SEISMIC FRAGILITY OF SELECTED PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL BUILDINGS

IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Alama, Marvin Alisson B., Castro, Jerson S., Lim*, Jameson Glen C., Salugsugan, Daisy Chris C.
Faculty Adviser: Lo, Dexter S.
Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering
Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan
Corrales-Hayes St., Cagayan de Oro City
*limjameson8@gmail.com

Abstract - Earthquakes are amongst the most destructive disasters in the world, especially in the advent of rapid development and
unprecedented rise of buildings. During earthquakes, buildings are potentially one of the most vulnerable infrastructures. Cagayan
de Oro City is a rising metropolis and also an educational hub of the region. Thus, public school buildings are also on the rise,
with more than 600 classrooms built in the last six years. It is therefore imperative to know the structural performance of these
buildings should large earthquakes hit the city. This study determined the structural capacity of eight public high school buildings
subjected to potentially large earthquakes. The selected buildings were modelled and further subjected to pushover analysis. Using
the pushover results, fragility curves for each building were generated using the Fragility through Capacity Spectrum Assessment
method. The structural capacity is presented through fragility curves, which describes the probability of failure and level of
performance or damage states of these buildings at different ground motions. Results show that the dominant damage to be
observed by these schools during expected earthquake ground motions experienced in Cagayan de Oro City is “Moderate
Damage” where buildings will observe cracking in most beams and columns, and some yielding in a limited number. The results
can be used by government to prioritize which school buildings should undergo strengthening and retrofitting programs. The study
also came up with structural design recommendations and practices that could potentially improve the structural performance of
future school buildings.

Keywords: Capacity Spectrum, Pushover Analysis, Peak Ground Acceleration, Fragility Curve

I. INTRODUCTION analysis on each public-school building around the city and

An earthquake event is a standout amongst the most harming
cataclysmic events the world is confronting now. This conveys
extraordinary danger to the general population and to the earth
particularly those with critical extents and forces. As indicated
by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS, 2010), the Philippines is inside the Pacific
Sphere of the alleged "Ring of Fire," a district under the Pacific
Ocean where the majority of the earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions happen. This makes the Philippine archipelago a
subject to dangerous quakes.
Buildings are potentially the most seismically vulnerable
elements during earthquake events. From the long history of
earthquakes that struck many parts of the world, the collapse of
structures is the major cause of death of many people. Hence,
the necessity of designing buildings based on seismic codes
has become more pronounced than ever before to ensure the
safety of the occupants against seismic activities. Through
fragility curves, seismic performance of buildings can be
evaluated by creating a representation of the probability of
structural damage due to various ground shakings. More so,
fragility curves describe a relationship between ground motion
and level of damage.
Cagayan de Oro City, considered to be progressing as the next
metropolis in the Philippines, is a conceivable victim of an
earthquake due to its proximity in the Tagoloan Fault Line.
With the city expanding in terms of development, more
structures are built each year such as bridges and public
buildings. One of the busiest construction projects in the city is
the construction of public-school buildings to cater the rising
student population. School buildings are prone to great risk to
seismic activities. The functionality and strength of these
structures are important factors in the safety of the students
inside the buildings. But due to lack of ample time and
resources, the government cannot conduct a detailed seismic
create a baseline data for the vulnerability of these structures
during earthquakes.
The main objective of the study is to investigate the seismic
level performance of eight - public high school buildings of
different structural designs within Cagayan de Oro City when
subjected to earthquakes using fragility curves. The researchers
will pre-select the eight (8) specific public high school in
Cagayan de Oro City to investigate and analyze by using
pushover analysis. The pushover data will then be used to
generate fragility curves to represent the probability of
structural damage due to various ground shakings, and more so
they describe a relationship between ground motion and level
of damage. This will then allow the researchers to determine
the prevailing factors which make a building vulnerable to
seismic activities.
The study aspires to locate the vulnerable areas of the building
and assist the local government on the implementation of
strengthening or retrofitting measures as mitigating plans on
the design of pubic high school buildings. Over the years, there
were numerous accounts of damages and collapse of school
buildings due to earthquake hazards. Through the generation of
fragility curves, the local government units can then
legitimately address these variables on which to decrease the
danger of the structures when subjected to seismic activities.
This study is then to increase awareness and give
recommendations to the local government units toward the
seismic level of performance of educational institutions at any
time of the day.
 II. EXPERIMENTAL
The eight public high school buildings are the chosen areas of
interest for the study due to the consideration of its building
dimensions. High school buildings have taller building
structures than elementary buildings with a greater number of
classrooms, making them more vulnerable and at great
exposure to seismic activities. These specific public schools
were considered because of their high population size, center
for academic and government activities, service as places for
evacuation centers and the availability of working plans by the
City Engineer’s Office.
The eight (8) selected public high school buildings have
similar building specifications, the major differences among
the chosen buildings are the combination of number of stories
and number of floors, as well as the general structural shapes.
The school buildings were chosen to be different from each
other in terms of structural design, geometrical shape, and the
combination of the number of floors and classrooms in order to
make a general typology of public high school buildings
designed by the City Engineers’ Office. Further they are all
analyzed as “General Reinforced Concrete Frame Building”.
The reinforcement of the concrete has a huge role to impart a
higher tensile strength and ductility to a building's structure.
The structural behavior of the eight selected public high school
buildings due to earthquake loads were determined using the
Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis
The Nonlinear Static Analysis, also called as Pushover
Analysis, provides the capacity of the structure, but does not
give directly the demands associated with a particular level of
seismic action. The static nonlinear analysis is performed
under existing vertical loads with gradually increasing defined
lateral loads. Structural loading magnitude is increased in an
incremental way according to a certain predefined pattern and
hence the sequence of cracks, yielding, plastic hinge
formations, and failure modes of the structure are found.
Consequently, at each event, the building structure experiences
a loss in stiffness. A plot of the total base shear versus roof
displacement, at the center of mass of structure, is obtained to
develop a capacity curve for the structure. The capacity curve
produces a target displacement equivalent to the one that will
be created under the design earthquake. The pushover analysis
allows loading the structure up to failure; thus, it can be
considered as a procedure for estimating both collapse load and
ductility capacity. The ATC-40 and FEMA-356 documents
have developed modeling parameters, acceptance criteria and
procedures of pushover analysis which we have used in our
study.
The plastic regions of the building models should also be
considered for the estimation of the actual deformation
capacity, taking into account the nonlinearity in the materials.
The end points of the beam and column will be modelled with
plastic hinges assigned to them by the SAP2000 software. This
is because the end points of the connection of the beam and
column are the first to collapse and these areas are some of the
critical points where failure happens due to hazard loads.
Fragility and vulnerability curves that take on the form of
analytical functions are commonly used in seismic risk
assessment and loss estimation applications (Khater et al.
2003). The use of fragility curves within performance-based
design is done through evaluation of the fragility of building
components, structural and non-structural, while fragility
curves for seismic risk assessments evaluate overall structural
performance. This research focuses on the development of
overall structural fragility functions for the purpose of seismic
risk assessments. Fragility curves are developed using the
Fragility through Capacity Spectrum Assessment (FRACAS)
Software with different Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) and
probability of exceedance.
The study utilizes the 3-D models created in SAP2000 v20 in
generating results and acquiring the necessary data in order to
generate capacity curves and fragility curves. Proper modeling
of the materials, joint connectivity, and other essential
structural properties from the design specifications into the
structural analysis program is necessary in order to generate
accurate results. Also, the selection of numerical ground
motion data that will apply to the physical conditions of
Cagayan de Oro City is also a critical factor in creating reliable
fragility curves.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
III. 1. Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis
In this step, buildings were subjected to increasing earthquake
lateral forces to determine its weak points. This analysis then
generates pushover curves which represent the relationship
between the base shear and the monitored displacement of the
buildings. Pushover curves were then utilized to plot seismic
fragility curves for each public high school building. After the
nonlinear static analysis of the buildings were performed,
failure due to shear and bending in beams and columns were
the observed failure modes of the buildings.
Shown in Table 1 below are the interpretation of the pushover
curves generated for each building that when increasing lateral
forces were applied. In the case of Agusan National High
School illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the longitudinal
axis of the structure is stronger than its transversal axis
withstanding a structural capacity of 23,643.49 kN for base
shear at 59.57 mm displacement. Whereas, its transversal axis
can only resist a base shear of up to 15,249.05 kN at 69.56 mm
displacement. Similar with the results of Agusan NHS, the
buildings of Bugo NHS, Cagayan de Oro NHS, Carmen NHS,
and Lumbia NHS also have stronger longitudinal axis than the
transversal axis. On the contrary, the buildings of Balulang
NHS, and Pagatpat NHS has higher structural capacity on the
transversal axis compared to the longitudinal axis.
P USHO V ER C URV E
18000
16000
14000
BASE SHEAR (KN)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
DISPLACEMENT (m)
Fig 1. Pushover Curve of Agusan NHS Building (Transversal)
 P USHO V ER C URV E
25000

20000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

15000

10000 Fig 3. Location of Critical Hinges of Agusan NHS Building

(Transversal)
5000

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
DISPLACEMENT (M)

Fig 2. Pushover Curve of Agusan NHS Building (Longitudinal)

Table 1. Base Shear versus Displacement Data
Transversal Axis Longitudinal Axis Fig 4. Location of Critical Hinges of Agusan NHS Building
Displa- Displa- (Longitudinal)
School Base Shear Base Shear
cement cement
(kN) (kN)
(mm) (mm) III. 2. Seismic Fragility Curves
Agusan
15,249.05 69.56 23,643.49 59.57 The seismic fragility curves of the eight selected public high
NHS
Balulang school buildings were generated using the FRACAS method.
5,239.49 74.19 5,023.45 91.01 These curves present the probability of exceedance of the eight
NHS
Bugo NHS 17,333.28 50.53 24,226.43 56.45 selected public high school buildings when subjected to the
Cagayan de response spectra of actual and normalized ground motions. The
18,527.31 68.53 27,501.65 62.71 fragility curves are subdivided into seven damage states
Oro NHS
Carmen ranging from “No-damage” to “Collapse”. Each damage state
10,740.99 66.04 12,812.2 60.18 is described according to the parameter of maximum inter-
NHS
Lumbia story drift response (ISDmax%) presented in Table 2.
7,074.90 55.12 10,579.08 53.51
NHS
Pagatpat Table 2. ISDmax% Values of the Damage Scale. (Source:
5,396.40 53.53 4,281.52 49.50 Rossetto & Elnashai. 2003)
NHS Bldg. 1
Pagatpat Damage State ISDMAX(%)
2,625.38 29.23 2,376.79 63.31
NHS Bldg. 2 None 0.00
Slight Damage 0.13
Moreover, this analysis monitors the hinge states and uses a
color scheme to show the different damage states of each Light Damage 0.19
building depending on the axis the lateral forces were applied. Moderate Damage 0.56
The blue color refers to ‘Immediate Occupancy’ (IO), light Extensive Damage 1.63
blue for ‘Life Safety’ (LS), green for ‘Collapse Prevention’
(CP) and yellow for ‘Collapse’ (C). Partial Collapse 3.34
Collapse 4.78
Based on the results of Agusan NHS shown in Figure 3, the
critical structural member or the first to collapse when an The fragility curves are a graphical representation between the
earthquake strikes in the transversal direction is the column probability of exceedance and the peak ground acceleration. As
near the stairs in the center located where the structure’s shape the level of PGA increases, the fragility curves show a higher
bends. On the other hand, shown in Figure 4, when an damage probability for each damage state.
earthquake strikes in the longitudinal direction, the critical
structural member is a column located in the exterior part of According to the Philippine Earthquake Model (PEM), the
the ramp where mid-landing slabs are located. The same is also earthquake ground motion with the highest probability of
true in the other remaining buildings when an earthquake striking Cagayan de Oro City is 0.3g – 0.4g (2.942 m/s 2 –
strikes in the transversal direction, the critical structural 3.923 m/s2). Common damage states experienced by the eight
member are all the columns located near the stairs. Also, when selected public high school buildings are “Slight Damage”,
there is an existence of ramps in the building, the critical “Light Damage”, “Moderate Damage” and “Extensive
structural member when an earthquake strikes in the Damage”. Expected physical damage to be observed for each
longitudinal direction is a column located in the exterior part of damage state are described in Table 3.
the ramp where the mid-landing slabs are located. However,
the critical member will still be the columns near the stairs
when there are no ramps and an earthquake strike in the
longitudinal direction.
Table 3. Expected Actual Damage from “Slight Damage” to
“Extensive Damage”
 Damage State Expected Actual Damage
 Hair line cracks in columns and
Slight Damage
beams of frames
Light Damage  Shear cracks in non-structural walls
 Cracking in most beams and
columns
Moderate Damage
 Some yielding in a limited number
 Limited concrete spalling
 Some spalling of concrete cover
 Buckling of reinforced rods
Extensive Damage
 Some elements will reach ultimate
strength

Figure 5 shows the summarized fragility curves of “Slight Fig. 6. Fragility Curves of “Light” Damage State
Damage” of the eight selected public high school buildings.
Plotting the earthquake ground motion with the highest Table 5. Percentage Range for Light Damage State with PGA
probability of striking Cagayan de Oro City of 0.3g – 0.4g from 2.942 m/s2 to 3.923 m/s2
(2.942 m/s2 – 3.923 m/s2) on the figure, the following School Light Damage (%)
numerical values for each school to experience “Slight Agusan NHS 99 – 100
Damage” are shown in Table 4. Balulang NHS 99 – 100
Bugo NHS 99 – 100
Cagayan de Oro NHS 99 – 100
Carmen NHS 100
Lumbia NHS 100
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 1 100
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 2 100

Figure 7 shows the summarized fragility curves of “Moderate

Damage” of the eight selected public high school buildings.
Plotting the earthquake ground motion with the highest
probability of striking Cagayan de Oro City of 0.3g – 0.4g
(2.942 m/s2 – 3.923 m/s2) on the figure, the following
numerical values for each school to experience “Moderate
Damage” are shown in Table 6.

Fig. 5. Fragility Curves of “Slight” Damage State

Table 4. Percentage Range for Slight Damage State with PGA
from 2.942 m/s2 to 3.923 m/s2
School Slight Damage (%)
Agusan NHS 100
Balulang NHS 100
Bugo NHS 99 – 100
Cagayan de Oro NHS 100
Carmen NHS 100
Lumbia NHS 100
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 1 100
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 2 100
Fig. 7. Fragility Curves of “Moderate” Damage State
Figure 6 shows the summarized fragility curves of “Light
Damage” of the eight selected public high school buildings. Table 6. Percentage Range for Moderate Damage State with
Plotting the earthquake ground motion with the highest PGA from 2.942 m/s2 to 3.923 m/s2
probability of striking Cagayan de Oro City of 0.3g – 0.4g School Slight Damage (%)
(2.942 m/s2 – 3.923 m/s2) on the figure, the following Agusan NHS 48 – 79
numerical values for each school to experience “Light Balulang NHS 64 – 92
Damage” are shown in Table 5. Bugo NHS 43 – 74
Cagayan de Oro NHS 48 – 79
Carmen NHS 50 – 81
Lumbia NHS 49 – 78
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 1 78 – 94
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 2 86 – 98

Figure 8 shows the summarized fragility curves of the three

high school buildings that reached the “Extensive Damage”
state. Plotting the earthquake ground motion with the highest
probability of striking Cagayan de Oro City of 0.3g – 0.4g
(2.942 m/s2 – 3.923 m/s2) on the figure, the following
numerical values for the schools to experience “Extensive
Damage” are shown in Table 7.
Fig. 8. Fragility Curves of “Extensive” Damage State
Table 7. Percentage Range for Extensive Damage State with
PGA from 2.942 m/s2 to 3.923 m/s2
School Extensive Damage (%)
Balulang NHS 8 – 43
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 1 1 – 19
Pagatpat NHS Bldg. 2 15 – 33
Agusan NHS 0 [1]. ABS-CBN News (2016). West Valley Fault forces
Bugo NHS 0
Cagayan de Oro NHS 0
Carmen NHS 0
Lumbia NHS 0
IV. CONCLUSION
The study was able to accomplish seismic hazard assessment
of eight selected public high school buildings in Cagayan de
Oro City by determining its probability of failure due to
earthquake loads. With the nonlinear static pushover analysis,
the most vulnerable and critical members of the buildings are
commonly identified near the staircases and ramp areas when
each building is pushed with lateral earthquake loads both in
the transversal and longitudinal directions. Generally, stair and
ramp elements are vulnerable to earthquakes because of their
low ductile capacity and high probability to brittle failure. This
vulnerability is transferred to the supporting beams and
columns. Moreover, when the buildings are pushed in the two
major directions, structural elements that receive the weight of
the buildings are the columns at the ends of the buildings
where most stairs are also located. For the columns near the
ramps, they are the structural members that carry most of the
loads from the cantilever slabs in addition to the ramp slabs.
Consequently, evacuation routes and emergency exit points
during earthquakes are limited to the stairs and ramps in the
building. From the results, strengthening measures should be
applied by considering the vulnerability of stairs and ramps
against seismic activities.
Based on the seismic fragility assessment of the eight selected
public high school buildings, it was observed that buildings
having more basic structural designs are more fragile during
seismic activities. More so, buildings with perpendicular or
diagonal connections resulted to stronger seismic performance
as it is evident in their respective fragility curves. Also, it was
observed that buildings having ramps have a stronger seismic
performance compared to the school buildings having
staircases only.
Comparing all eight selected public high school buildings
based on their fragility curves, the top three school buildings to
be prioritized for strengthening measures are Pagatpat National
High School’s building 2, Pagatpat National High School’s
buildings 1, and Balulang National High School’s building,
respectively. These three buildings are expected to experience
an “Extensive Damage” during PGA of 3.923 m/s 2, which is
the highest expected ground motion to hit Cagayan de Oro
City. Moreover, results show that no school building will
collapse during the PGA of 3.923 m/s2.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank Dr. Arash Nassirpour and
Engr. Garnelo Cupay for sharing their profound wisdom during
the course of the research. Also, the researchers are immensely
grateful to the City Engineers’ Office for providing the
necessary plans of the eight selected public high school
buildings. To Xavier University’s Kinaadman Support for
Student Research (KSSR), the researchers express their
gratitude to the office for the financial grant that they have
given to defray the research expenses.
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