Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UDK: 94(497.11:495.92):929.731“14”
Jovanka Kali}
6 N. Filipovi}, Princ Musa i {ejn Bedreddim, Sarajevo 1971, 139–140; St. Novakovi}, Srbi i
Turci XIV i XV veka, Beograd 19602, 375–379, 466–467 (komentar S. ]irkovi}a).
7 St. Stanojevi}, Pipo Spano. Prilog srpskoj istoriji po~etkom XV veka, Beograd
1901, 8–9; isti, O Filipu Maxarinu, Glasnik Istorijskog dru{tva u Novom Sadu 4, (1931),
302–304.
8 Poveqa manastiru Hilandaru: F. Miklosich, Monumenta serbica spectantia historiam Ser-
biae Bosnae Ragusii, Vindobonae 1858, 331; \. Trifunovi} u kwizi Despot Stefan Lazarevi},
Kwi`evni radovi, SKZ, Beograd 1979, 148, 162.
9 Poveqa manastirima Tismani i Vodici, nav. delo, 153, 167 (\. Trifunovi}).
10 Iz prvog braka Nikole Gorjanskog Mla|eg pomiwe se jedan sin 1401, koji je u stvari
bio unuk kneza Lazara, jer se Nikola Gorjanski upravo te godine (1401) tek zaru~io sa Anom Ceq-
skom, ro|enom sestrom potowe ugarske kraqice Barbare (@igmund se o`enio Barbarom 1405: V.
Klai}, Povjest Hrvata II/1, 329–330; P. Rokai i dr., Istorija Ma|ara, Beograd 2002, 132; E. Mályusz,
Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387–1437, Budapest 1990, 63).
34 Jovanka Kali}
11 J. Kali}, Palata srpskih despota u Budimu, Zograf 6 (1975), 51–58 sa pregledom izvora
i literature. Postavili smo spomen-plo~u sa tekstom i likom despota Stefana (S. Vuji~i}, N.
Mitri}, J. Kali}) na fasadu zgrade.
12 E. Mályusz, Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387–1437, 75–76.
13 G. Fejer, Codex diplomaticus ecclesiasticus ac civilis, X/4, Budae 1841, 687.
14 Konstantin Filozof, nav. delo, 311.
15 Eberhard Windecke, Denkwürdigkeiten zur Geschichte des Zeitalters Kaiser Sigmunds, ed. W. Alt-
mann, Berlin 1893, 177.
Despot Stefan i Vizantija 35
16 P. Schreiner, Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, II, Wien 1977, 412–413, 618; N. Jorga, Notes
et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des croisades au XV siècle I, 324; J.W. Barker, Manuel Palaeologus
(1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, New Brunswick–New Jersey 1969, 369 i dr.
17 J. Kali}, Despot Stefan Lazarevi} i Turci (1421–1427), Istorijski ~asopis 29–30
(1983), 9–10.
18 Konstantin Filozof i wegov @ivot Stefana Lazarevi}a despota srpskog, ed. V. Jagi},
Glasnik SUD 42 (1875), 315–316. U Veneciji se to ve} izri~ito znalo 1423. godine: S. Ljubi}, Li-
stine VIII, 188, 241.
19 N. Jorga, Notes et extraits, I, 350, 352.
20 Gy. Moravcsik, Vizantièskie imperatorá i ih poslá v g. Buda, Studia byzantina, Buda-
pest 1967, 354–4; up. K. Jire~ek, Istorija Srba I, Beograd 1952, 345; M. Purkovi}, Knez i despot
Stefan Lazarevi}, Beograd 1978, 128; I. \uri}, Sumrak Vizantije, 259.
21 L. Thallóczy — A. Aldásy, Magyarország melléktartomanyainak oklevéltara II (Monumenta Hunga-
riae Historica 33) Budapest 1907, 71: K. Jire~ek–J. Radoni}, Istorija Srba II, 348, nap. 27. Gre{ku
36 Jovanka Kali}
je zapazio \. Sp. Radoji~i}, Izbor Danila III i kanonizacija kneza Lazara, Glasnik Skopskog na-
u~nog dru{tva 21 (1940), 71, kao i Radoni}, Sporazum u Tati 1426 i srpsko-ugarski odnosi od
XIII do XVI veka, Glas SKA 187 (1941), 161–165.
22 I. \uri}, Sumrak Vizantije, 261, na saboru u Ferari 1437.
23 J. Nagy — G. Nagy — D. Veghely, Codex diplomaticus comitum Zichy VIII, Budapest 178–9.
24 Eberhart Windecke, o.c.177; A. Huber, Geschichte Österreichs II, Gotha 1888, 530.
25 Neobjavqena hronika: Antonio Morosini, Cod. Marc. 2049, cl. VII, coll. 8332; J. Kali}, Des-
pot Stefan Lazarevi} i Turci, 14.
26 N. Jorga, Notes et extraits, I, 409–410.
Despot Stefan i Vizantija 37
StefanŒ, ~esto samo œdespotŒ. Kod Konstantina Filozofa, jednom ima œgo-
spodin Srbqem despotŒ.32 Nailazi se i na œslavni despotŒ,33 ili œna{ des-
potŒ, u molitvi za œdespota na{eg StefanaŒ, zatim œdr`avni despotŒ, œveli-
ki despotŒ.34
U Ugarskoj stawe je druk~ije. Sam despot iz svoje kancelarije u Beogradu
u latinskim dokumentima, u intitulaciji pi{e: œStephanus dei gratia despotus
RasscieŒ.35 Iz Budima pi{e 1424. godine lokalnim vlastima u Ugarskoj œStepha-
nus dei gratia Rascie despotusŒ.36 On sebe u Ugarskoj naziva despotom Ra{ke, titu-
la se vezuje za dr`avu, a ne za li~no ime nosioca titule, kako je bilo uobi~aje-
no u vizantijskom svetu. Ili jo{ jasnije, kraq @igmund naziva Stefana Laza-
revi}a despotom Kraqevine Ra{ke (@igmundova poveqa za Pipa Spana od 27.
maja 1407).37 Despot se u Ugarskoj izjedna~ava sa dux, javqa i uporedo.38
Li~na i dvorska titula iz Vizantije u Srbiji postaje vladarska titula, a u
Ugarskoj se u raznim varijantama vezuje za Ra{ku kraqevinu. Vezuje se ne samo za
zemqu kojom vlada Stefan Lazarevi}, kako se u na{oj sredini ve} odavno smatra
(B. Ferjan~i}, A. Veselinovi} i dr.), nego za dr`avu koju priznaje zapadni svet.
To je Srpska kraqevina, Ra{ka kraqevina, tako nazvana po prvom krunidbenom
mestu u Srbiji, po ra{kom hramu Sv. apostola Petra i Pavla (danas Petrova cr-
kva kod Novog Pazara), odnosno oblasti. Tu je krunisan Stefan Prvoven~ani
1217. godine krunom koju je papa Honorije III uputio Nemawinom sinu.39
To je dr`ava koju priznaje zapadni svet. Postoji obiqe gra|e za tu temu.
Nave{}u samo jedan primer. Knez Lazar je za kraqa @igmunda œknez Kraqevine
Ra{keŒ (œLazarus kenezius Regni RascieŒ, u poveqi za Nikolu Gorjanskog Mla-
|eg).40 \ura| II Stracimirovi} je œgospodar Zete u Kraqevini Ra{kojŒ, itd.41
Ideolo{ki model je zapadnoevropski. Kruna ne pripada kraqu nego kra-
qevini krajem XIV veka u Ugarskoj. U vreme kraqa @igmunda dogodila se pro-
mena. Tokom borbi jednog dela plemstva (Kawi`aji liga 1387–1397 i daqe),
plemstvo je nastojalo da ograni~i kraqevu vlast. U prethodnom periodu (tzv.
an`ujska epoha) kruna je su{tinski bila vezana za kraqa (corona regia). Pojam
krune kraqevine (corona regni), dakle — kruna dr`ave javqa se prvi put u tzv. Iz-
bornoj konstituciji u vreme izbora @igmunda Luksembur{kog za ugarskog kra-
qa 1387. godine. Tada i Kraqev savet postaje Dr`avni savet u vreme zato~eni-
{tva kraqa @igmunda 1401. godine.42
Prema tom modelu Stefan Lazarevi} je mogao biti samo œdespot Kraqevi-
ne Ra{keŒ, naravno uz latinsku formulu œDei gratiaŒ (Bo`jom milo{}u), kako je i
u Srbiji ve} bio obi~aj kada je u pitawu vladarska titula. Sve je to daleko od vi-
zantijskih normi. Svet se izmenio. Samo uz podr{ku Ugarske (vojnu i ekonomsku)
mogli su se braniti ostaci srpske dr`ave. Na`alost, samo privremeno.
Jovanka Kali}
DESPOT STEFAN AND BYZANTIUM
The topic of this paper is one aspect of the relationship between Serbia and
Byzantium at the beginning of the 15th Century, during the so-called “despot period”
of the reign of Stefan Lazarevi} (1402–1427), namely the fate of the Byzantine title
of Despotes in Serbia against the background of the political situation in the Balkans
at the time of Turkish domination.
Knez Stefan (1377–1427), Knez Lazar's son, received the title of Despotes ac-
cording to the procedure long ago established at the Byzantine Court. In Byzantium,
this title, which was second in rank only to the title of the Emperor, used to be en-
dowed to the relatives of the imperial dynasty, it was not hereditary and did not de-
pend on the territory ruled by the bearer of the title. It was a personal court title of
the highest rank in Byzantium. This honor was bestowed upon the young Knez
Stefan in summer of 1402 after his return from the battlefield of Angora (Ankara),
where Sultan Beyazid I suffered a disastrous defeat from the hands of the Tatars.
The Serbian Knez was solemnly received in Constantinople, a marriage between
himself and a sister of the Byzantine Empress was arranged and John VII
Palaeologus, the co-regent of the then-absent Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus, en-
dowed him with the title of Despotes. Knez Stefan carried this title till the end of his
life. It was held in great honors in Serbia and was broadened in meaning to designate
a ruler's title in general, remaining alive among the Serbs even after the fall of the
Byzantine Empire. Stefan Lazarevi} received the dignity of a Despotes once more,
in 1410 in Constantinople.
All this notwithstanding, the political situation in the South-East of Europe at
the beginning of the 15th Century was all but favorable. Some Christian states were
conquered by the Turks (Bulgaria), some were vassals of the Sultan (Byzantium,