stendebze, matricebSi an
kasetebSi. dayalibebis procesi stendze da matricaSi mdgomareobs
SemdegSi: dazeTil matricaSi an stendSi awyoben armaturas da masze
betonis narevs. narevs amkvriveben siRrmuli an zedapiruli vibratorebiT.
matrica warmoadgens stacionalur, upiratesad rkinabetonis yalibs.
nakadur-agregatuli xerxis dros nakeTobas ayalibeben gadasatan.
liTonrkinabetonis yalibebSi. yalibs armaturiT dgamen vibrobaqanze,
Semdeg asxamen betonis narevs da iwyeben vibracias. am dros betonis
narevi avsebs yalibs da mkvrivdeba.
bolo xanebSi didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba vibrodartymis reJimi.
inergeba agreTve mravalsixSiriani vibrobaqnebi, romlebic sagrZnoblad
zrdian betonis simtkices, magram gamoirCevian konstruqciis sirTuliT da
eleqtroenergiis didi xarjiT.
rkinabetonis nakeTobebis gamyareba. gamyareba warmoadgens
rkinabetonis nakeTobebis saboloo etaps. ganasxvaveben nakeTobebis
bunebriv da xelovnur gamyarebas. bunebrivi gamyareba gamoiyeneba iSviaT

99
SemTxvevebSi, radgan am dros mniSvnelovnad izrdeba teqnologiuri
procesis xangrZlivoba. am meTodis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblis
gazrda SesaZlebelia Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba swrafmyarebadi cementebi,
xisti betonis narevi, danamatebi (gamyarebis damaCqareblebi) da narevis
intensiuri Semkvriveba vibraciiT da erTdrouli mtvirTavis gamoyenebiT
an dawnexviT 100g/sm2 ZaliT.
Tanamedrove qarxnebSi farTod gamoiyeneba gamyarebis xelovnuri
meTodi e.w. Tboteniani damuSaveba. aseTi damuSavebis nairsaxeobebia:
nakeTobis gaorTqvla kamerebSi normaluri wnevis da 1000C temperaturis
dros; nakeTobis SeorTqvla avtoklavebSi 175-2500C temperaturisa da 8-12
atm wnevis dros; gamyareba cxeli wylis abazanebSi, eleqtrogaxureba;
nakeTobebis kontaqturi gaxureba.
yvelaze gavrcelebulia nakeTobebis kamerebSi gaorTqvla.
CatvirTvis da gantvirTvis meTodebis mixedviT gaorTqvlis kamerebi iyofa
uwyveti da perioduli moqmedebis kamerebad. uwyveti moqmedebis kamera
warmoadgens gvirabs, sadac erTi mxridan uwyvetad CatvirTaven
dayalibebul nakeTobebs da meore mxridan gadmotvirTaven mza nakeTobebs.
gvirabSi moZraobis dros nakeTobebi gaivlian gacxelebis, izoTermuli da
gaciebis zonebs. perioduli moqmedebis kamerebs CatvirTaven da
gadmotvirTaven periodulad.
nakeTobebis gaorTqvlis reJimi mravalnairia da damokidebulia
betonis simtkiceze, miRebul teqnologiaze, cementis saxeobaze da sxva
faqtorebze. yvelaze xSirad iyeneben gaorTqvlis reJims, romelic Sedgeba
sami ciklisagan: temperaturis aweva 2-3 sT, izoTermuli gaxurebis
periodi mudmivi temperaturis dros 6-8 sT, gaciveba 2 sT. ciklis saerTo
xangrZlivoba 10-13 sT. gaorTqvlis operaciiT rkinabetonis nakeTobebis
warmoebis procesi mTavrdeba, Tu ar saWiroeben Semdgom damuSavebas da
mopirkeTebas.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi nakeTobaTa zedapirebis gamoyvana warmoebs
saRebavebiT, feradi betonebiT da mosapirkeTebeli masalebiT. saRebavebi
unda iyos wyalmedegi, xangamZle da medegi gaxurebis mimarT. am mxriv

100
saukeTesoa silikaturi, cementis da polimeris saRebavebi. saRebavebi
rkinabetonis nakeTobebis zedapirze daitaneba haeris normaluri
temperaturis dros, or an sam fenad. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi unda iyos
xangamZle, cvladi atmosferuli movlenebis moqmedebis pirobebSi.
mosapirkeTebel masalebad iyeneben keramikis, azbestis, minis filebs da
feradi betonis blokebs da sxv.
rkinabetonis nakeTobebi inaxeba sawyobebSi, iseT mdgomareobaSi
rogoric eqnebaT maT nagebobaSi eqspluataciis dros. magaliTad, kedlis
panelebi da tixrebi – vertikalur an odnav daxril mdgomareobaSi,
gadaxurvis fenilebi, koWebi da fermebi ewyoba horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi; gadaxurvis fenilebi, koWebi da fermezi ewyoba
horizontalur mdgomareobaSi. mza nakeTobebis transportireba xdeba
specialurad mowyobil avto da rkinigzis platformebiT, romlebzec
nakeTobebi datvirTulia grZivi RerZiT moZraobis mimarTulebis gaswvriv.

7.5. asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis nomeklatura

asawyobi rkinabetonisagan amzadeben nagebobebis yvela nawils:

saZirkvlebs, sardafis kedlebs, Siga da gare kedlebs, kedlis blokebs,
svetebs, sanitarul-teqnikur nakeTobebs, sarTulSua gadaxurvebs, kibis
marSebs da sxva elementebs.
fundamentis fila warmoadgens foladis badiT daarmaturebul
masiur rkinabetonis elements zomebiT: sigane 120-320 sm, sigrZe 80, 100 da
120 sm da simaRle 40-50 sm. saZirkvlis blokebi marTkuTxa formisaa
sigrZiT 3 m-mde, sisqe 40-60 sm da simaRle 60 sm. bloks torsul mxareebze
ukeTeben kiloebs saZirkvelis montaJisas vertikaluri nakeris duRabiT an
betoniT Sesavsebad. asawyobi saZirkvlis elementebis masa aRwevs 3 t. maT
dasamzadeblad iyeneben 150 markis mZime betons (nax. 16).

101
 nax. 16. saZirkvlis elementebi
1 – filebi; 2 – blokebi.

karkasuli Senobebis nakeTobebs miekuTvneba svetebi, gadaxurvis

koWebi, rigelebi da zewrebi, nivnivqveSa koWebi da fermebi. amzadeben
daarmaturebuli aranakleb 300 markis mZime betonisagan.
kedlis panelebs miekuTvneba: panelebi uTbobi Senobebis gare
kedlebisaTvis, romlebsac amzadeben mZime da msubuqi betonisagan;
panelebi gasaTbobi Senobebis gare kedlebisaTvis, panelebi Siga
kedlebisaTvis; gare panelebisaTvis betoni unda iyos aranakleb 200
markis, xolo Siga panelebisaTvis aranakleb 150 markis, tixris panelebi,
romlebsac amzadeben yvela saxis daarmaturebuli da dauarmaturebeli
betonisagan. betonis marka mTlian filebSi unda iyos aranakleb 50, xolo
RruebSi aranakleb 75 (nax. 17).

nax. 17 kedlis panelebi.

102
 kedlis blokebs amzadeben msubuqi betonisagan, moculobiTi masiT,
araumetes 1600 kg/m3. blokebs amzadeben Rruebian da mTlians, erTi, ori
an sami SriT. gare mxare dafarulia dekoratiuli betonis SriT. xolo
Siga mxare sabaTqaSe duRabiT. blokebi mzaddeba rogorc gare, ise Siga
kedlebisaTvis. gare kedlebis blokebi konstruqciuli Taviseburebis
mixedviT iyofa: kuTxis, Taros, Suakedlis, karnizis da cokolis
blokebad (nax. 18).

nax. 18. kedlis bloki

1 – Suakedlis; 2 – zRudaris;
3 – rafis; 4 – kuTxis; 5 – cokolis.

sarTulSua gadaxurvis elementebs miekuTvneba gadaxurvis panelebi

da fenilebi, panelebi iatakis da Weris gadaxurvisaTvis. gadaxurvis
panelebi da fenilebi konstruqciis mixedviT aris brtyeli, mTliani,
wiburiani da Rruebiani (nax. 19).

nax. 19. fenilebi. a – mrgvali RruebiT;

b – ovaluri RruebiT.

103
 gadaxurvis panelebi fenilebis analogiuria. maTac marTkuTxa forma
aqvT, mrgvali an ovaluri RruebiT.
kibis marSebi mzaddeba specialur yalibebSi. safexurebis zedapiri
mopirkeTebulia cementis duRabiT da marmarilos nafxvenebiT. kibis
marSis sigrZe aRwevs 3,6 m, sigane – 1,8 m (nax. 20).
kibis baqans aqvs marTkuTxa filebis forma, romelic mzaddeba 200
markis betonis gamoyenebiT. daarmaturebulia foladis badiT da
mopirkeTebulia mozaikuri duRabiT an keremikuli filebiT.

nax. 20. kibeebis asawyobi elementebi

a – kibis baqani; b – kibis marSi.

samrewvelo Senobebis karkasis elementebi mzaddeba rkinabetonis

qarxnebSi. samrewvelo nagebobebSi iyeneben asawyobi rkinabetonis Semdegi
saxis svetebs: erT da orkonsolians, ukonsolos, mTlians, marTkuTxa da
tesebri kveTiT an ortotians. svetebi mzaddeba 300 da 400 markis
betonisagan.
koWebi mzaddeba 300 da 400 markis betonisagan. formis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben trapeciisebrs da segmenturs. sigrZiT 12, 17 da 24 m (nax. 21).

104
 nax. 21. samrewvelo Senobebis koWebi.
a – trapeciisebri; b – segmenturi.

fermebi da TaRebi gamoiyeneba Senobebis 18 m da meti malis

gadaxurvis mzid elementebad. fermebs SeiZleba hqondes trapeciisebri,
samkuTxa da mrudxazovani segmenturi forma. fermebs amzadeben mTlians an
calkeuli elementebisagan Sedgenils. 100m da meti malis Senobebi ixureba
rkinabetonis TaRebiT, romlebsac amzadeben mTliani an cxaura kedlebiT
da rogorc wesi ori naxevarTaRisagan, radgan TiToeuli naxevarTaRis
masa aRwevs 30-40 tonas. TaRebs iyeneben sxvadasxva saxis gamofenebis,
pavilionebis, sawyobebis da sxva gadasaxurad.
monoliTuri rkinabetonisagan aSenebulia Tbilisis dinamo stadioni,
sportis sasaxle, moskovis satelevizio koSki da sxv.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. rkinabetonis arsi;
2. daZabuli da dauZabavi, asawyobi da monoliTuri nakeTobebi;
3. rkinabetonis warmoebis etapebi da meTodebi;
4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebi da maTi gamoyeneba.

105
 Tavi VIII

armocementi

armocementi rkinabetonis nairsaxeobaa. igi wvrilmarcvlovani

betonia, romelic daarmaturebulia foladis mavTulis wnelebiT an
qsovilis badeebiT ise, rom misi nebismieri gaWimuli muSa kveTi imyofeba
daarmaturebis didi gavlenis qveS. armocementi drekadi, bzarmedegi,
wyaluJonadi da maRali simtkicis masalaa. igi xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi
upiratesobebiT rkinabetonTan SedarebiT:
1. armocementis konstruqciebi 30-50%-iT msubuqia;
2. masSi gaCenili bzarebi gacilebiT naklebi sididisaa, vidre
rkinabetonSi;
3. TiTqmis wyalSeuRwevadia;
4. misgan SeiZleba Zalze rTuli profilis konstruqciebis
damzadeba.
armocementSi gamoyenebuli badeebis mavTulis diametri meryeobs 0,5-
1,5 mm zRvrebSi, xolo ujredebis zomebia 6X6 mm-dan 10-20 mm-mde. bade
mzaddeba mavTulisagan, romlis simtkicis zRvari 300-500 mgpa. amzadeben
rulonebiT, romelTa siganea 1 600 mm, xolo sigrZe aranaklebi 40 metrisa.
daarmaturebis dispersiulobis xarisxi gamoisaxeba armaturis
xvedriTi zedapiris fardobiT armocementis erTeul moculobaze,
romelic meryeobs 0,5-0,8-mde, daarmaturebis koeficienti ganisazRvreba
Semdegi empiriuli formuliT:
μ = 1,25dkxv ,
sadac d aris mavTulis diametri, sm;
Kxv – armaturis xvedriTi zedapiri.
saSualod daarmaturebis koeficienti meryeobs 1,5-2,5%-is zRvrebSi.
armaturis xarji 400-500 kg-ia 1 m3 betonze.
armocementis konstruqciebis sisqea 10-30 mm. armaturis damcveli
fenis sisqe ki 2-3 mm.

106
 armocementis konstruqciebSi gamoyenebulia 40-60 mgpa markis cementi.
cementis raodenoba armocementis SedgenilobaSi didia – 600-1000 kg/m3.
armocementis konstruqciebis damzadebis Semdegi teqnologiuri
xerxebia: xeliT damzadebis xerxi, vibroCamosxma, vibrodayalibeba
vibroStampebis gamoyenebiT, torkretireba da pnevmodabetoneba,
vibrogaglinva.
xeliT damzadebis xerxi. konstruqciis xeliT damzadebisas,
miuxedavad karkasebisa da badeebis guldasmiT Cawyobisa, mainc ar miiRweva
konstruqciis saproeqto monacemebi. nakeTobis masa gaTvaliswinebulze 15-
20%-iT metia.
vibroCamosxma. es procesi mimdinareobs betonis narevis CamosxmiT da
erTdroulad misi vibrodamuSavebiT ormag yalibebSi. am xerxis
upiratesoba imaSia, rom amzadeben rTuli geometriuli formis
konstruqciebs. uaryofiTia: cementis didi xarji, yalibebis maRali
liTontevadoba, armaturis karkasis mdebareobis kontrolis siZnele
narevis Cawyobis da damuSavebis dros.
vibrodaStampva. es meTodi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: matricaze awyoben
armaturis karkass da miawodeben betons, romelic ganawildeba matricaze
da yalibdeba nakeTobebis Sesabamisi konfiguraciis vibroStampebiT.
torkretireba da pnevmodabetoneba. torkretireba aCqarebs elementze
betonis narevis datanis process. torkretirebas awarmoeben cement-
zarbaznebis saSualebiT.
pnevmodabetoneba warmoadgens torkretirebis xerxis nairsaxeobas,
romlis drosac gamoiyeneba duRabtumboebi, sadac narevis pnevmomiwodeba
xorcieldeba specialuri SlangebiT.
vibrogaglinva. igi iTvaliswinebs nakeTobis iseT dayalibebas, roca
muSa organo uwyvetad gadaadgildeba nakeTobaze da ayalibebs mas.
armocementis samSoblo italiaa. igi Seqmna italielma arqiteqtorma
da konstruqtorma nervim. armocementis unikaluri konstruqciebi da
nagebobebi ganaxorciela nervim Tavis samSobloSi. 1946 wels aaSenes da
wyalSi CauSves swrafmavali armocementis gemi “irene”, romelmac mraval

107
wels icura xmelTaSua zRvaSi yovelgvari SekeTebis gareSe. armocementis
konstruqciebs farTod iyeneben samoqalaqo da samrewvelo mSeneblobaSi.
gamoyenebuli iqna turinis sagamofeno darbazis Siga mopirkeTebis da
kamarisaTvis. armocementis talRiseburi asawyobi elementebisagan q.venaSi
gadaxures sasaxlis 128 m diametris gumbaTi. misgan amzadeben rTuli
geometriuli formis kedlis da gadaxurvis panelebs, tixrebs da sxva
elementebs.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. armocementis upiratesoba rkinabetonTan SedarebiT;

2. armocementis damzadeba da gamoyeneba.

108
 Tavi IX

9.1. silikaturi saSeni masalebi da

nakeTobebi

1880 wels germanelma qimikosma mixaelisma daadgina, rom kiris da

qviSis narevebis avtoklavuri damuSavebis dros miiReba mtkice da
xangamZle nakeTobebi. bunebriv pirobebSi kir-qviSis narevSi qviSa
inertulia da ar Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi kirTan. avtoklavSi ki najeri
orTqlis garemoSi, 170-2000C temperaturis dros qviSis kaumiwa aqtiuri
xdeba, reaqciaSi Sedis kalciumis hidroJangTan, ris Sedegad miiReba
kalciumis hidrosilikati, romelic warmoadgens mtkice da wyalmdeg
nivTierebas. kir-qviSis narevisagan amzadeben blokebs da panelebs,
silikatur agurs, silikatur filebs da sxv.
silikaturi masalebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTadi nedleulia: kiri,
kvarcis qviSa da wyali.
kiri gamoiyeneba dafquli kirduRias, kir-fifqis da nawilobriv
Camqralis saxiT. kvarcis qviSas iyeneben daufqvav da uxeSad dafquls,
agreTve daufqvavi da wvrilad dafquli qviSebis narevs.
wyali unda iyos sufTa, ar unda Seicavdes mavne minarevebs.

9.2. silikaturi aguri

silikatur agurs amzadeben Caumqrali kiris da kvarcis qviSis

narevis dawnexiT da Semdgomi avtoklavuri damuSavebiT. narevis
SemadgenlobaSi SehyavT dafquli Caumqrali kiri 5-8% da kvarcis qviSa 92-
95%. dawnexvis dros kir-qviSis narevs atenianeben 7%-mde. silikaturi
aguris warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba swrafqrobadi kiri, romelic Seicavs 70%-
mde kalciumis Jangs da mcire raodenobiT (ara umetes 5%-isa) magniumis
Jangs.

109
 silikaturi aguri formiT da zomebiT ar gansxvavdeba Tixis
Cveulebrivi agurisagan. ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro xelsayrelia.
silikaturi aguris warmoebisaTvis sawvavis da eleqtroenergiis xarji
orjer ufro naklebia, vidre Tixis aguris warmoebisas. misi damzadebis
sruli cikli 15-18 saaTs Seadgens, xolo Tixis aguris warmoeba
grZeldeba 4-5 dRe-Rame da meti. Rirebuleba 30-50 %-iT mcirea, vidre Tixis
aguris. silikaturi aguri iseve gamoiyeneba, rogorc Tixis aguri,
zogierTi SezRudviT: ar SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba teniani da sveli
nagebobebis kedlebisaTvis hidroizolaciis gareSe; ar SeiZleba misi
gamoyeneba cokolebis da saZirkvlebis wyobaSi.
agurs amzadeben doluri da silosuri xerxiT. doluri xerxis dros
qviSa da dafquli, Caumqrali kiri miemarTeba bunkerSi, romelic
moTavsebulia Camqrobi dolis Tavze. moculobiT dozirebul qviSas da
masiT dozirebul kirs tvirTaven Camqrob dolSi, romelic hermetulad
ixureba. CatvirTvis Semdeg abruneben dols, awvdian orTqls 0,15-0,2 mgpa
wneviT. kiris Caqrobis procesi grZeldeba 40 wT. silosuri xerxis dros
winaswar areuli da datenianebuli masa miemarTeba silosebSi Casaqrobad
da iq imyofeba 10-12 saaTs, 10-15-jer metxans, vidre dolSi. dayalibebamde
kir-qviSis narevs kargad aureven frTian sarevSi an rbiaSi da damatebiT
atenianeben 7%-mde. ayalibeben meqanikur wnexebze 15-20 mgpa wneviT.
dayalibebul agurebs tvirTaven vagonetebze da agzavnian avtoklavSi
gamyarebisaTvis. avtoklavi warmoadgens 2-3 m diametrisa da 20 m sigrZis
foladis cilindrs, romelic hermetulad ixureba. reaqcia kirsa da
qviSas Soris temperaturis momatebasTan erTad (1700-2000C) mkveTrad
Cqardeba. mimdinareobs intensiurad da grZeldeba 8-10 sT. silikaturi
aguris gamyarebis dasaCqareblad saWiroa ara marto maRali temperatura,
aramed maRali tenianobac. amisaTvis avtoklavSi awvdian orTqls maRali
wnevis qveS 0,8-1,2 mgpa. temperatura Seadgens 175-2000C. am dros
mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia kirsa da kaumiwas Soris:
Ca (OH ) 2 + SiO2 → CaO ⋅ SiO2 + H 2 O

110
 miRebuli kalciumis hidrosilikatis kristalebi mWidrod ekvris
kvarcis marcvlebs. silikaturi aguris simtkicis mateba xdeba
avtoklavuri damuSavebis Semdegac. igi haerze ufro mtkice xdeba. kiris
nawili, romelic Sevida reaqciaSi qviSis kaumiwasTan, reagirebs
naxSiroJangTan da warmoqmnis mtkice kalciumkarbonats:
Ca (OH ) 2 + CO2 = CaCO 3 + H 2 O.
karbonizaciis Sedegad simtkicis matebasTan erTad imatebs
silikaturi aguris wyalmedegoba.
silikatur agurs amzadeben 250X120X65 mm zomis da 250X120X88 mm
zomis. simtkicis mixedviT igi xuTi markisaa: 75, 100, 125, 150 da 200.
moculobiTi masa 1800-1900 kg/m3; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,71-0,75,
yinvagamZleoba 15 cikli, wyalSTanTqma 8-16%.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. gansxvaveba Cveulebrivi Tixis agurisagan;

2. silikaturi aguris warmoebis Tavisebureba;
3. silikaturi aguris gamagrebis Tavisebureba.

111
 Tavi X

mina da minis nakeTobebi

mina xelovnuri saSeni masalaa, romelsac jer kidev 6 000 wlis

winaT iyenebdnen egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi. mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda
minis damzadeba IX saukuneSi veneciaSi. ruseTSi minis pirveli qarxana
1 635 wels aSenda. 1870 wels Seiqmna simensis minis saxarSi Rumeli.
momdevno wlebSi daiwyo minis warmoebis farTo ganviTareba da misgan
nakeTobebis damzadeba. samSeneblo praqtikam aCvena, rom mina gamoiyeneba
ara marto fanjrebis Sesaminad, aramed rogorc gare da Siga
mosapirkeTebeli masala.
minisagan damzadebuli konstruqciul – mosapirkeTebeli masalebi
SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad: furclovani, gamWvirvale mina,
gaumWvirvale mosapirkeTebeli mina da minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi.

10.1. furclovani gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale mina

am jgufs miekuTvneba Cveulebrivi fanjris mina, vitrinis, nawrTobi,

daarmaturebuli, uviolis, samfenovani, talRovani, dekoratiuli
(marbliti) da feradi furclovani da stemaltis mina.
furclovani fanjris mina. gamWvirvale masalas warmoadgens,
romelic yvelaze metad gamoiyeneba mSeneblobaSi. mis dasamzadeblad
gamoiyeneba kvarcis qviSa, natriumis sulfati an soda, kirqva, dolomiti
da sxva nivTierebebi. Cveulebriv fanjris minas amzadeben sisqiT 2-6 mm.
furclis maqsimaluri zomebia: 1600-2200 mm. sinaTlis gamtaroba 85-90%.
minis simtkice kumSvaze meryeobs 600-1200 mgpa, Runvaze 40-60 mgpa, gaWimvaze
70-100 mgpa. cudad muSaobs dartymaze. aqvs dabali Tbogamtaroba.

112
 vitrinis mina. mzaddeba vertikaluri gaWimviT an horizontaluri
gaglinviT, Semdgomi gaxexviT da gaprialebiT. brtyeli an mrudxazovani
vitrinis minis sisqea 7 mm, furclebis zomebi 4450X2950 da 3950X2950 mm.
gamoiyeneba maRaziebis, kinoTeatrebis, sagamofeno darbazebis,
restornebis, kafeebis Sesaminad.
uviolis mina. mina kargad atarebs ultraiisfer sxivebs (aranakleb
25%-isa), vinaidan Seicavs Zalian mcire raodenobiT rkinas, qromis da
titanis (ara umetes 0,1%) Jangulebs. uviolis minis sisqea 2-4 mm,
furclebis zomebia 250X250 mm-dan 600X1200 mm-mde. gamoiyeneba
saavadmyofoebis, sanatoriumebis, sabavSo baRebis, skolebis Senobebis
Sesaminad. agreTve saTburebis saxuravis mosawyobad.
nawrTobi minis warmoeba xorcieldeba 600-7000C-ze gaxurebiT da
swrafi, Tanabari gaciebiT, SekumSuli haeris saSualebiT. igi warmoadgens
furclovan minas, maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT da Termuli mdgradobiT.
damsxvrevisas iZleva gluvwiboebian namsxvrevebs. gamoiyeneba minis
karebebis, tixrebis, aivnebis da kibis moajirebis mosapirkeTeblad.
daarmaturebuli mina. warmoadgens furclovan masalas, romelSic
damzadebis procesSi amzadeben liTonis bades. dartymisas ar iZleva
namsxvrevebs, maT iWers liTonis bade. iyeneben liftis Saxtebis, kibis
ujredebis SemoRobvis Sesaminad da sxv.
samSriani minac miekuTvneba “usafrTxo minebis” jgufs. igi Sedgeba
ori furclisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gamWvirvale
elastikuri organuli nivTierebebiT, romelic damsxvrevis SemTxvevaSi
akavebs warmoqmnil namsxvrevebs. minis sisqe meryeobs 4-dan 7 mm-mde.
talRovani mina. mzaddeba uwyveti gaglinviT. talRovani zedapiri
mas aniWebs did sixistes. igi SeiZleba iyos daarmaturebuli liTonis
badiT. gamoiyeneba sinaTlis gamtari saxuravebis, sinaTlis gamtari
kedlebis Suqfarnebis Sesaminad da sxv.
saxian minas amzadeben horizontaluri gaglinviT, romlis drosac
specialuri sagraviro lilvakebiT erT an orive mxares daitaneba
reliefuri naxati. saxiani mina SeiZleba iyos daarmaturebuli, feradi da

113
ufero. reliefuri naxatis gamo es mina miekuTvneba Suqgambnev minas.
gamoiyeneba karebis, tixrebis da sxvaTa Sesaminad.
feradi furclovani mina arqiteqturaSi gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli
miznebisaTvis. minisaTvis sxavadasxva feris misaniWeblad kazmSi SehyavT
qromis, kobaltis, rkinis da sxva liTonis Jangulebi. am SemTxvevaSi minis
masa mTlianad aris SeRebili. SesaZlebelia agreTve ufero minaze 0,2-1,5 mm
sisqiT datanil iqnes feradi minis Sre. ferad minas amzadeben
vertikaluri gamoWimviT sisqiT 4 mm da gaglinviT sisqiT 4-10 mm. feradi
mina SeiZleba iyos gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale. gamWvirvale ferad minas
iyeneben dekoratiuli vitraJebis mosawyobad.
merbliti gamoiyeneba rogorc dekoratiuli mosapirkeTebeli masala,
romelic warmoadgens sqel, gauWvirval ferad furclovan minas. igi
mzaddeba gaglinviT. misi zedapiri SeiZleba iyos moxatuli, xorkliani an
gaprialebuli. Siga zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad gamoiyeneba merblitis
filebi zomebiT: 150X150; 150X300; 200X300 da 200X400 mm. gamoiyeneba
restornebis, kinoTeatrebis, fasadebis mosapirkeTeblad. SesaZlebelia
damzaddes merbliti marmarilos imitaciiT. mas amzadeben sxvadasxva
ferisas: TeTri, Savi, ruxi, wiTeli, iisferi, yviTeli da sxv.
stemaliti nawrTobi furclovani mina sisqiT 6-12 mm, romelic cali
mxridan dafarulia keramikuli WiquriT. stemalitis furclebis
maqsimaluri zomaa 2400X1200 mm. zedapiri SeiZleba iyos gaprialebuli,
naWedi da saxiani. mzaddeba 25 sxvadasxva feris. gamoirCeva Termuli
mdgradobiT, simtkice, feris mudmivobiT da sxv. gamoiyeneba Senobebis
rogorc Siga, ise gare mopirkeTebisas.
minis mominanqrebuli mosapirkeTebeli filebi mzaddeba furclovani
minis warmoebis narCenebisagan. iWreba zomebad 150X150 da 150X75 mm; filebs
zemodan faraven dafqvili, wyalSi gaxsnili minanqriT, romelic gamowvis
Semdeg minis zedapirze warmoqmnis 0,2-0,3 mm sisqis priala ferad Sres.
gamoiyeneba sanitaruli kvanZebis, abazanebis, saoperacio darbazebis da
sxvaTa mosapirkeTeblad.

114
 minis mozaika ori saxisaa: xaliCismagvari da smalta. xaliCismagvari
minis mozaika warmoadgens gaumWvirvale ferad wvril filebs, romlebic
winaswar webdeba qaRaldze 2-3 mm daSorebiT. zomebia: 20X20 an 25X25 mm,
sisqe 5-6 mm. xaliCismagvari mozaikuri filebis zomebia 100X60 sm.
zedapirze amagreben cementis xsnariT. gamagrebis Semdeg asveleben da
aSoreben qaRalds. gamoiyeneba fasadebis mosapirkeTeblad da Tematuri
panoebis mosawyobad. filebi mzaddeba priala, gluvi da daRaruli
faqturiT sxvadasxva feris.
smalta miiReba gaumWvirvale minis sxvadasxva formis natexebad
damsxvreviT. gamoiyeneba mozaikuri panoebis asawyobad.

10.2. minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi

minapaketebi mzaddeba fanjris an sxva saxis furclovani minisagan,

romlis sisqea 2-8 mm. igi Sedgeba ori an sami minisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTTan hermetulad arian Sewebebuli mTel perimetrze CarCoTi.
minebs Soris sivrce (15-18 mm) Sevsebulia mSrali haeriT. minapaketebi
mosaxerxebelia eqspluataciaSi da ufro ekonomiuria ormag Seminvaze.
minapaketebis sigrZea – 1100-2000 mm, sigane 300-800 mm. minis furclebis
SemaerTebeli CarCo SeiZleba iyos xis, plastmasis da feradi
daprofileburi liTonis. maTi damzadeba SeiZleba CarCos gareSec minebis
erTmaneTTan SeduRebiT. minapaketebs iyeneben fanjrebis, karebebis,
vitrinebis Sesaminad. isini daaxloebiT 2-jer amcireben fanjridan
Tbogadacemas.

115
 nax. 22. minapaketebi: a) SeduRebuli;
b) xis CarCoeTi;
g) plastmasis CarCoeTi;
d) aluminis CarCoeTi.

minis Rruebiani blokebi rogorc konstruqciuli elementi, farTod

gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove sacxovrebel, sazogadoebriv da sawarmoo
daniSnulebis SenobaSi. minablokebiT SeiZleba kibis ujredebis, liftebis
Saxtebis, tixrebis mowyoba da sxv. warmoeba amzadebs kvadratul,
marTkuTxa, kuTxovan da radialur minablokebs. yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulia kvadratuli minablokebi, romelTa zomebia 194X194X98 mm
da 300X300X100 mm; Tbogamtarobis koeficientia 0,36 kkal/m.s.grad.
sinaTlisgamtaroba – aranakleb 65%; simtkice kumSvaze – aranakleb – 4
mgpa. blokebis garegani saxiani zedapiri SeiZleba iyos gluvi an
daRaruli.
minis milebi gamoiyeneba agresiuli siTxeebis da gazebis
transportirebisaTvis, qimiur, farmacevtul, kvebis da sxva mrewvelobaSi.
minis milebi xasiaTdeba maRali qimiuri medegobiT, TermomedegobiT, aqvT
gluvi Siga zedapirebi, higienuria. mzaddeba Semdegi zomebis: cxrili 10.1..

116
 minis milebis zomebi
cxrili 10.1

milebis kedlebis
milebis diametri, mm
sisqe, mm
45 4±1
68 5 ±1
93 6±1
122 7±1
169 9±1

milebis sigrZea 1-3 m. milebis SeerTeba xdeba SemaerTebeli quroebis

da rezinis samajurebis saSualebiT, romlebic liTonis rgolebiT aris
moWimuli.
sitalebi da widasitalebi specialuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli
mina, romelsac minakristaluri aRnagoba aqvs. xasiaTdebian maRali
simtkiciT, mcire cveTadobiT, kargi qimiuri medegobiT da kargi
dieleqtrikuli TvisebebiT. sitalebi da widasitalebi SeiZleba iyos
gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale sxvadasxva SeferilobiT, widasitalebisagan
mzaddeba iataki da trotuaris filebi, fanjris rafebi, kedlis
mosapirkeTebeli furclebi, sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. furclovani minis nakeTobebi;

2. minis konstruqciuli nakeToba;
3. minis dekoratiuli masalebi;
4. sitalebi da widasitalebi.

117
 Tavi XI
xis saSeni masalebi

11.1. zogadi cnobebi

xes, rogorc saSen masalas axasiaTebs iseTi dadebiTi Tvisebebi,

rogorebic aris maRali simtkice, mcire moculobiTi masa, mcire
Tbogamtaroba, damuSavebis siadvile, dekoratiuloba, maRali
yinvamedegoba, magram aqvs uaryofiTi Tvisebebic: higroskopiuloba, lpoba,
wvadoba. qimiis Tanamedrove miRwevebma SesaZlebeli gaxades am uaryofiTi
Tvisebebis SezRudva. mSeneblobaSi didi yuradReba eqceva xe-tyis
masalebis ekonomias da maT Secvlas, sxva ufro efeqturi masalebiT,
rogorebic aris betoni, rkinabetoni, plastmasebi da sxv. didi yuradReba
eqceva agreTve axali efeqturi masalebis damzadebas xis narCenebis
gamoyenebiT.
mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc wiwvovani, aseve foTlovani xis
jiSebi. farTod iyeneben wiwvovan xis jiSebs: naZvi, kedari, fiWvi. es
aisaxeba imiT, rom isini ufro msubuqi arian foTlovan jiSebTan
SedarebiT; maTi damuSaveba ufro advilia; maT aqvT swori tani, rac
saSualebas iZleva merqnis srulad gamoyenebis, xolo fisianoba ki
ewinaaRmdegeba merqnis lpobas. yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba fiWvi. mas
iyeneben rogorc konstruqciul masalas koWebis, ximinjebis, ficrebis,
kar-fanjrebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad.
foTlovani xis jiSebs miekuTvneba: aryis xe, muxa, cacxvi, kakali,
wifela da sxv.
aryis xes moyviTalo an moyviTlo feris merqani aqvs. mas iyeneben
avejis da faneris dasamzadeblad. lamazi teqstura aqvs kareliis aryis
xes, romelsac iyeneben mxatvruli nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad.
kakali warmoadgens Zvirfas foTlovan jiSs. Znelad muSavdeba,
kargad prialdeba da gamoirCeva dekoratiuli TvisebebiT.

118
 muxa xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT, da xangamZleobiT haerze, wyalSi
da gruntSi eqspluataciis dros. farTod gamoiyeneba mosapirkeTeblad.
misgan mzaddeba karnizebi, kar-fanjara, parketi da sxv.
cacxvis merqans TeTri an mowiTalo-moTeTro feri aqvs. igi advilad
iWreba, irandeba da ipoba. gamoiyeneba sadurglo nakeTobaTa
dasamzadeblad.
wifela xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT. wifelas uaryofiTi Tvisebaa
maRali wyalSTanTqma da dabreca gaSrobis dros. gamoiyeneba
mosapirkeTebeli samuSaoebisaTvis. misgan mzaddeba parketi, moajirebi da
sxv.
kopitis xes magari, ruxi feris merqani aqvs. is kargad prialdeba da
iZleva lamaz teqsturas. gamoiyeneba sadurglo nakeTobebis da parketis
dasamzadeblad.
rcxila da wabli gamoirCeva maRali dekoratiulobiT. gamoiyeneba
sadurglo nakeTobebis da suvenirebis dasamzadeblad.
xis masalebs sWirdebaT lpobis da wvisgan dacva. lpobisagan
dasacavad ori xerxi arsebobs: konstruqciuli da qimiuri. konstruqciuli
xerxi iTvaliswinebs xis masalebis da nakeTobebis gamoyenebas mSral
garemoSi, xolo qimiuri-merqnis gaJRenTas organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebiT – antiseptikebiT. organul antiseptikebs miekuTvneba
kreozitis zeTi. romelic zrdis merqnis eqspluataciis vadas. mas mkveTri
suni aqvs da misi gamoyeneba interierSi ar SeiZleba. Senobebis SigniT
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT araorganuli warmoSobis antiseptikebi, rogorebic
aris NaF-fToriani natriumi, ZnCl2-qloriani TuTia da sxv.
xis masalebis cecxlmedegobis gasadideblad gamoiyeneba specialuri
nivTierebebiT – antipirenebiT gaJRenTva. gaxurebisas antipirenebi lRveba
da xis zedapirze warmoqmnis specialur afsks, romelic ar atarebs
Jangbads. aseTia mag., bornatriumis marili Na2B4O7·10H20 – da sxv.

119
 11.2. merqnis agebuleba

merqnis agebulebis Seswavla xdeba mcire simZlavris lupebiT an

mikroskopebiT da SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT. pirvels uwodeben merqnis
mikrostruqturas, meores-makrostruqturas.
xis makrostruqturuli Seswavla xdeba xis tanis sam WrilSi: (nax.
23) torsuli anu ganivi Wrili, xis tanis RerZis perpendikularuli (a),
radialuri, xis tanis gaswvriv (b) da tangenciuri – xis tanis RerZidan
moSorebiT (g). WrilebSi kargad Cans xis tanis oTxi ZiriTadi nawili:
qerqi, kambiumi, merqani da gulguli.
qerqi icavs xes meqanikuri dazianebisagan. Sedgeba ori Srisagan: gare
Sre (kani) da Siga Sre (lafani). lafanis saSualebiT xes miewodeba sakvebi
nivTierebebi, romelic saWiroa misi zrdisaTvis. lafnis qvemoT
moTavsebulia kambiumis Txeli fena, romelic Sedgeba cocxali
ujredebisagan. misi erTi nawili ganlagebulia lafanisaken da lafanis
ujredebs warmoqmnis, meore ki – xis centrisaken da warmoqmnis merqnis
ujredebs. lafanis mxares mcire raodenobis da sididis ujredebia, xolo
merqnis mxares – gacilebiT meti raodenobis da sididis. amitom aris, rom
merqnani izrdeba gacilebiT swrafad da metad, vidre lafnis fena.
kamziumi xels uwyobs xis zrdas sisqeSi. kambiumis SigniT mdebareobs
merqani. zog jiSSi merqans orferianoba axasiaTebs: centris maxloblad
mdebare muqi Sreebi da Ria feris periferiuli Sreebi. centralur muq
nawils ewodeba merqnis guli, xolo perifiul Ria nawils – cila. guli
mkvdari ujredebisagan Sedgeba da nakleb teniania, cila cocxali da
mzard ujredebs Seicavs da ufro teniania. merqnis jiSebs, romelTac
guli aqvT uwodeben gulian jiSebs (kedari, fiWvi, muxa, verxvi, tirifi da
sxv.). arsebobs jiSebi, romelTa merqans TiTqmis erTgvarovani Seferiloba
aqvT. maT ugulo jiSebs uwodeben (wifela, cacxvi, naZvi da sxv.). arsebobs
ciliani jiSebic, romelTac guli srulebiT ar emCnevaT (bza, aryis xe,
rcxila da sxv.). xis Sua nawilSi merqnis mTel sigrZeze moTavsebulia
gulguli, romelic erTmaneTTan sustad mierTebuli Txelkedliani

120
ujredebisgan Sedgeba. gulgulis diametri 1-10 mm-is farglebSi icvleba.
gulguli xis tanis susti nawilia, romelic advilad lpeba da ifSvneba.
xis tans torsul Wrilze aqvs koncentruli wreebi, romelsac wriuli
Sreebi ewodeba. wriuli Sre or fenas Seicavs: Sida da gare . Sida fena
warmoiqmneba gazafxulze da mas adreuli merqani ewodeba. gare fena
warmoiqmneba gvian zafxulSi da mas gvian merqans uwodeben.
adreuli merqani naklebad mkvrivia, ufro foriania da naklebad
mtkicea gvian merqanTan SedarebiT da amitomaa, rom rac ufro
ganviTarebulia gviani merqani, miT ufro mtkicea xe.

nax. 23. xis tanis Wrilebi

a – torsuli; b – radialuri; g _ tangenciuri,
1 – gulguli; 2 – merqani; 3 – kambiumi; 4 – lafani; 5 – qerqi;
6 – radialuri sxivebi; 7 – guli; 8 – cila.

121
 nax. 24. xis wliuri Sreebi
1 – torsuli; 2 – radialuri da
3 – tangenciur WrilebSi.

mikrostruqtura. merqnis mikroskopiuli Seswavla aCvenebs, rom

merqani Sedgeba mravalricxovani cocxali da mkvdari ujredebisagan.
ujredebs sxvadasxva forma da zoma aqvT da maTi daniSnuleba sxvadasxvaa.
yvela cocxal ujreds aqvs garsi, romelSic moTavsebulia protoplazma,
ujredis wveni da guli. protomlazma warmoadgens mzard cilas, romelic
Sedgeba naxSirbadis, wyalbadis, azotis da gogirdisagan. gulis qimiuri
Sedgeniloba Zalian axlos aris protoplazmis SedgenilobasTan,
gansxvavdeba imiT, rom igi Seicavs fosfors. guli aris sxvadasxva
formis, Warbobs ovaluri. ujredebis garss qmnis bunebrivi
maRalmolekuluri polimeriuli nivTiereba celuloza an ujredisi.
ujredebis zrdis procesSi xdeba garsis gamerqneba, rac ganpirobebulia
nivTierebaSi ligninis kedlebis warmoqmniT.
merqnis ujredebi asrulebs sxvadasxva funqciebs. ganasxvaveben
gamtar, meqanikur da maragis ujredebs. gamtari ujredebi sakveb
nivTierebebs gadascems fesvebidan totebs da foTlebs. meqanikuri
ujredebi merqans aniWebs simtkices. maragis ujredebi inaxaven sakveb

122
nivTierebebs da gadascemen maT cocxal ujredebs horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi.
merqnis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. merqani Seicavs daaxloebiT 99%
organul nivTierebebs; celuloza, hemiceculoza lignini da sxva
maRalmolekuluri naxSirwylebi. mineraluri nivTierebebi daaxloebiT 1%-
mdea, romelic wvis Sedegad iZleva nacars. mSrali merqnis yvela jiSis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba Semdegia: naxSirbadi (C) – 49-50%, wyalbadi (H) – 60%,
azoti (N) – 0,1-0,3% da Jangbadi (O) – 43-44%.

11.3. merqnis dekoratiuli da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebi

feri da teqstura. merqnis feri misi jiSis mixedviT

sxvadasxvagvaria. zomieri klimaturi sartylis jiSebi Seferilia
mkrTalad. tropikuli sartylis jiSebi kaSkaSa feriT xasiaTdeba.
moWrili merqani droTa ganmavlobaSi muqdeba. magaliTad, axlad moWrili
Txmelis merqani, romelic vardisferia droTa ganmavlobaSi moyviTalo
Seferilobas Rebulobs; muxis da wablis merqani Savdeba da a.S.
xis wliuri rgolebi, moyvaniloba, simsxo, agreTve adreuli da
gviani merqnis Seferilobis nairgvarovneba merqans sxvadasxvagvar
teqsturas aniWebs. muxa, wabli, kakali lamazi teqsturiT xasiaTdeba
tangenciur kveTaze. wifels, nekerCxals lamazi teqstura aqvT radialur
WrilSi.
mravalgvari Seferilobis da mdidruli teqsturis wyalobiT, xe
saukeTeso mosapirkeTebel masalas warmoadgens.
tenianoba merqnis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa, romelic did gavlenas
axdens mis xarisxze. ganisazRvreba formuliT:
m1 − m2
W= ⋅100 % ,
m2

sadac m1 aris merqnis masa gamoSorebamde,

m2 – merqnis masa gamoSrobis Semdeg.

123
 merqnis pirobiT standartuli tenianoba Seadgens 12%-s.
merqanSi SeiZleba gairCes 3 saxeobis wyali: kapitaluri – es aris
ujredSorisi sivrcis Semvsebi wyali; higroskopiuli, romelic
moTavsebulia TviT ujredebis garsis kedlebSi; qimiurad bmuli wyali,
romelic warmoadgens merqnis cocxali ujredebis Semadgenel
nivTierebebTan mierTebul wyals. axlad moWrili da sveli merqani
Seicavs, rogorc kapilarul, aseve higroskopiul wyals, mSrali merqani ki
– marto higroskopiuls.
sinestis mixedviT arCeven: svel-axalmoWril merqans (tenianoba 35%),
sahaero-mSral merqans (tenianoba 15-20%), oTaxis _ mSrali merqani
(tenianoba 8-13%) da sveli merqani, romlis tenianoba ufro metia, vidre
axalmoWrili merqnis da SeiZleba 100%-ze meti iyos.
higroskopiuloba merqnis Tvisebaa STanTqos haeridan teni. STanTqmis
xarisxi damokidebulia garemos temperaturasa da tenianobaze. garemos
temperaturis da tenianobis garkveul Tanafardobas Seesabameba merqnis
garkveuli higroskopiuli tenianoba. haeris temperatura da tenianoba
mudam icvleba. Sesabamisad icvleba merqnis tenianobac. merqnis tenianobis
cvlileba iwvevs xis moculobis cvlilebas, rasac SeiZleba mohyves
merqnis dabrecva, daskdoma. merqnis tenianobis cvlilebisagan dacvis
umartivesi saSualebaa merqnis zedapiris dafarva sxvadasxva saRebavebiT
da laqebiT. bolo periodSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven merqnis Termul da
qimiur damuSavebas.
wyalSeRwevadoba. merqnis wyalSeRwevadoba damokidebulia xis
jiSze, sawyis tenianobaze, merqnis asakze, wliuri rgolebis sisqeze,
Wrilis sibrtyeze (torsuli, radialuri, tangenciuri) da sxva.
foTlovani jiSebis wyalSeRwevadoba metia, xolo wiwvovani jiSebis
naklebi. kveTebis mixedviT wyalSeRwevadoba metia torsuli kveTebis
zedapirze, vidre tangenciur da radialur kveTebze.
SeSroba da gajirjveba. tenianobis cvlileba iwvevs merqnis zomebisa
da moculobis cvlilebas. tenianobis SemcirebiT xe ganicdis SeSrobas –
zomebis Semcirebas, tenianobis zrdiT ki xe matulobs zomebSi, adgili

124
aqvs merqnis gajirjvebas. merqnis SeSroba misi araerTgvarovnebis gamo
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT araerTgvarovania: boWkoebis gaswvriv 0,1-0,3%-iT
mcirdeba, radialuri mimarTulebiT 3-6% Seadgens, xolo tangenciuri
mimarTulebiT 7-12%. es iwvevs mis dabrecvas, daskdomas. gajirjvebac
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT aseve araTanabrad mimdinareobs: boWkoebis
gaswvriv 0,1-0,8%, radialuri mimarTulebiT 3-5%, tengenciuri
mimarTulebiT – 6-12%.
moculobiTi masa damokidebulia tenianobaze da forebis
moculobaze. igi ganisazrvreba normaluri 12%-iani tenianobisaTvis
Semdegi formuliT:
ς m12 = ς mw [1 + 0,01(1 − K m )(12 − W ] g/sm3,

sadac, ς m12 aris nimuSis moculobiTi masa 12% tenianobiT;

ς mw _ moculobiTi masa im tenianobisTvis, romelic nimuSs hqonda

gansazRvris momentSi;
Km – moculobiTi SeSrobis koeficienti (aryis, lariqsis, wiflis
merqnisaTvis Km=0,6, xolo sxva jiSebisaTvis Km=0,5);
W – merqnis tenianoba moculobiTi masis gansazRvris momentSi %-
Si.
merqnis simkvrve yvela jiSisaTvis TiTqmis erTnairia da saSualod
1,55 g/sm3 tolia.
Tbogamtaroba. merqani rogorc foriani masala xasiaTdeba dabali
TbogamtarobiT. mSrali merqnis Tbogamtaroba izrdeba simkvrivis da
tenianobis gazrdiT. Tbogamtaroba boWkoebis gaswvriv daaxloebiT 1,8-jer
metia (λ = 0,27) vidre boWkoebis ganivad (λ = 0,15) .
merqnis simtkice kumSvisas. merqnis meqanikuri Tvisebebi
damokidebulia xis jiSebze, tenianobaze. merqani, romlis moculobiTi
masa didia maRali simtkiciT xasiaTdeba.
simtkice kumSvisas, imis mixedviT Tu ra mimarTulebisaa merqanze
moqmedi Zala, ganisazRvreba boWkoebis gaswvriv da boWkoebis ganivad.
merqnis simtkicis gansazRvrisas gamoiyeneba marTkuTxa prizmebi, romelTa

125
zomebia 20X20X30 mm. boWkoebis gaswvriv simtkicis zRvari ganisazRvreba
formuliT:
P mrR
Rw = ,
ab
sadac Rw aris simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas boWkoebis gaswvriv;

W _ enianobis dros;
PmrR – mrRvevi Zala, kg;
a da b – ganivi kveTis zomebi, sm, m.
gamoTvlili simtkice unda gadaangariSdes merqnisaTvis
standartuli tenianobis (12%) dros formuliT:

R12 = Rw [1 + α (W − 12)] ,

sadac R12 aris merqnis simtkice 12%-iani tenianobis dros, mgpa;

Rw – simtkice gamocdis momentSi W tenianobisas;
α – Sesworebis koeficienti da aCvenebs merqnis simtkicis
cvlilebas misi tenianobis 1%-iT cvlilebis dros.
merqnis simtkice kumSvisas boWkoebis gaswvriv standartuli
tenianobis dros damokidebulia xis jiSze da did farglebSi meryeobs:
30-dan 80 mgpa-mde. simtkice kumSvisas boWkoebis ganivad 6-12-jer naklebia,
vidre grZivi mimarTulebiT.
simtkice Runvisas. merqani kargad muSaobs Runvaze da warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba Runvaze momuSave konstruqciebSi. simtkice ganisazRvreba
20X20X300 mm zomis nimuSis gamocdiT. simtkice Runvisas erTi Seyursuli
Zalis moqmedebisas Sua malSi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
3Pl
Rw = ,
2bC 2
xolo ori Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas:
Pl
Rw = ,
2bC 2
sadac Rw aris simtkicis zRvari Runvisas W tenianobis dros;

126
 P – mrRvevi Zala;
l – sayrdenebs Soris manZili, sm, m;
b da C nimuSis sigane da simaRle, sm, m.
sxvadasxva jiSis merqnisTvis simtkice Runvisas standartuli
tenianobis dros 50-100 mgpa-s Seadgens.

11.4. merqnis manki

merqnis manki ewodeba misi garegani saxis cvlilebebs, dazianebebs da

naklovanebebs, rac auaresebs merqnis Tvisebebs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi
mSeneblobisTvis sruliad uvargissac ki xdis. merqnis yvela manki
SeiZleba gaiyos sam kategoriad: bzarebi, mankebi xis tanis agebulebaSi da
rokebi. bzarebs miekuTvneba: yinvabzari, gulnabzari, qarnabzari, anatkeCi
(nax. 25 ).

nax. 25. merqnis manki: 1. qarnabzari

2 – gulnabzari; 3 – yinvabzari;
4 – anatkeCi; 5 – gverdula.

127
 merqnis tanis agebulebis mankebs miekuTvneba javarianoba, gverdula,
iribSre da rokebi (nax. 26 ).

nax. 26. rokebi. 1 – jgufuri; 2 – Canakeri;

3 – TaTiseburi; 4 – saRi; 5 – rqiseburi;
6 – Savi fisovani; 7 – fatari; 8-9 – rokebis zomebis
gansazRvra.

128
 nax. 27. rokis ZiriTadi saxeobebi.
1 – mrgvali; 2 – ovaluri; 3 – wagrZelebuli;
4 – fenuri; 5 – nawiburi; 6 – wibovani;
7 – Canakeri; 8 – jgufuri; 9 – ganStoebuli.

11.5. merqnis saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi

xe-tyis masala, romelic mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba sam ZiriTad

jgufad iyofa: mrgvali xe-tye, daxerxili xe-tyis masalebi da merqnis
nakeTobebi da naxevarfabrikatebi.
mrgvali xe-tyis masala. aranakleb 14 sm diametris da 4 m da meti
sigrZis mrgval xes mors uwodeben. 8-14 sm-mde diametris monaWers latan-
mors uwodeben. 3-8 sm-mde diametriT – latans uwodeben. maTi sigrZe 3-9 m-
mdea.
daxerxili xe-tyis masalebi. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
wiwvovani jiSebi daxerxili masala. foTlovani jiSebi samSeneblo saqmeSi
gacilebiT naklebad gamoiyeneba. am jiSebis maRalxarisxovani

129
saxeobebisagan (wabli, muxa) mzaddeba sxvadasxva sadurglo nakeTobebi
(kar-fanjrebi, maTi CarCoebi, parketi da sxv.).
ficari. daxerxili masalaa, romlis sigane 2-jer da metad aRemateba
sisqes. mzaddeba siganiT 80-250 mm, da sisqiT 13-50 mm, sigrZe 1-65 m-mde
wiwvovani jiSebisaTvis da 5 m-mde foTlovani jiSebisaTvis.
Zelaki. daxerxili masalaa sisqiT 100 mm-mde da siganiT 80-200 mm.
Zelebi. sisqiT da siganiT 100 mm-ze metia, xolo sigrZe dadgenilia
igive, rac ficrebisaTvis.
nakeTobebi da naxevarfabrikatebi. merqnisagan amzadeben garandul
ficrebs da Zelakebs. maT erT nawiburze aqvT Rari (narandi), xolo
meoreze Sverili (qimi), romelic Sedis narandSi. narandis da qimis zomebi
mkacrad aris daculi.
parketi. iatakebis mosawyobad Tavisi dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamo, jer
kidev farTod iyeneben parkets. iatakis masalas unda hqondes maRali
simtkice, simtkice cveTaze, mcire Tbogamtaroba da bgeraTizolacia.
xisTvis damaxasiaTebelia yvela es Tviseba. parketi mzaddeba gamomSrali
wifelis, muxis, kopitis, aryis xis jiSebisagan. mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba
calobiTi, asawyobi (mozaikuri) da farisebri parketi.
calobiTi parketi Sedgeba calkeuli Tamasebisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTTan SesakavSireblad mzaddeba kiloTi da qimiT. parketis
Tamasebis zomebia: sigrZe 15-40 sm, sigane 3-6 sm da sisqe – 1,5-1,8 sm.
asawyobi (mozaikuri) parketi warmoadgens Tamasebisagan awyobil
iatakis filas mocemuli naxatiT. filis zomebia 40X40 da 60X60 mm.
parketis Tamasebis awyoba xdeba mkvriv qaRaldze da Semdeg webdeba
filaze. parketis Tamasebis zomebia: sigrZe – 10-15 sm, sigane – 2-3 sm da
sisqe – 0,8-1,8 sm.
farisebri parketi Sedgeba farisagan, romelzec dawebebulia parketis
Tamasebi. faris zomebia: 65X65, 85X85 da 140X140 sm. faris mosawyobad
gamoyenebulia xerxvis narCenebi – ficrebi, burbuSelis da xis boWkovani
furclebi, TamaSebi. am saxis parketi ufro ekonomiuri da industriulia,
vidre calobiTi parketi.

130
 efeqturad gamoiyeneba merqnis narCenebic. merqans iyeneben qaRaldis,
muyaos, kanifolis, eTilis da meTilis spirtebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebuli xis jiSebi;

2. xis qimiuri Sedgeniloba;
3. xis tenianobis gavlena mis fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebze;
4. xis masalebis gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi.

131
 Tavi XII

Tbosaizolacio masalebi

Tbosaizolacio masalebi ewodeba masalebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba

sayofacxovrebo, sazogadoebrivi da sxva nagebobebis dasacavad siTbos
dakargvisagan. mas axasiaTebs maRali forianoba, mcire moculobiTi masa
(700kg/m3) mSral mdgomareobaSi da dabali Tbogamtarobis koeficienti
(0,25kkal/m.sT.grad.). gamoyenebuli nedleulis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio
masalebi iyofa or jgufad: araorganul da organul masalebad.
agebulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio masalebi iyofa or jgufad:
araorganul da organul masalebad. agebulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio
masalebi aris fxvieri, - boWkovani, fxvnilisebri da marcvlovani; xisti –
filebi, aguri, asawyobi farebi da sxv; naxevrad xisti-filebi, furclebi,
rulonebi, zonrebi da xaliCebi; moqnili – sagebebi, gobanebi. garegani
Sexedulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio masalebi aris calobiTi da
fxvieri. calobiT masalebs Rebuloben dayalibebiT, garkveuli formisa
da zomis miniWebiT (filebi, sagebebi da sxv.). maT uwodeben
Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebs. fxvier masalebs iReben uyalibod; igi
warmoadgens boWkovan an fxvnilisebr masalas (afuebuli vermikuliti,
merqnis matyli, keramzitis xreSi da sxv.). fxvier masalebs iyeneben
samrewvelo nagebobebis izolaciisa da sxvadasxva gadaxurvebis
dasaTbuneblad. Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebis warmoeba Tanamedrove
pirobebSi industriulia – maT amzadeben meqanizebul qarxnebSi, winaswar
gansazRvruli receptiT da teqnologiiT, ris Sedegadac warmoebs mza
produqciis xarisxis kontroli. calobiTi nakeTobebis gamoyeneba
Tbosaizolaciod dakavSirebulia SromiTi danaxarjebis mniSvnelovan
ekonomiasTan.
Tbosaizolacio masalebis swori gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva
sagrZnoblad Semcirdes industriuli konstruqciebis wona da
erTdroulad davzogoT aguri, cementi, xe da sxva masalebi.

132
 12.1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da
nakeTobebi

mineraluri da minis bamba miiReba gamdnari minis da mTis qanebisagan

an metalurgiuli galRobili widebisagan. mineraluri da minis bamba
yinvamedegi da naklebad higroskopiuli masalaa. is ar iwvis, ar lpeba da
ar ziandeba mRrRnelebisagan. misgan amzadeben mineralur qvas da naxevrad
xist nakeTobebs rulonebis, furclebis saxiT, dawnexviT. mineraluri
bambis boWkoebis SesakavSireblad gamoyenebulia bitumis emulsia da
sinTezuri fisebi. nakeTobebi mineraluri da minis boWkoebis gamoyenebiT
ixmareba kedlebis da gadaxurvebis dasaTbuneblad, macivrebis da cxeli
wylis wyalsadenebis (2000C) saizolaciod.
qafmina. miiReba minis lewis an zogierTi vulkanuri qanis (sieniti,
traqiti) SecxobiT. forovani aRnagobisaTvis kazmSi umateben
airwarmomqmnel danamatebs (kirqva an antraciti). qafminis moculobiTi
masa ar aRemateba 100-700 kg/m3; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti – 0,05-0,11
kkal/m.sT.grad. qafmina advilad ixerxeba, iburReba da iWreba. is
xasiaTdeba maRali yinva da wyalmedegobiT. ar iwvis.
azbestis masalebi. azbesti efeqturad gamoiyeneba maRali
temperaturis mqone zedapirebis dasacavad, rogoricaa qvabebi,
avtoklavebis, milsadenebi da sxv. azbestis da saxameblis narevisagan
mzaddeba rulonuri azbestis qaRaldi (sisqe 0,5-1,5 mm), azbestis muyao
(sisqe 2-10 mm), azbestis qeCa (sisqe 5-50 mm). ZiriTadad es masalebi
gamoiyeneba cxeli wyalsadenebis da orTqlsadenebis saizolaciod
(maqsimaluri temperaturaa 5000C).
garda Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebisa, mSeneblobaSi farTod iyeneben
marcvlovan, fxvier da boWkovan Tbosaizolacio masalebs, romlebsac
miekuTvnebian metalurgiuli da vulkanuri warmoSobis widebi, pemza,
azbesti, afuebuli perliti, vermikulti da sxv.

133
 12.2. organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da
nakeTobebi

organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTadad

gamoyenebulia xis merqnis narCenebi (naxerxi, burbuSela da sxv.). garda
amisa, gamoiyeneba lerwami, Cala, torfi da sxv. organuli Tbosaizolacio
masalebisagan umTavresad mzaddeba didi zomis furclebi da filebi.
xisboWkovani filebi. drekadi furclovani masalaa, romelic
mzaddeba merqnis narCenebisagan da sinTezuri polimerebis dawnexiT da
Semdgomi Termuli damuSavebiT. filebis dasamzadeblad merqnis narCenebis
garda gamoiyeneba qaRaldis makulatura, selis da kanafis narCenebi da
sxv. am saxis filebis zomebi da fizikur-meqanikuri maCveneblebia: sigane –
1800, 2500, 2700 da 3000 mm; sigrZe – 1200-1600 mm; sisqe – 5, 12, 16 da 25 mm.
moculobiTi masa – 250kv/m3; simtkicis zRvari Runvisas – 1,2 mgka, xolo
Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,06 kkal/m.sT.grad. xisboWkovani filebi
advilad ixerxeba, iWreba, ibruneba. gamoyenebis sferoa: kedlis Weris,
iatakis tixris Tbo da bgeraTboizolacia.
xisburbuSeliani filebi – mzaddeba sinTezuri polimerebis da xis
burbuSelis narevis cxeli dawnexiT. filebs amzadeben Semdegi zomisas:
sigane – 120-180, sigrZe – 250-360, sisqe – 1,3-2,5 sm. maTi simtkicis zRvari
Runvisas unda iyos aranakleb 5 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma ara umetes 80%,
Tbogamtarobis koeficienti – 0,05-0,06 kkal/m.sT.grad, moculobiTi masa –
250-400 kg/m3. gamoyenebis sfero igivea, rac xisboWkovani saizolacio
masalebis.
xisburbuSeliani Tbosaizolacio masalis warmoeba ufro
xelsayrelia, vidre xisboWkovani masalis, radgan orTqlis da
eleqtroenergiis xarji am SemTxvevaSi orjer naklebia.
torfis filebi. Tbosaizolacio masalaa, romelic mzaddeba
torfisagan dawnexis saSualebiT, torfis filebis misaRebad Semkvrelebs
ar iyeneben, radganac misi TbodamuSavebis (120-1500C-ze) dros, nedleulidan
gamoiyofa mwebavi nivTierebebi. filebis zomebia: 100X50X3 sm, moculobiTi

134
masa – 150-250 kg/m3, Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,05-0,06 kkal/m.s.grad.
simtkicis zRvari Runvaze – aranakleb 0,3 mgpa. maRali wyalSTanTqmis gamo
torfis filebi aucileblad unda Seilesos. maT iyeneben kedlis da
gadaxurvis dasaTbuneblad samoqalaqo, samrwevelo da sasoflo
mSeneblobaSi.
fibroliti. Tbosaizolacio masalaa, romelic mzaddeba filebis
saxiT merqnis matylis da araoganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebis
(portlandcementi an magneziuri Semkvreli) masis dawnexiT da Semdgomi
gamagrebiT. merqnis matyli warmoadgens merqnis grZel da wvril
burbuSelas, romlis sigrZea – 400-500 mm, sigane 4-7 mm da sisqe 0,25-0,5 mm.
mas iReben merqandamamuSavebel Carxebze merqnis narCenebisaTvis iseTi
jiSebidan, rogoricaa naZvi, fiWvi da sxv. fibrolitis filebis
moculobiTi masa damokidebulia dawnexis xarisxze da meryeobs 300-500
kg/m3 zRvrebSi; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti aris 0,085-0,130 kkal/m.sT.grad;
xasiaTdeba sakmarisi simtkiciT. maTi simtkice Runvisas aRwevs 2-2,5 mgpa.
fibrolitis filebi advilad ixerxeba, iburReba da misi xorkliani
zedapiri kargad iWers desils. fibrolitiT aTbuneben Senobis kedlebs da
gadaxurvas. aSeneben tixrebs, karkasul kedlebs. igi inaxeba mSral
adgilas datenianebis da sokos gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad.
samSeneblo qeCa – mzaddeba dabali xarisxis matylis, mcenareuli
boWkoebis da saxameblis webos erTad areviT. miiReba elastiuri
furclebi, romelTa zomebia 200X200X1,5 sm. moculobiTi masa 100-300 kg/m3;
Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,05 kkal/m.sT.grad. samSeneblo qeCas iyeneben
kedlebis da Weris Tbosaizolaciod baTqaSis qveS, fanjrebis da
karebebis CarCoebis dasaTbuneblad. garda amisa, mas iyeneben samrewvelo
mowyobilobebis da milsadenebis zedapirebis izolaciisaTvis.

135
SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi;

2. merqnis bazaze damzadebuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi;
3. azbestis bazaze damzadebuli masalebi;
4. samSeneblo qeCa.

136
 Tavi XIII

organuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi

samSeneblo saqmeSi farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva organuli

Semkvrelebi da maT safuZvelze damzadebuli sxvadasxva saxeobis masala-
nakeTobebi. maT iyeneben sagzao mSeneblobaSi, saxurav da
hidrosaizolacio samuSaoebSi da sxv.
arCeven ori saxeobis organul Semkvrel nivTierebebs:
1. bitumis Semkvreli nivTierebebi – bunebrivi da navTobis bitumi;
2. kupris da sqelfisis Semkvreli nivTierebebi; aseTebia nedli
kupri (qvanaxSiris, xis daSlis produqti, torfi); misi gamoxdis Sedegad
miRebuli kupris zeTi da sqelfisi (kupris gadamuSavebis magari narCenebi).
yvela am masalas axasiaTebs saerTo Tvisebebi. isini warmoadgenen
maRalmolekuluri naxSirwylebis da maTi araliTonuri nawarmis
(naxSirwylebis SenaerTi JangbadTan, azotTan, gogirdTan) rTul qimiur
Sedgenilobebs. gaxurebiT blanti an myari mdgomareobidan gadadian
Txevad mdgomareobaSi da gaciebiT isev magrdebian. es Semkvrelebi wyalSi
uxsnadia, magram advilad ixsnebian organul gamxsnelebSi. aqvT Savi an
muqi yavisferi feri da amis gamo xSirad maT Sav Semkvrelebsac uwodeben.

13.1. bitumi

bitumi ori saxisaa – bunebrivi da navTobis.

bunebrivi bitumi. warmoiSva dedamiwis qerqis zedafenebSi migraciis
Sedegad SeWrili navTobisagan, romelic JRenTavda da avsebda qvis qanebis
sicarieleebs. sufTa bitumi bunebaSi iSviaTad moipoveba. gavrcelebulia
bitumiT gaJRenTili mTis qanebi – kirqvebi, qviSaqvebi da sxv. bitumis
raodenoba mTis qanebSi Seadgens 10-15%. aseTi qanebi gamoiyeneba bunebrivi
bitumis misaRebad. dawvrilmanebuli qanis wyliT gamoxarSviT an

137
organuli gamxsnelebis gamoyenebiT. bunebrivi bitumis sabadoebi
naklebadaa gavrcelebuli, maTi mopoveba did xarjebTan aris
dakavSirebuli da samSeneblo saqmeSi mcire gamoyenebas poulobs.
navTobis bitumi. warmoebis xerxis mixedviT navTobis bitumi Semdegi
saxisaa: narCeni, daJanguli da krekinguli.
narCeni bitumi – warmoiqmneba uwyveti moqmedebis atmosferul-
vakuumur milisebur RumelebSi, navTobidan msubuqi fraqciebis benzinis,
navTis da zeTis garkveuli nawilis gamoxdiT.
daJanguli anu naqrevi bitumi. miiReba navTobis narCenebis gaqreviT
haeris nakadiT. aseTi gaqrevisas haeris Jangbadis moqmedebis Sedegad xdeba
navTobis narCenebis daJangva da gamkvriveba.
krekinguli bitumi. navTobis narCenia, romelic miiReba navTobis da
navTobis zeTis daSliT maRal temperaturaze.
navTobis bitumebs gacxelebul mdgomareobaSi asxamen rkinis an xis
taraSi da gaciebis Semdeg gzavnian daniSnulebisamebr.
fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasaxvaveben samSeneblo,
sagzao da specialur bitums.
samSeneblo bitumi sami markisaa: БН-IV; БН-V; БН-VК; saxuravis bitumis
markebia: БНК-2 da БНК-5 sagzao bitumis markebia: БНД 200/300; БНД 130/200;
БНД 90/130; БНД 60/90; БНД 40/60.specialuri bitumis markebia: Б, В da Г.
navTobis bitumis marka ganisazRvreba Semdegi maxasiaTeblebiT:
xelsawyo penetrometris nemsis CarWobis siRrme, 5 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 250C
temperaturaze 100 gr datvirTviT.
bitumis darbilebis temperatura ganisazRvreba xelsawyoTi “rgoli
da sfero”. TiTberis rgolSi, romlis Sida diametria 16 mm da simaRle –
6,4 mm, mTel simaRleze asxamen Semkvrels, Semdeg acieben. gaciebul
Semkvrelze deben sferos. or aseT sferoian rgols Cadeben minis wylian
WurWelSi, aTboben da izomeba wylis temperatura. darbilebis
temperatura ganisazRvreba wylis temperaturiT, romlis dros bitumi ise
rbildeba, rom foladis sfero sakuTari masis moqmedebiT gaivlis
gamosacdeli bitumis savse rgolSi (nax. 28).

138
 bitumis Wimvadoba ganisazRvreba duqtolometrze bitumisagan
damzadebuli rvianebis gawyvetiT. nimuSi temperaturis moqmedebiT iWimeba
wvril Zafad. Zafis gawyveta fiqsirdeba xelsawyoTi, saxazaviT ki izomeba
Zafis sigrZe gawyvetamde. gamoisaxeba sm-ebiT (nax. 28).

nax. 28. a) “rgoli da sfero” darbilebis koeficientis

gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – rgoli; 2 – sfero; 3 – bitumi;
4 – darbilebuli bitumi; 5 – Termometri.

139
 b) penetrometri markis gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – Stativi; 2 – diski
ciferblatiT; 3 – mimWeri; 4 – sarke; 5 – nemsi; 6 – gamosacdeli bitumis
nimuSi; 7 – WurWeli; 8 – magida.
g) duqtulometri Wimvadobis gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – yuTi;
2 – mqnevara; 3 – moZravi nalo; 4 – skala; 5 – uZravi nalo; 6,7,8 – asawyob
dasaSleli yalibis nawilebi; 9 – bitumis nimuSi _ rviani.

zogierTi bitumis maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxrilSi

cxrili 13.1
darbilebis nemsis aalebis
bitumis marka temperatura, SeRwevis, Wimvadoba, sm. temperatura,
t0 C siRrme mm t 0C

samSeneblo
БН-IV 40-50 21-40 3 230
БН-V 85-95 5-20 1 230
БН-VК 85-95 ≥20 _ 230
saxuravis
БНК-45-80 40-50 140-220 _ 240
БНК-90/40 85-95 35-45 _ 240
sagzao
БНД 200/300 35 201-300 _ 180
БНД 130/200 40 131-200 65 200
БНД 90/130 45 91-130 60 200
БНД 60/90 48 61-90 50 200
БНД 40/60 52 40-60 40 200

140
 13.2. kupri

kupri Savi an muqi yavisferi siTxea. igi miiReba qvanaxSiris, mura

naxSiris, torfis merqnis, fiqlis mSrali gamoxdiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi
produqts warmoadgens Sesabamisi dasaxelebis kupri: qvanaxSiris, torfis,
fiqlebis, merqnis kupri. mSeneblobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
qvanaxSiris kupri, romelic miiReba qvanaxSiris koqsviT da gazifikaciiT.
igi warmoadgens rTuli Sedgenilobis Sav zeTisebr siTxes, romlis
simkvrivea 1,12m/xm3. aqvs damaxasiaTebeli mZafri suni, rac ganpirobebulia
masSi fenolebis, krezolebis da navTolinis arsebobiT. masSi Sedis
agreTve Tavisufali wyali da sxva iolad aqrolebadi da msubuqi zeTebi.
es nivTierebebi kupris ubralo gaTbobiT (mzis sxivebis moqmedebiTac ki)
ganicdis aqrolebas. kupri xdeba myife, skdeba, kargavs Tavdapirvel
samSeneblo Tvisebebs da naklebvargisiani xdeba. am mxriv gacilebiT
xelsayrelia sqelfisi.
sqelfisi. miiReba kupris gamoxdiT da misgan wylis, zeTebisa da sxva
aqroladi nivTierebebis gamoyofiT. Tavdapirvelad 1000C-ze gaTbobiT
kupridan gamoiyofa wyali, 1700C-ze – msubuqi zeTebi, 2700C-ze – saSualo
zeTebi, 270-3000C-ze – mZime (xis Spalebis gasaJRinTi zeTebi), 3600C-ze ki
yvelaze mZime e.w. anTracenis zeTi. 3600C-ze gamoxdis procesi mTavrdeba.
miRebuli produqti civdeba, miiReba Savi feris amorfuli nivTiereba,
romlis simkvrivea 1,25 – 1,28 g/sm3, romelsac qvanaxSiris sqelfisi ewodeba.
qvanaxSiris sqelfisi mzaddeba 2 markis – saSualo da maRaltem-
peraturuli saSualo markis sqelfisi, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba iyos ori
saxis A da Б.
bitumis, kupris da sqelfisis SereviT miRebuli Semkvrelebi
xasiaTdebian maRali Sewebebis unariT. atmosferuli medegobiT, mcire
mgrZnobiarobiT temperaturuli cvlilebebis mimarT da sxv.
kuprbitumis Semkvrelis saxesxvaoba gudrokami, romelic miiReba
bitumis an gudronis daJangviT anTracenis an mZime qvanaxSiris zeTiT.

141
gudrokami, bitumisagan gansxvavebiT, uzrunvelyofs organuli masalebis
biomedegobas da xasiaTdeba sxva gaumjobesebuli TvisebebiT.
sqelfisi da misi narevi kuprTan an anTracenis zeTTan erTad
gamoiyeneba gzebis fenilebis mosawyobad, saxuravi tolis dasamzadeblad,
sawebavi da saRebavi kuprovani mastikebisaTvis da a.S.

13.3. asfaltovani da kuprovani duRabi da betoni

asfaltis duRabi warmoadgens bitumis, wvrili mineraluri Semvsebis

da qviSis narevs.
kupris duRabi. kupris, wvrildispersiuli Semvsebis da qviSis
narevia.
mSeneblobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba asfaltis duRabi.
hidrosaizolacio baTqaSis, sawarmoTa iatakebis mosawyobad da sxva
daniSnulebiT. kupris duRabs iyeneben ufro iSviaTad misi naklebi
xanmedegobis gamo. asfaltis duRabi gamyarebis Semdeg xasiaTdeba
sakmarisi simkvriviT, simtkiciT, wyaluJonvadobiT, TermomedegobiT. igi ar
unda rbildebodes mzis sxivebis da maRali temperaturebis moqmedebis
dros. didi raodenobiT bitumis da dabali darbilebis koeficientis
mqone bitumis gamoyenebisas duRabis Termomedegoba mcirdeba.
asfaltbetoni da kuprbetoni warmoadgens mkvriv narevs, romelic
Sedgeba bitumis an kupris, qviSis, xreSis an RorRis da mineraluri
fxvnilisagan.
Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT asfaltbetonebi aris;
msxvilmarcvlovani (40 mm), saSualomarcvlovani (25 mm) wvrilmarcvlovani
(25 mm) da qviSis (5 mm).
struqturis mixedviT asfaltbetonebi aris mkvrivi (forianoba
naklebia 3-5%-ze) da msxvilforiani (forianoba aRwevs 10%).

142
 asfaltbetonis da kuprbetonis momzadebis teqnologia Semdegia:
berketebidan dozirebuli qviSa, xreSi an RorRi da mineraluri danamati
ganicdis Srobas da gacxelebas 170-1900C-ze. Semdeg winaswar gamdnar
bitumTan arevas specialur sarevebSi 8-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. mza cxeli
narevi transportirdeba avtoTviTmclelebiT samuSao adgilze, sadac
xdeba misi ganawileba da Semkvriveba mZime sagoravebiani satkepni manqaniT.
gamoyenebis mixedviT asfaltbetonebi da kuprbetonebi SeiZleba iyos
cxeli-gamoiyeneba cxel mdgomareobaSi, romelic Semdeg magrdeba gaciebiT
da civi, romelic marTalia mzaddeba cxlad, magram gamoiyeneba civ
mdgomareobaSi da magrdeba organul SemkvrelSi Semavali aqrolebadi
nivTierebebis aqrolebiT, nawilobriv ki masSi Semavali Txieri nawilebis
fuZis mier Sewovis Sedegad. civ betons iyeneben gzis safarisaTvis. misi
upiratesoba Cveulebriv asfaltbetonTan SedarebiT, aris is, rom civi
betonis datana SesaZlebelia mTeli wlis manZilze nestian da civ
amindSi.

13.4. hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi

bitumovan kuprovan saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebs

amzadeben rulonebis da calkeuli furclebis saxiT.
rulonuri saxuravi da hidrosaizolacio masalebi organul
Semkvrelze damzadebuli masalaa da miiReba specialuri muyaos organuli
SemkvreliT gaJRenTvis Sedegad. rulonuri saxuravi masala gamoyenebuli
nedleulis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos bitumis da kupris. Tvisebebis mixedviT
ukeTesia bitumis rulonuri masala, vinaidan igi ufro mdgradia da
xangamZle, ukeT uZlebs atmosferuli faqtorebis mavne gavlenas kuprovan
rulonur masalebTan SedarebiT. kuprovani rulonuri masalebi SedarebiT
ufro mdgradia lpobisadmi maRali tenianobis pirobebSi.
ruberoidi. mzaddeba saxuravis muyaos navTobis rbili bitumiT
gaJRenTviT da Semdgomi dafarviT orive mxridan Zneladdnobadi navTobis

143
bitumiT. daniSnulebis mixedviT ruberoidi gamoiyeneba saxuravis zeda
fenisaTvis da qvesadebi saxuravis Sris qveda fenisaTvis, ruberoids
zedapirze mieyreba wvrili mineraluri fxvnili, romlis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben msxvilmarcvlovani da qerclovani moyriT. ruberoidis qveda
zedapirs (rulonSi gare) aqvs wvrili, an mtvrisebri mineraluri monayari.
qvesadeb ruberoids aseTi monayari aqvs orive mxridan. msxvilmarcvlovani
mineraluri moyrisaTvis iyeneben kvarcis qviSas da sxva mineralur
nafxvens, romelsac unda hqondes Semdegi Sedgeniloba: 1,2-dan 0,8 mm-mde _
ara nakleb 80%; 0,8-dan 0,6 mm-mde ara umetes 20%.
ruberoidi momxmarebels miewodeba rulonebis saxiT. rulonis
siganea 750-1050 mm, rulonis saerTo farTobia 10m2. amJamad, mrewveloba
uSvebs Semdegi markis ruberoidebs: PK-400, PK-350, PЧ-350 da Р4-250.
ruberoids iyeneben damreci saxuravebis (7-150) qanobis mosawyobad.
toli. rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba saxuravis muyaos
kuprSi gaJRenTviT. tolis zedapiri Tanabrad unda iyos dafaruli
kvarcis qviSis minayriT. amzadeben rulonebis saxiT, romlis siganea 650-
1050mm, rulonis saerTo farTobi aris 15m2. tolis markebia: ТВК-420, ТВК-
350 da ТП-350. didi xangamleobiT gamoirCeva toli msxvilmarcvlovani
miyriT. aseTi safarisaTvis iyeneben Zneladdnobad produqtebs mineralur
SemvsebTan erTad (granitis wvrili qviSa, xreSi da sxv.).
pergamini. hidrosaizolacio rulonuri masalaa, romelsac amzadeben
saxuravis muyaos gaJRenTviT navTobis bitumiT. pergamins ruberoidisagan
gansxvavebiT zedapirze ar aqvs damcavi Sre. pergameni ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba mravalfeniani rulonuri masalebis saxuravebis qveda
fenebisaTvis. pergamins ruberoidis da tolis msgavsad uSveben rulonebis
saxiT, romelTa siganea 750-1050 mm, xolo rulonis saerTo farTi 20 m2.
hidroizoli. hidrosaizolacio rulonuri masalaa, romelic
mzaddeba azbestis muyaos gaJRenTviT navTobis bitumiT. hidroizolis
rulonebis siganea 950±5 mm, sigrZe 20±4 mm. gamoiyeneba miwisqveSa
konstruqciebis hidroizolaciisaTvis, liTonis miRebis koroziuli
izolaciisaTvis, brtyeli saxuravebis hidroizolaciisaTvis da sxv.

144
 13.5. bitumis da kupris mastikebi

Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT mastikebi aris: bitumis, kupris,

kuprbitumis da gudrokamis.
bitumis mastikebi mzaddeba navTobis bitumisagan an bunebrivi bitumis
narevis safuZvelze; kupris mastikebi mzaddeba qvanaxSiris kupriT,
qvanaxSiris da fiqalsawvavis kupris nareviT an qvanaxSiris da kupris
qvanaxSiris sqelfisis nareviT. kuprbitumis mastikebs amzadeben
qvanaxSiris kupris da navTobis bitumis safuZvelze; gudrokamis mastikebi
mzaddeba qvanaxSiris zeTis da navTobis gudronis narevis erTad
daJanguli Semkvrelis safuZvelze.
Semvsebebad mastikebSi gamoiyeneba kirqva, carci, azbesti, mineraluri
bamba, merqnis boWkoebi da sxv.
zedapirze datanis xerxis mixedviT aris cxeli da civi mastikebi.
cxeli mastikebi gamoiyeneba winaswar gacxelebiT: bitumis – 160-1800C-mde
da kupris da gudrokamis – 130-1500C-mde gacxelebiT. civi mastikebi
gamoiyeneba gacxelebis gareSe, Tu temperatura aris 50C-an gacxelebiT 60-
700C-mde, Tu temperatura 50C-ze naklebia, daniSnulebis mixedviT cxeli
mastikebi iyofa misawebebel, saxurav-saizolacio, asfaltovan da
antikoroziul mastikebad.
misawebebeli mastikebi gamoiyeneba rulonuri masalebis misawebeblad,
mravalSriani saxuravis safaris mowyobis da hidroizolaciisaTvis.
saxurav-saizolacio mastikebi saxuravis hidrosaizolacio Sris
mosawyobad. mastikebs amzadeben qarxnebSi. maT SemadgenlobaSi Semvsebebi
unda Sediodes Semdegi raodenobiT: misawebebeli da saxurav-saizolacio
masalebSi 10-30%; hidrosaizolacio asfaltovan mastikebSi fxvniliseburi
Semvsebebi unda iyos 65-70%, boWkovani Semvsebebi ki 15-25%.
civi mastikebi mzaddeba ganzavebuli organuli Semkvrelis da bitumis
pastisagan (asfaltis mastika). aseT mastikebs miekuTvneba bitumovani da
gudrokamuri. civi bitumovani mastika Seicavs navTobis bitums,
ganzavebuls, plastifikators an antiseptiks. gudrokamis civi mastika

145
Seicavs bitumis pastas, mineralur Semvsebs, antiseptiks, gamzavebels.
orive saxis mastika gamoiyeneba civ mdgomareobaSi rulonuri saxuravebis
mosawyobad: rulonebis fuZeze da erTmaneTze Sesawebeblad, agreTve
hidrosaizolacio da orTqlsaizolacio samuSaoebisaTvis.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. bitumis da kupris miReba;

2. bitumis da kupris bazaze damzadebuli duRabebi da betonebi;
3. bitumis da kupris bazaze damzadebuli rulonuri
hidrosaizolacio masalebi;
4. bitumis da kupris mastikebi da maTi gamoyeneba.

146
 Tavi XIV
laq-saRebavi masalebi

laq-saRebavebi ewodeba bunebriv, xelovnur da sinTezur masalebs,

romlebic Txier-blant mdgomareobaSi Txeli fenis saxiT daitaneba
nakeTobebis da konstruqciebis zedapirze, mWidrod ekvris fuZes da
warmoSobs mkvriv afsks. maTi daniSnulebaa: daicvas konstruqcia garemos
mavne gavlenisagan, gaaumjobesos Senobebis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi
da nagebobas mianiWos mxatvrul-dekoratiuli elferi.
laq-saRebavebi iyofa saRebavebad, laqebad da damxmare masalebad.
saRebavebis daniSnulebaa gaumWvirvale feradi dekoratiuli da damcavi
safaris Seqmna. laqebi gamoiyeneba zedapirebis gamWvirvale safaris da
maTi saboloo dekoratiuli gamoyvanisaTvis, amasTanave laqi ar cvlis
SesaRebi zedapiris teqsturas. damxmare masalebi gamoiyeneba zedapirebis
mosamzadeblad SeRebvisaTvis.
samRebro saqmeSi gamoyenebuli saRebavebi iyofa or ZiriTad jgufad:
wylian da uwylo saRebavebad. wylian saRebavebs miekuTvneba webovani,
kiris, silikaturi da emulsiuri saRebavebi. uwylo saRebavebia: zeTis,
minanqris, emulsiuri da sinTezuri.
samSeneblo saRebavebis aucilebel komponentebs warmoadgens
pigmentebi da Semkvreli nivTierebebi. saRebavebSi Sedis agreTve
gamxsnelebi, Semvsebebi, plastifikatorebi.

14.1. pigmentebi

pigmentebs uwodeben wvrilad dafqul mRebav nivTierebebs, romlebic

ar ixsnebian wyalSi da organul gamxsnelebSi (zeTSi, spirtSi,
skipidarSi). pigmentebi SeiZleba iyos mineraluri da organuli
warmoSobis. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba mineraluri pigmentebi,
radgan isini gamoirCeva meti atmosferomdgomareobiT, qimiuri mdgradobiT

147
da SuqmedegobiT. Siga da iSviaTad gare SeRebvisas iyeneben organul
pigmentebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian sakmarisi SuqmedegobiT.
mineraluri pigmentebi iyofa or jgufad: bunebriv da xelovnur
mineralur pigmentebad.
bunebrivi mineraluri pigmentebi bunebaSi mza saxiT gvxvdeba,
mxolod saWiroa maTi dafqva da gacra. TeTri feris bunebriv pigmentebs
miekuTvneba carci, kiri da kaolini, romlebic ZiriTadad wylis
saRebavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. bunebrivi pigmentebia: Jangmiwa (oxra) –
yviTeli feris, siena – narinjisferi, umbra – yavisferi, mumia –
moyavisfro-wiTeli feris, surinji (suriki) – wiTeli feris. yviTeli
feris, grafiti da manganumis zeJangi – Savi feris pigmenti (oxra)
gaxurebis Semdeg icvlis fers da mowiTalo fers iZens, xolo wiTeli da
moyavisfro pigmentebi ki muqdeba. amrigad, bunebrivi mineraluri
pigmentebis sxvadasxva tonalobis miReba SesaZlebelia maTi gaxurebiT.
xelovnuri mineraluri pigmentebi ferebis palitriT ufro mdidaria,
vidre bunebrivi pigmentebi da amitomac isini ufro farTod gamoiyenebian
samRebro saqmeebSi. maT miekuTvneba: ultramarini (lurji), qromis Jangi
(mwvane), brinjaos pudri (oqrosferi), tyviis mwvana, spilenZis wiTeli,
aluminis pudri (vercxlisferi), TuTiis TeTra, Wvartli (Savi) da sxv.
pigmentebis xarisxs gansazRvraven maTi Tvisebebis Semdegi ZiriTadi
maCveneblebi: gaumWvirvaloba, dafqvis siwminde, Suqmedegoba,
cecxlmedegoba, atmosferomedegoba da sxv.

14.2. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi

pigmentebis wvrili nawilakebis SesakavSireblad da zedapirze

Txeli feradi afskis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva Semkvreli
nivTierebebi.

148
 Semkvreli nivTierebebi iyofa sam jgufad: zeTis (olifa da zeTis
laqebi), webos – webos wylis xsnarebi da emulsiis, romlebic Seicaven
zeTs, wyals da emulgatorebs.
wylis siRrmeSi mWida nivTierebad gamoiyeneba kiri da TeTri da
feradi cementebi. kiri wylis saRebavSi erTdroulad asrulebs TeTri
pigmentis rolsac.
webovani saRebavebis dasamzadeblad farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
saxis weboebi: mcenareuli, cxoveluri, xelovnuri da sinTezuri.
zeTis da sxva uwyalo saRebavebSi mWida nivTierebad gamoiyeneba
olifa, romelic SeiZleba iyos naturaluri, naxevrad naturaluri da
xelovnuri. naturaluri olifa mzaddeba selis, soios da sxva
mcenareuli zeTebis xarSviT da maTSi sikativis damatebiT, romelic
aCqarebs zeTis gaSrobas. sikativebad gamoiyeneba tyviis Jangi da
manganumis zeJangi.
naturaluri olifa gamoiyeneba I da II klasis nagebobebSi, foladis
furclovani gadaxurvebis SeRebvisaTvis, liTonis konstruqciebis
dagruntvisaTvis da sxv. naxevrad naturaluri olifa Seicavs aranakleb
55% gasqelebul mcenareul zeTs da gamxsnels (skipidari, benzini, qsildi
da sxv.). naxevrad naturalur olifebs miekuTvneba olifa oqsoli, oqsil-
narevi. maT iyeneben yvela saxis samRebro samuSaoebSi I da II klasis
nagebobebisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, roca naturaluri olifis gamoyeneba
akrZalulia (mag., dagruntvis, SefiTxvnis da baTqaSis zedapiris
SeRebvisas). xelovnuri olifa naturaluri da naxevrad naturaluri
olifisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mcenareul zeTebs Seicavs 35%-mde.
xelovnuri olifebidan iyeneben: eriftilis, sintolis, entolis (kauCukis
narCeni) da sxva saxis olifebs. xelovnur olifas iyeneben Siga
SeRebvisaTvis. rekomendebuli ar aris maTi gamoyeneba saxuravebis, iatakis
da sayofacxovrebo nivTebis – skamebis, magidebis da sxv. SesaRebad.
laqebi. laqi warmoadgens xsnars, romelic miiReba afskwarmomqmneli
nivTierebebis an bitumis gazavebiT gamxsnelSi. afskwarmomqmnelebs
miekuTvneba bunebrivi fisebi, zeTebi da polimerebi. gamxsnelad iyeneben

149
rogorc zeTebs, aseve aqrolad nivTierebebs: laqis benzins, skipidars,
benzols da sxv.
Sedgenilobisa da afskis warmoqmnis procesis mixedviT laqi aris
zeTis da aqroladi. zeTis laqebi iZleva ufro mtkice, elastiur, mdgrad
da xangamZle afsks, vidre aqroladi laqebi. aqrolad laqebs iyeneben
nagebobebis mxolod Siga nawilebisaTvis. isini gacilebiT male Srebian,
xasiaTdebian gaprialebis kargi unariT da iZlevian ufro mbzinav
zedapirs, vidre zeTis laqebi.
gamxsnelebi. warmoadgens siTxeebs, romlebsac iyeneben myari
afskwarmomqmnili nivTierebebis Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasayvanad.
gamxsnelebi mTlianad unda aorTqldnen laq-saRebavebis Sridan misi
gaSrobis procesSi, ar unda Sevidnen qimiur reaqciaSi laq-saRebav
masalebTan. gavrcelebuli gamxsnelebia: skipidari, benzini, navTobis
solventi, laqiani navTi, acetoni.

14.3. Semvsebebi da damxmare masalebi

Semvsebebi mineraluri nivTierebebia, romlebsac umateben laq-

saRebavebSi pigmentebis ekonomiisaTvis. Semvsebebi saRebavebs aniWeben did
simtkices, mJavamedegobas, cecxlmedegobas da sxva. Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba
kaolini, qviSa, andeziti, diabazi, azbestis mtveri, diatomiti da sxva.
damxmare masalebia: safiTxni, sagozavi, grunti.
safiTxnis daniSnulebaa SesaRebi zedapirebis gasworeba
gamoyenebuli saRebavebis saxis mixedviT safiTxnebi sxvadasxva
Sedgenilobisaa. ajapsis an Sabis safiTxni gamoiyeneba wyalSi gaxsnili
saRebavebis qveS. mis SedgenilobaSi Sedis: olifa (1,1%), mSrali webo
(1,7%), carci (70%), sameurneo saponi (0,6%), ajaspi spilenZis an TuTiis
(0,6%), wyali (30-35%), bubko (3%). igi gamoiyeneba saremonto samuSaoebSi
webovani an silikaturi saRebavebis qveS. zeTis da minanqris saRebavebis

150
qveS gamoyenebuli safiTxnis SedgenilobaSi Sedis didi raodenobiT
olifa (5%) da webo (2,5%). wylis xarjia 20-25%.
sagozavi gamoiyeneba merqnis nakeTobebis waglesisaTvis. igi SeiZleba
iyos carcis, tyviasurinjovani, TeTrasagan damzadebuli. sagozalis yvela
Semadgenloba gamoirCeva wyalmedegobiT da plastikurobiT.
grunti saRebavi Sedgenilobisaa. Seicavs pigmentebs, Semvsebebs da
Semkvrelebs. gamoiyeneba SesaRebi zedapirebis gasworebisaTvis,
ZviradRirebuli saRebavebis ekonomiisaTvis, liTonis zedapirebis
koroziisagan dasacavad, xis da sxva masalebis winaswari SeRebvisaTvis.

14.4. Spaleri

warmoeba amzadebs Spalers rulonebis saxiT, romlis siganea 30,50

da 75 sm. sigrZe – 12-18 m., zogierTi rulonis sigrZe aRwevs 30-50 m.
Spaleris warmoebisaTvis iyeneben specialur qaRalds, romlis wona 70-dan
200 g/m2-mdea. maT SesaRebad gamoyenebulia carcSi areuli anilinis
saRebavebi, webovani an zeTovani Semkvrelebi da mineraluri pigmentebi:
Jangmiwa, mumia, aluminis da brinjaos fxvnilebi. gamoyenebuli
saRebavebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Suqmedegoba da aratoqsikuroba.
Spaleris akvra yvela samRebro samuSaoebis damTavrebis Semdeg unda
daiwyos. Spaleris akvra svel zedapirze ar SeiZleba, radgan is cudad
ewebeba da SemdgomSi SeiZleba aZvres. garda amisa, Spaleris zedapirze
SesaZlebelia gaCndes arasasurveli laqebi da obic ki. amitomac,
mosapirkeTebeli zedapiris tenianoba reglamentirebulia: xis zedapiris
tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 12%, xolo sxva danarCeni zedapirisaTvis
ara umetes 8%.

151
SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ras ewodeba laq-saRebavi masalebi.;

2. ra aris pigmenti. pigmentis saxeebi;
3. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi;
4. damxmare masalebi. maTi saxeebi.

152
 Tavi XV

15.1. polimerebi da saSeni masalebi

maT safuZvelze

plastikuri masalebi (plastmasebi) – masalebia, romelTa

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis polimerebi – maRalmolekuluri organuli
nivTierebebi, romlebsac unari SeswevT gaxurebiT da wnevis moqmedebiT
miiRon garkveuli forma da gaciebis Semdeg SeinarCunon igi. plastikuri
masebis Semadgeneli komponentebia: Semkvreli nivTiereba – polimeri,
romelic gansazRvravs plastmasis Tvisebebs; Semvsebebi – romelic
aumjobesebs plastmasis meqanikur maCveneblebs, Tbomedegobas da amcirebs
mis cocvas. Semvsebad gamoiyeneba: fxvnilisebri (merqnis fqvili, naxerxi),
boWkovani (celuloza, azbesti, xis burbuSela, minis boWko) da
furclovani (qaRaldi, xis Sponi, bambisa da minis qsovili) masalebi;
plastifikatorebi, romlebic zrdian plastmasis plastikurobas da
drekadobas; stabilizatorebi, romlebic ayovneben plastmasis daberebas
misi eqspluataciis dros; saRebavebi, romlebic plastmasebs aZleven
nebismier fers.
organuli warmoSobis plastikuri masalebi jer kidev uZvelesi
droidan iyo cnobili. magaliTad, bunebrivi bitumi VII saukuneSi Cvens
welTaRricxvamde gamoiyeneboda babilonSi, rogorc wyalmedegi Semkvreli
nivTiereba md. evfratis arxis mSeneblobaze. bunebriv asfaltebs saSen
masalad iyenebdnen jer kidev Zvel romSi sagzao samuSaoebisaTvis.
bunebriv plastmasebs miekuTvneba agreTve qarva. mas uZvelesi droidan
xmarobdnen samkaulebis dasamzadeblad. SemdgomSi organuli plastikuri
masalebis gamoyeneba saTanadod ver ganviTarda. mxolod XIX saukunis
meore naxevridan daiwyes plastmasebis farTo gamoyeneba. sinTezuri
plastmasa pirvelad 1868 wels Seiqmna. amerikelma mbeWdavma haitma
SemTxveviT aRmoaCina, rom eTerspirtovani xsnaris da naturaluri qafuris
areviT miiReboda xelovnuri masala, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos spilos

153
Zvali. am masalas daarqva celuloidi. igi gamoiyeneboda saTamaSoebis,
saTvaleebis, biliardis burTulebis, kinofiris dasamzadeblad.
celuloidis damzadebis Semdeg aRmoaCines viskozis da celofnis
damzadebis teqnologia. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan iwyeba
konstruqciuli masalebis – minaplastikatebis warmoeba, sadac Semvsebad
gamoyenebulia minis boWko. minaplastikatidan mzaddeba samSeneblo
konstruqciebi, navebi, avtomanqanis Zarebi, TviTmfrinavebis detalebi da
sxva. Semdgom Seiqmna polieTileni, romelsac saukeTeso
eleqtrosaizolacio Tvisebebi aqvs, ramac didi roli iTamaSa radios da
televiziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. kosmiurma kvlevebma biZgi misces
plastmasebis warmoebas. gamoigones neiloni da dakroni, romlebisganac
damzadda kosmonavtebis kostumebi. aseTi kostiumebi saimedod icavs
adamians mTvaris dabali da maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebisagan.
dRes plastmasebi gamoiyeneba warmoebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki mSeneblobaSi. plastmasebs iyeneben Senobis Siga
zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad. Tanamedrove mSeneblobaSi farTod
gamoiyeneba plastmasis milebi da sanitarul teqnikuri nakeTobebi,
romlebic gamoirCevian simsubuqiT da maRali antikoroziuli TvisebebiT.
plastikuri masebisagan amzadeben avejs, sportuli moednebis safars,
romelic mudam mwvanea, hgavs mwvane mols. aseTi moednis eqspluatacia
SesaZlebelia nebismier amindSi.
plastmasisagan damzadebuli masalebis da nakeTobebis gamoyeneba
mSeneblobaSi yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac saSualebas iZleva mSeneblobis
xarisxis gaumjobesebis, Sromatevadobis Semcirebis.

15.2. plastmasebis Tvisebebi

plastmasebi xasiaTdebian mTeli rigi dadebiTi TvisebebiT: mcire

moculobiTi masa 20-dan 2200 kg/m3-mde; simkvrive meryeobs 1,0-dan 2,2 g/sm3-
mde. maRali simtkice, romelic damokidebulia rogorc Semkvrel

154
nivTierebebze (polimerebze), aseve sxva komponentebze. xasiaTdebian maRali
meqanikuri simtkiciT Runvisas, kumSvisas da gaWimvisas. es maCveneblebi
meryeobs 60-dan 200 mgpa-mde plastmasebs mcire Tbogamtaroba aqvT,
romelic meryeobs 0,026-0,6kkal/m.sT.grad. maT axasiaTebT qimiuri
mdgradoba wylis, mJavebis, mariliani xsnarebis da organuli gamxsnelebis
(benzini, benzoli da sxv.) mimarT; maRali simtkice cveTaze; maRali
dekoratiuli Tvisebebi (plastmasebi SeiZleba SeiRebos nebismier ferad).
damuSavebis siadvile; plastmasebis erTmaneTTan da sxva masalebTan
(liToni, xe da sxv.) dawebebis siadvile; plastmasebis warmoebisaTvis
ganusazRvreli da xelmiswavdomi nedleulis arseboba; gamWvirvaloba da
optikuri Tvisebebi.
amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom plastikur masebs aqvT uaryofiTi
Tvisebebic: dabali Tbomedegoba (2000C-mde), rac zRudavs maT efeqtur
gamoyenebas; dabali cecxlgamZleoba da maRali Termuli gafarToeba;
plastikuri masebi cudad ewinaaRmdegeba mzis radiacias, rac droTa
ganmavlobaSi iwvevs maT gamoxunebas da deformacias; cocvadoba _ mcire
datvirTvebis drosac ganicados neli plastikuri dineba (deformaca).
plastmasebis cocvadoba mkveTrad matulobs temperaturis zrdasTan
erTad; garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia plastmasebis daZveleba, rac gamoixateba
droTa ganmavlobaSi Tvisebebis SecvliT.
amJamad, aqtualuria plastikuri masebis Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis
sakiTxi.

15.3. polimerebi

maRalmolekuluri polimeruli SenaerTebi miiReba dabal-

molekuluri SenaerTebis polimerizaciiT an polikondensaciiT.
polimerizacia da polikondensacia patara molekulebis did
molekulebad SeerTebis procesia; gansxvaveba imaSia, rom polimerizaciis
dros miRebul masalas iseTive Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi aqvs, rogorc
sawyis molekulas; polikondensaciis dros miRebuli nivTierebebis

155
Tvisebebi da Sedgeniloba ki mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sawyisi
nivTierebebisagan.
miRebuli polimerebis Tvisebebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
temperaturis da wnevis moqmedeba, ris mixedviTac isini iyofian
Termoplastikur da Termoreaqtiul polimerebad.
molekulebis wrfivi aRnagobis Termoplastikur polimerebs aqvs
darbilebis da gamagrebis Tviseba maTi mravaljeradi gacxelebis da
gaciebis Sedegad. polimerebi, romlebsac molekulebis sivrcobrivi
aRnagoba aqvT, miekuTvneba Termoreaqtiul jgufs. isini pirveli
gacxelebisas rbildebian da gacivebis Semdeg magrdebian. xelmeored
gacxeleba ar ubrunebs plastikurobas da amitomac gamoiyenebian
nakeTobebis erTjeradi damzadebisaTvis.
Termoplastikur jgufs miekuTvneba: polieTileni, polistiroli,
polimeTilmetakrilati (organuli mina), polivinqloridi da sxv.
Termoreaqtiul jgufs ki miekuTvneba: karbamidis, polieTeris, epoqsiduri
fisebi, rezorcinformaldehidis da sxv.
polieTileni miiReba eTilenis polimerizaciis reaqciiT. igi
xasiaTdeba meqanikuri simtkiciT, qimiuri medegobiT, mcire TbogamtarobiT,
simsubuqiT. polieTileni advilad muSavdeba. gamoiyeneba santeqnikuri
milebis warmoebaSi. misgan amzadeben hidro, orTql – da airsaizolacio
afskebs.
polipropileni miiReba propilenis polimerizaciiT. igi magari da
msubuqia. xasiaTdeba maRali TbomedegobiT, simtkiciT, qimiuri medegobiT,
sixistiT. misi simkvrivea 0,9 g/sm3, darbilebis temperatura – 164-1680C.
gamoiyeneba mcire da SedarebiT didi diametriani (20-150 mm) milebis
dasamzadeblad. aseTi milebi moixmareba, agreTve, siTxeebis sadeni
gayvanilobisaTvis, centridanuli tumboebis da sxvadasxva qimiuri
aparaturis milgayvanilobisaTvis. iyeneben, agreTve, boWkovani masalebis,
sxvadasxva afskebis da mosapirkeTebeli filebis warmoebaSi,
sayofacxovrebo nakeTobebisaTvis da a.S.

156
 polistoroli miiReba stirolis polimerizaciiT. igi ufero da
gamWirvalea. misi simkvrivea 1,05 g/sm3. xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT; kargi
dieleqtrikuli TvisebebiT. misi naklia dabali atmosferomedegoba, didi
simyife. misgan mzaddeba mosapirkeTebeli filebi da furclebi SenobaTa
Sida vertikaluri zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad (saavadmyofoebSi,
samzareuloebSi, sanitarul kvanZebSi da sxv.); farTod gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva avejis da sayofacxovrebo nivTebis warmoebaSi.
poliakrilati miiReba mwvave sunis mqone akrilis da meTilakrilis
mJaveebis polimerizaciiT. igi ufero, gamWvirvale polimeria. kargad
ixsneba sxvadasxva organul gamxsnelebSi. gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
gamWvirvale xelovnuri minis warmoebaSi. am masalebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebaa maRali Suqgamtaroba. poliakrilatis masalebi kargad ixerxeba,
ixexeba, iTleba, iRebeba da webdeba. gansakuTrebiT kargi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba poliakrilatis erT-erTi nairsaxeobis polimeri _
polimeTilmetakrilati da misi nawarmi – organuli mina. mas iyeneben
gemTmSeneblobis, saaviacio da saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi.
rezorcinformaldehilis polimeri miiReba rezorcinis da
formaldehidis kondensaciiT. advilad ixsneba wyalSi, spirtsa da
zeTebSi. xasiaTdeba didi simagriT da TbomedegobiT, gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva weboebis dasamzadeblad; gamoiyeneba liTonis da sxva
masalebis Sesawebeblad.
karbamidis polimerebi miiReba Sardovanas formaldehidTan
kondensaciiT. maTi urTierTqmedebiT miiReba rogorc Termoplastikuri,
aseve Termoreaqtiuli polimerebi. karbamidis polimerebi gamoiyeneba
mosapirkeTebeli masalebis dasamzadeblad. maT iyeneben, agreTve,
merqanburbuSeliani filebis da Tbosaizolacio qafplastis
dasamzadeblad.
epoqsiduri polimeri miiReba epiqlorgidrinis polikondensaciiT
fenolTan, spirtTan da aminebTan. epoqsiduri polimeri warmoadgens
blant siTxes, ixsneba spirtsa da acetonSi. epoqsiduri polimerebi
gamoiyeneba maRali xarisxis weboebis misaRebad, gamoiyeneba monoliTuri

157
iatakebis da polimercementiani da polimeruli betonebis dasamzadeblad.
fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT iyofa markebad: ЭД-5; ЭД-6; ЭД-8; ЭД-10;
ЭД-14; ЭД-20; ЭД-22.
siliciumorganuli polimerebi miiReba siciliumis SeerTebiT
wyalbadTan da JangbadTan. xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT, yinvagamZleobiT,
wyalmedegobiT; uZlebs 500-6000C-is moqmedebas ramdenime saaTis
ganmavlobaSi wvis gareSe. misi gamoyenebiT amzadeben laqebs da minanqars,
romlebic gamoiyenebian Savi da feradi liTonebis dasacavad
koroziisagan. samSeneblo duRabebSi maTi gamoyeneba zrdis duRabebis
wyalmedegobas.

15.4. polimeruli saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi

mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebul polimerul saSen masalebs da nakeTobebs

miekuTvneba mosapirkeTebeli sanitarul-teqnikuri, konstruqciuli, Tbo da
bgeraTsaizolacio, hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi.

iatakis polimeruli masalebi

polimeruli masalebiT mowyobili iataki akmayofilebs yvela im

moTxovnas, rac iatakis masalas waeyeneba. maT axasiaTebT maRali simagre,
simtkice, simkvrive, winaaRmdegoba cveTis da xexvisadmi; xasiaTdebian
dabali wyalSTanTqmiT da maRali dekoratiulobiT. iatakis polimeruli
masalebi SeiZleba iyos: rulonuri (linoleumi); filebis da furclebis
saxiT da iatakis monoliTuri (unakero) safari.
linoleumi. rulonuri masalebis ZiriTadi saxeobaa. igi miiReba uxeS
qsovilze polimerebis da Semvsebebis narevis dataniT. narevis
SedgenilobaSi SehyavT pigmentebi, plastifikatorebi da teqnologiuri
danamatebi (kaolini, talki, azbesti da sxv.) gamoyenebuli sawyisi

158
nedleulis mixedviT ganasxvaveben linoleumis Semdeg saxeebs:
poniviniqloridis, alkidis, koloqsilonis, rezinis (relini) da sxv.
poliviniqloridis linoleumi mzaddeba ponivinilqloridis,
Semvsebis, plastifikatorebis, pigmentebis da sxva danamatebisagan.
linoleums amzadeben qsovilis fuZeze an ufuZod. ufuZo SeiZleba iyos
erTfeniani, orfeniani da mravalfeniani. qeCis fuZeze damzadebuli
linoleumi xasiaTdeba maRali bgera da Tbosaizolacio TvisebebiT.
poniviniqloridis linoleumi xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT, ar lpeba, aqvs
mcire Tbogamtaroba da higienuria. mzaddeba rulonis saxiT, romelTa
sigrZea aranakleb 12 m, sigane – 1,6 m, sisqe – 2,0-2,5 mm.
koloqsilinis linoleumi (natrocelulozis) erTfeniani ufuZo
rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba koloqsilinis (nitrocelulozis),
plastifikatorebis, Semvsebebis da pigmentebisagan. koloqsilinis
linoleumis rulonebis sigrZea 12 m, sigane 100-1200 mm, sisqe – 2-4 mm. 1m2-is
masaa 3,4-6,9 kg.
rezinis linoleumi (relini) ori fenisagan Sedgeba. zeda fena
mzaddeba feradi sinTezuri rezinisagan da sisqea 1-2 mm, xolo qveda fena
2-3 mm sisqisaa da mzaddeba bitumis da Zveli dawvrilmanebuli rezinis
narevisagan. relini sakmaod mtkicea, kargad ewinaaRmdegeba cveTas,
xasiaTdeba kargi bgeraTsaizolacio TvisebebiT, mJava da tutemedegobiT.
gamoiyeneba sacxovrebeli Senobebis, savaWro da samedicino
dawesebulebebis da sxva saxis nagebobebis iatakis dasafarad. relinis
rulonebis sigrZea 12 m, sigrZe 1,4-1,6 m, sisqe 5 mm.
alkidis linoleumi mzaddeba qsovilis fuZeze alkidis polimeris,
Semvsebebis da pigmentebis narevis dataniT. ruloni mzaddeba sigrZiT 20-30
m. siganiT 1,8-2,0 m, sisqiT 2,5-5,0 mm. 1 m2-is masa meryeobs 2,6-5,2 kg-is
farglebSi. alkiduri linoleumis naklia is, rom igi saWiroebs
ZviradRirebul naturalur mcenareul zeTs, Tumca bolo dros inergeba
am linoleumis warmoebis axali meTodi naturaluri zeTis nawilis
SecvliT parafinis warmoebis narCeni produqtebiT.

159
 ponoviniqloridis filebi mzaddeba ponoviniqloridis fisis,
plastifikatoris, Semvsebebis da pigmentis gamoyenebiT. filebs amzadeben
sxvadasxva feris, maT Soris, marmarilos imitaciiT. aseTi filebi
saeqspluataciod ufro praqtikulia, radgan mis zedapirs ar emCneva
nakawrebi da cveTis defeqti. filebi xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT.
wyalSTanTqma (ara umetes 4%), Tbomedegoba – 60%, cveTis koeficienti -0,05
sm2. filebis zomebia 15X15; 10X20; 20X20; 30X30 sm; sisqea – 3 mm. gamoiyeneba
iatakis safarad sacxovrebel da sazogadoebriv SenobebSi; agreTve,
kedlebis mosapirkeTeblad.
kumaronis filebi miiReba kumaronis fisis, plastifikatoris da
umTavresad azbestis boWkos gamoyenebiT. axasiaTebT mcire wyalSTanTqma,
didi simtkice cveTaze. filebis zomebia: 15X15 da 20X20 sm, sisqe 3 mm.
kumaronis filebi magrdeba civi bitumis mastikiT. filebi kargad
irecxeba. cecxlmedegia, ar cvdeba. gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi da
samrewvelo nagebobebis iatakebis safarisaTvis.
rezinis filebi mzaddeba rezinis narCenebisagan. isini xasiaTdebian
qimiuri medegobiT, maRali mdgradobiT cveTaze, kargi dieleqtrikuli
maCveneblebiT. garda amisa gamoirCeva maRali simtkiciT ara marto
kumSvisa da Runvisas, aramed dartymazedac, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs
sawarmoo Senobebis iatakebis eqspluataciis dros. filebis zomebia: 15X15,
20X20 da 30X30 sm., sisqe 3 da 5 mm. maTi cveTis koeficienti ar aRemateba
0,5 g/sm2, wyalSTanTqma – 2%. gamoiyeneba qimiuri qarxnebis,
laboratoriebis, eleqtrosadgurebis iatakebis mosawyobad.
merqanboWkovani da merqanburbuSeliani filebi sxvadasxva
daniSnulebisaa: avejis, sakedle Tbo da bgeraTsaizolacio. iatakisaTvis
gamoiyeneba magari da mkvrivi merqanboWkovani da merqanburbuSelis
filebi. filebis sigrZea 120-540 sm, sigane 120-180 sm, sisqe 0,3-0,4 sm.
moculobiTi masa aranakleb 950 kg/m3, simtkicis zRvari Runvisas 50 mgpa,
wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi ara umetes 15%. gamoiyeneba
linoleumis zedapiriani iatakebis mosawyobad normaluri temperaturis
da tenianobis oTaxebSi.

160
 iatakis monoliTuri (unakero) safari mzaddeba polimeruli
masalebis gamoyenebiT, xasiaTdeba maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT,
higienurobiT da saeqspluatacio TvisebebiT. maTi mowyoba xdeba
specialuri mastikebis an polimeretonis da plastbetonis fuZeze, Txeli
fenis dataniT. aseTi iatakebi ekvris fuZes, ar warmoqmnis mtvers da
siarulis dros uxmauroa. unaklo iatakebis mowyoba 4-jer ufro iafia
parketis iatakTan da 2-jer linoleumis iatakTan SedarebiT. gamoyenebuli
masalebis mixedviT unakero iataki SeiZleba iyos polivinilacetatis,
polimercementis da plastbetonis, romlebic gamoiyeneba sazogadoebriv,
samrewvelo da sacxovrebel SenobebSi. polivinilacetatis mastikebis
gamoyeneba maRali tenianobis saTavsebSi ar SeiZleba

15.5. plastmasis grZivi nakeTobebi

plastmasis grZiv nakeTobebs miekuTvneba: plinTusebi, saxelurebi,

safexurebis zedsadebebi, pirulebi, kuTxovanebi da sxv. es masalebi
mzaddeba masisagan, romelic Seicavs polimers (poliviniqlorids),
Semvsebs, gamxsnels, pigments, plastifikators. grZivi nakeTobebi mzaddeba
masis eqstruzirebiT specialur manqanebSi, romelsac eqstruderi ewodeba.
es nakeTobebi warmatebiT cvlis nakeTobebs, damzadebuls xis, qvis da
liTonis masalisagan.
plinTusebis daniSnulebaa kedels da iataks Soris darCenili
RreCos dafarva, isini aumjobeseben konstruqciis bgera da Tboizolacias
da warmoadgenen arqiteqturuli gaformebis elementebsac.
plinTusebi mzaddeba 1,2 da 2,4 m. sigrZis da ifuTeba paketebSi.
kedelze amagreben weboebiT.

161
 nax. 29. polimeruli grZivi nakeTobebi:
1 – plinTusi; 2 – saxelurebi; 3 – kibis safexurebis
zedsadebebi; 4 – kuTxovani elementebi; 5 – tesebri da
ortesebri masalebi.

saxelurebi. saxelurebs uSveben gorglebad, romelTa sigrZea 12 m.

erTi grZivi metris wona daaxloebiT 700 gramia. dayenebis win saxeluri
cxeldeba 70-800C –mde, ris Sedegadac is rbildeba da advilad Camoecmeba
foladis moajirs. gacivebis Semdeg mWidrod magrdeba moajirze.
safexuris zesadebebi farTod gamoiyeneba betonis kibis cveTisagan
dasacavad. uzrunvelyofs konstruqciis maRal dekoratiulobas da
higienurobas.

162
 15.6. saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebi

polimeruli masalebi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba saxuravebis da

hidrosaizolacio masalebis dasamzadeblad.
maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: simsubuqe, maRali simtkice,
wyalgamtaroba da sxv. saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebi iyofa sam
jgufad: rulonuri, furclovani masalebi da mastikebi.
polieTilenis afski warmoadgens rulonur masalas, romlis sigrZea
25 m, sigane – 120-140 sm, sisqe 0,06-0,2 mm. igi xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT
agresiuli garemoSi. gamoiyeneba sasoflo mSeneblobaSi, kerZod
saTburebSi minis nacvlad. iyeneben sarwyavi arxebis izolaciisaTvis da
sxv.
izoli ufro rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba rezin-bitumis
Semkvrelis, kumaronis, Semvsebis (azbesti) da antiseptikebis
Termomeqanikuri damuSavebiT. gamoiyeneba rogorc saxuravebisaTvis, aseve
hidrosaizolaciod. garda rulonuri izolisa, samSeneblo saqmeSi
gamoiyeneba izolis filebi da mastikebi. izolis fila rulonisagan
gansxvavdeba SedgenilobiT – Seicavs met Semvsebs. izolis mastika
warmoadgens rulonuri izolis plastikur masas.
talRovani minaplastiki polimeruli furclovani masalaa. mzaddeba
polieTerebis minis boWkoebiT, daarmaturebiT. furclis sigrZea 5 m,
sigane 90 sm, sisqe 1,5-4 mm. Suqgamtaroba aRwevs 90%, temperaturamedegoba
50-dan 900-mdea.

15.7. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi

plastmasisagan mzaddeba sxvadasxva saxis sanitarul-teqnikuri

nakeTobebi. maT miekuTvneba pirsabanebi, abazanebi, saSxapo kabinebi, milebi
da sxv. es nakeTobebi did konkurencias uwevs liTonisagan damzadebul
analogiur nakeTobebs da sul ufro met gamoyenebas poulobs. isini ufro

163
msubuqia, advilia maTi montaJi, ar iJangeba, ar saWiroebs periodul
SeRebvas, lamazia, aqvT maRali simtkice da higienuroba.
milebi. plastmasis milebis mTeli rigi upiratesobani liTonis
milebTan SedarebiT uzrunvelyofs maTi warmoebis zrdas. liTonTan
SedarebiT xasiaTdeba mJaveebis da tuteebis mimarT maRali mdgradobiT,
amitom warmatebiT iyeneben qimiur sawarmoebSi. polimeruli milebi
msubuqia da SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro grZeli iyos, vidre liTonis
milebi. polimeruli milebis damuSaveba warmoebs Cveulebrivi
liTondamamuSavebeli danadgarebis meSveobiT.

nax. 30. sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi;

1 – milebi; 2 – sanitarul-teqnikuri armatura; 3 – unitazis saxuravi;
4 – karis saxeluri; 5 – eleqtrogamomrTveli; 6 – WurWlis sarecxi

plastmasis milebidan umetesad gamoiyeneba polieTilenis,

poliginiqloridis da minaplastikis milebi.

164
 polieTilenis milebi gamoiyeneba 800C temperaturamde, gamoirCeva
yinvagamZleobiT. milebis diametri 13-150 mm, sigrZe – 120 m, wyalSTanTqma
24 sT-Si 0,01%-mde. gamoirCeva medegobiT tuteebis da mJaveebis, sxvadasxva
saxis zeTebis da gamxsnelebis mimarT. liTonis miRebaze 9-jer msubuqia.
poniviniqloridis milebi xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT da
antikoroziuli TvisebebiT. mas iyeneben sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
milsadenebisaTvis, sadac transportirdeba 400C-mde gacxelebuli siTxeebi
milebis diametria 6-150 mm, sigrZe – 1,5 m, sisqe – 2-8 mm, simtkice gaWimvisas
50 mgpa, kumSvisas 30 mgpa, Runvisas 120 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-Si – 0,4%.
minaplastikis milebi gansakuTrebuli warmatebiT gamoiyeneba
navTobebis mrewvelobaSi, radgan navTobproduqtebi masze ar reagireben.
milebis simtkice kumSvisas 300 mgpa-mdea, xolo Runvis 600 mgpa-mde.
xasiaTdeba 1500C-mde TbomedegobiT.

15.8. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi

plastikuri masebi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba Senobebis

interierebis mosapirkeTeblad. isini gamoirCevian praqtikulobiT
eqspluataciisas, higienuria, ar saWiroeben xSir remonts. aqvT maRali
dekoratiuli Tvisebebi.
plastikuri masebisagan damzadebul sakedle masalebs miekuTvneba
rbili da naxevradrbili merqanboWkos da merqanburbuSelas filebi,
merqanSereuli plastikebi da minaplastika; agreTve, kedlis
mosapirkeTebeli furclovani masalebi; polistirolis da fenolis
filebi, qaRaldSereuli plastikati da rulonuri masalebi: linkrusti,
wyalmedegi Spaleri da sxv.
merqanboWkos, merqanburbuSelis, merqanSreuli da minaplastikis
sakedle masalebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc konstruqciuli, aseve
Tbisaizolacio. isini SeiZleba iyos erTfeniani, samfeniani da
siRrueebiani.

165
 nax. 31. merqanburbuSelis erTfeniani (1) samfeniani (2)
da siRrueebiani filebi (3).

merqanboWkos da merqanburbuSelis filebi miiReba boWkovani masis

dayalibebiT, cxeli dawnexiT da Semdgomi SrobiT. filebis zomebia:
sigrZe 1200-3300 mm, sigane 100-1800 mm, sisqe 10-25 mm. maT iyeneben kedlebis
Sida mopirkeTebisaTvis, tixrebis, kedlebSi CaSenebuli avejis da sxv.
dasamzadeblad.
merqanSreuli plastiki furclovani masalaa, romelic miiReba
polimeriT gaJRenili merqnis Sponebis cxlad dawnexviT. ZiriTad
nedleulad gamoiyeneba fenolformaldehidis da karbamidis fisebi da
specialuri xarisxis qaRaldi. mzaddeba furclebis saxiT: sigrZiT 100-360
sm, siganiT 60-160 sm da sisqiT 3-5 mm; moculobiTi masa 1300-1450 kg/m3;
simtkice Runvisas 150-200 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
araumetes 5% da tenianoba ara umetes 7%-isa. maTi Tbogamtarobis
koeficienti ar aRemateba 0,15-0,25kkal/m.sT.grad. axasiaTebT qimiuri

166
mdgradoba organuli gamxsnelebis da zeTebisadmi. mas iyeneben kedlebis,
rogorc Sida, aseve gare zedapirebis mopirkeTebisaTvis, samfeniani
sakedle panelebis dasamzadeblad.
minaplastikebi miiReba sxvadasxva saxis polimerebisa da
minaboWkovani Semvsebebisagan. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba epoqsidis,
siliciumorganuli da sxva polimerebi. Semvsebebad minis Sponi, minis
qsovili, daWrili minaboWko. minis boWkos upiratesoba aqvs sxva saxis
boWkoebTan, radganac igi gamoirCeva maRali simtkiciT, ar lpeba, ar iwvis
da xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT. ganasxvaveben sami saxeobis minaplastiks:
minaplastikebi daWril boWkoebze, minateqstoliti da minaboWkovani
anizotropuli masalebi. minaplastikebi gamoiyeneba Suqgamtari kedlebis
da tixrebis mosawyobad, Weris SuqfanrebisaTvis, or da samfeniani
sakedle panelebisaTvis. agreTve sxvadasxva milebisa da santeqnikuri
mowyobilobisaTvis.
rulonuri mosapirkeTebeli masalebidan qaRaldis SpalerTan erTad
didi gamoyeneba aqvs plastmasebze damzadebul ufro gamZle, wyalmedeg da
higienur rulonur masalebs, rogorebicaa wyalmedegi Spaleri qsovilis
fuZeze, linkrusti da sxv.
wyalmedegi Spaleri mzaddeba rulonebis saxiT, romlis sigrZea 8-12
m, sigane 0,5 m, sisqe 0,4-0,6 mm. igi warmoadgens tenmedeg dekoratiul
safars gazrdili saeqspluatacio TvisebebiT, amitomac iyeneben
sacxovrebeli saxlebis samzareuloebis, derefnebis, sanatoriumebis,
saavadmyofoebis da sxva nagebobebis Siga mopirkeTebisaTvis. Cveulebrivi
Spaleris msgavsad wyalmedeg Spalers mosapirkeTebel zedapirze awyoben.
zogierT wyalmedeg Spalersac meore mxridan qarxnuli wesiT datanebuli
aqvs mSrali webos Sre, romelic dawebebis win unda dasveldes mxolod
wyliT.
linkrusti mzaddeba qaRaldis fuZeze ponoviniqloridis fisis,
Semvsebis (merqnis fqvili, korpi da sxv.) plastifikatoris narevis
dataniT. ferad reliefur linkrustTan erTad warmoeba amzadebs ufero
linkrustsac, romelic dawebebis Semdeg unda SeiRebos zeTis saRebaviT.

167
linkrusts amzadeben rulonebad, romelTa sigrZea 12 m, sigane 500-750 mm,
sisqe – 0,6-12 mm. linkrusti wyal da lpobamedegia. is ar ibriceba da
kargad ewinaaRmdegeba meqanikur moqmedebebs. gamoiyeneba satransporto
vagonebis (troleibusi, metro da rkinigzis vagonebi) interieris
gasaformeblad.

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. plastmasebis Tvisebebi da maTi gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi;

2. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi;
3. polimerebi, maTi saxeebi da nakeTobebi;
4. iatakis da kedlis polimeruli masalebi.

168
 literatura

1. v.bolqvaZe, i.andriaZe – saSeni masalebi, nawili 1, Tbilisi

1978 w;
2. v.bolqvaZe, i.andriaZe – saSeni masalebi, nawili 1, Tbilisi
1981 w;
3. En.lomiZe – mosapirkeTebeli masalebi da samuSaoebi,
Tbilisi, 1982 w;
4. a.nadiraZe _ saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi, Tbilisi, 1984 w;
5. Воробьев В.А. – Строительные материалы. М. 1973;
6. Горчаков Г.Н., Баженов Ю.М. - Строительные материалы. М. 1986;
7. Пискарев В.А. – Декоративно-отделочные строительные материалы, М.
1978;
8. Рамачандран В.С., Фельдман Р.Ф., Мальхота В.М., Долч В.Л., Мехта
П.К., Охама И. и др. – Добавки в бетон by Noyes Publications, 1999;
9. Рыбьев И.А. – Арофьева Т.Н., Баскаков и др. – Общий курс
строительных материалов, М. 1987.

169
 s a r C e v i

Sesavali -1
Tavi I
saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi - 2
1.1. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi - 2
1.2. meqanikuri Tvisebebi - 11

Tavi II
bunebrivi qvis saSeni masalebi - 12
2.1. mTis qanebi, maTi warmoSoba da klasifikacia - 12
2.2. bunebrivi qvis masalebis klasifikacia, saxeebi da gamoyeneba – 18
Tavi III
keramikuli nakeTobebi - 25
3.1. keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoebis saerTo teqnologiuri sqema -28
3.2. Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri - 29
3.3. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi - 31
3.4. specialuri daniSnulebis keramikuli masalebi - 33
3.5. Tixis kramiti - 33
Tavi IV
araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi - 35
4.1. haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi. TabaSiri - 36
4.2. magneziuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi -38
4.3. Txevadi mina - 39
4.4. haerkiri - 39
4.5. hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi. hidravlikuri kiri - 40
4.6. portlandcementi - 41
4.7. portlandcementis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi - 43
4.8. cementis gamoyeneba, transportireba da Senaxvis wesi - 46
4.9. portlandcementis specialuri saxeebi - 46
4.10. pucolaniani portlandcementi - 47
4.11. widiani cementi - 48

170
4.12. Tixamiwovani cementi - 49
Tavi V
betoni - 51
5.1. ZiriTadi cnobebi - 51
5.2. betonis klasifikacia - 52
5.3. masalebi mZime betonis dasamzadeblad - 53
5.4. betonis narevis momzadeba da transportireba - 58
5.5. betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba - 62
5.6. betonis Tvisebebi - 63
5.7. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba - 68
5.8. betonis specialuri saxeebi - 73
5.9. msubuqi betonebi - 75
5.10. masalebi msubuqi betonis dasamzadeblad - 77
5.11. ujredovani betoni - 78
Tavi VI
samSeneblo duRabi - 82
6.1. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi da duRabis momzadeba -83
6.2. sakalatozo duRabi - 86
6.3. gamosayvani duRabi - 87
6.4 specialuri duRabi - 87
Tavi VII
rkinabetonis nakeToba - 89
7.1. zogadi cnobebi -89
7.2. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacia - 91
7.3. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis warmoeba -93
7.4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadebis ZiriTadi teqnologiuri
operaciebi - 97
7.5. asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis nomeklatura -100
Tavi VIII
armocementi - 105
Tavi IX
9.1. silikaturi saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi - 108

171
9.2. silikaturi aguri - 108
Tavi X
mina da minis nakeTobebi - 111
10.1. furclovani gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale mina - 111
10.2. minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi - 114
Tavi XI
xis saSeni masalebi - 117
11.1. zogadi cnobebi - 117
11.2. merqnis agebuleba - 119
11.3. merqnis dekoratiuli da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebi - 122
11.4. merqnis manki - 126
11.5. merqnis saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi - 128
Tavi XII
Tbisaizolacio masalebi - 131
12.1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da nakeTobebi - 132
12.2. organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da nakeTobebi - 133
Tavi XIII
organuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi - 136
13.1. bitumi - 136
13.2. kupri - 140
13.3. asfaltovani da kuprovani duRabi da betoni - 141
13.4. hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi - 142
13.5. bitumis da kupris mastikebi - 144
Tavi XIV
laq-saRebavi masalebi - 146
14.1. pigmentebi - 146
14.2. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi - 147
14.3. Semvsebebi da damxmare masalebi - 149
14.4. Spaleri - 150
Tavi XV
polimerebi - 151
15.1. polimerebi da saSeni masalebi - 151

172
15.2. plastmasebis Tvisebebi - 152
15.3. polimerebi - 153
15.4. polimeruli saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi. iatakis polimeruli
masalebi - 156
15.5. plastmasis grZivi nakeTobebi -159
15.6. saxuravisa da hidrosaizolacio masalebi - 161
15.7. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi - 161
15.8. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi - 164

l i t e r a t u r a - 167
s a r C e v i - 168

173