Pokok Bahasan:

Pendahuluan

Op-amp ideal
Operational Amplifier
Open-loop vs close-loop
Sistem Instrumentasi Elektronika (EE-334)
Op-amp circuits
Lanny Agustine
Karakteristik praktis Op-amp

Informasi tambahan

Pendahuluan Pendahuluan

Sebagai komponen pembangun utama rangkaian
Amplifier 3 terminal: 2 input dan 1 output
analog kontinu
Membutuhkan power supply  single supply atau
 Pengkondisi sinyal low level positif dan negatif
 Pembentuk sinyal besar
Merupakan differential amplifier dengan gain (AV

Beberapa fungsinya, sebagai rangkaian: atau AOL ) yang sangat tinggi  104-105  open
 Buffer loop gain
 Gain / Attenuation
 Filter
 Level Shift
 Diferensial – konversi ke single ended

OP-AMP Ideal Open Loop

POWER SUPPLY
• VCC = no limits
• ICC = 0 A

Open loop: tanpa feedback
Vcc+
Mengalami saturasi penuh "on" atau "off"
INPUT OUTPUT
• VI = no limits I=0 ICC = 0 • VO = ∞ V seperti saat digunakan sebagai comparator
• Ri = ∞ Ω VO • IO =∞A
VI
•CMRR = ∞ dB I=0 • RO = 0 Ω
IO
ICC = 0
Vcc-
KETERANGAN: TRANSFER
Ri = R+ = R- • AVD = ∞ dB
V+ = input non-inverting (thd ground) • GBWP = 0 to ∞ Hz
V- = input non inverting (thd ground) Gain-Bandwidth Product
VO = output (thd ground), AOL(V+ - V-)  Open loop gain = rasio output thd input op-amp
tanpa external feedback.
Close loop Basic Op-Amp circuits[1]

Feedback negatif:
Unity gain amplifier / Buffer
“fed back”
Inverting and non-inverting amplifier
 untuk menurunkan dan

Comparator (dengan dan tanpa histerisis)
menstabilkan gain
rangkaian
Differential and Summing amplifier

Integrator and differentiator

Feedback positif:
Oscillators/multivibrators
 meningkatkan gain
Active filter: LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF & Notch filter
rangkaian  tidak
Voltage regulators
stabil

Special-purpose Op-Amp circuits[1] Unity Gain Amplifier

(Wheatstone) Bridge amplifier
Gain = 1x

Span and Zero
Main function:

Instrumentation amplifier  high input impedance (Ri) buffer which has an output

Isolation amplifier impedance (Ro) low enough to drive subsequent stages

Operational Transconductance amplifiers (OTAs)  Impedance bridging

Active diode circuits: e.g. peak reader (ac to dc
converter)

Converters: I to V and V to I

Output limiting & clipping

Non-inverting Amplifier Inverting Amplifier

Advantage: high input
Advantage:
impedance  closed loop gains A: 0.1 to 100 or
1000 (practical)

Limitation:
Disadvantage: relative low input
 Minimum gain is unity impedance (equals to Ri) 
(Rin=∞, Rfeedback=0 Ω) needs impedance bridging
 Maximum useful gain about
Limitation: Ri must not be too
102 to 103 high (over 100kohm) > BJT
 The best range of Rfeedback is type opamps or the effect of the
2kΩ to 100kΩ bias current may become too
high
Karakteristik Praktis OP-AMP
(tidak ideal) Static input parameters [1]

Static input parameters:
Input offset voltage (VOS): the differential dc
 Input offset voltage (Vos): drift with temperature
voltage required between the inputs to force the
 Input bias (IB) and input offset current (Ios)
 input impedace (Rin) differential output to zero volts.
 Common-mode input voltage range  Typical value: 2mV or less  ideal case it is 0V.

Static output parameters:  Its primary cause is slight mismatch of the base-emitter
 Output impedance (Ro) voltages of the differential input stage of op-amp.
 Output voltage swing: saturation voltage  dapat mengganggu jika difungsikan untuk penguatan

Dynamic parameters: sinyal dc kecil, tapi dapat diabaikan pada sinyal besar
 Open-loop voltage gain (AOL)  Drift with temperature: changes occurs in the Vos /
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) degree Celsius (Typically 5uV-50uV per degree Celsius)
 Slew rate (SR)

Static input parameters[1] Static input parameters[1]

Input bias current (IB): arus (bias) dc kecil
Input impedance (RIN): terbatas
mengalir masuk ke kedua input op-amp
 impedansi input internal pada input inverting
 I bias = (I + + I − ) 2
maupun non inverting saat terminal input lainnya
 Menimbulkan masalah pada penguatan dg Zin tinggi &/
penguatan sinyal low-level terhubung ke ground

Input offset current (Ios): selisih antara arus bias
kedua input

Common-mode input voltage range:
 I os = I + − I −
 Ideal-nya arus bias kedua input op-amp sama, shg. Ios =
 batasan tegangan input yg. tidak menyebabkan
0A kliping atau distorsi output

Static output parameters[1] Dynamic parameters[1]

Output impedance (Ro): tinggi
 Impedansi output internal dilihat dari terminal output

Output voltage swing (+Vsat dan -Vsat):
 maksimum output yang dapat dihasilkan op-amp tanpa
terjadi saturasi atau clipping
 lebih kecil 2 x voltage drop dioda dari pada tegangan
supply

Open-loop voltage gain (AOL): rasio output thd
input saat tdk. ada komponen eksternal  AOL
terbatas

Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR):
CMRR = AOL / ACM
= 20 Log10(AOL / ACM)  dB
AOL = Gain tegangan open loop atau Gain teg. differential
ACM = Gain tegangan common-mode
 Dynamic parameters[1] The Effect of frequency

Slew rate (SR): the
Gain bandwidth product (GBP) = AOL x BW
maximum change of
the output voltage in
response to a step input
voltage
Rise time
 SR tergantung respon GBP = 0.35 / tr
frekuensi tinggi pada
level penguatan op-amp

∆Vout
Slew-Rate limiting

SR = (V µs ) fmax = SR / (2πVP)
∆t

Comparison of Op-Amp parementers[1] Memilih Tipe Amplifier yg Tepat

Operational Amplifier
OP-AMP VOS INPUT BIAS RIN AOL SR CMRR COMMENT
CURRENT (V/us) (dB)  Ideal untuk sinyal kecil dengan single ended.
(mV) (Mohm) (TYP)
(MAX)
(nA)(MAX)
(MIN) (TYP) (MIN)  Digunakan jika tegangan common mode ada dan tidak
LM741C 6 500 0.3 200,000 0.5 70 Industry standard
LM101A 7.5 250 1.5 160,000 --- 80 General-purpose
Differential Amplifier
OP113E 0.075 600 --- 2,400,000 1.2 100 Low-noise, drift  Baik untuk sinyal diferensial dg penguatan rendah (<100)
OP177A 0.01 1.5 26 12,000,000 0.3 130 Ultra precision  Biasa digunakan untuk mengkonversi sinyal diferensial ke single ended dan
OP184E 0.065 350 --- 240,000 2.4 60 Precision, rail-to-rail* ada tegangan common mode yang tinggi.
AD8009AR 5 150 --- --- 5500 50 BW=700MHz, ultra fast,  Impedansi input yg relatif rendah (10K – 1M ohm)
low distortion, current
feedback
Instrumentation Amplifier
AD8041A 7 2000 0.16 56,000 160 74 BW=160MHz, rail-to-rail
 Variabel gain yg tinggi (hingga 10.000)
AD8055A 5 1200 10 3500 1400 82 Very fast voltage feedback
 Common mode rejection dan impedansi input yg tinggi
*Rail-to-rail means that the output voltage can goes as high as the  Terhubung langsung ke sensor
supply voltages

Amplifier High Speed vs. Presisi Aturan utama:

High Speed Presisi
An operational amplifier circuit will not
work properly, unless:
Parameter penting: Parameter penting:
Bandwidth
 External feedback limits the gain or
Input impedance
Slew rate Offset voltage desired response to a design value.
Settling time Offset current
Distortion (THD)  Both inputs have direct-current return
PSRR
Differential gain/phase CMRR path to ground of a similar reference.
DRIFT
 The input frequencies and required gain
are well within the performance
limitations of the op-amp used  GBWP
 Referensi
1. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronics Fundamentals:
Circuits, Devices, and Applications, 7th Ed., Pearson
Education, Inc., New Jersey, 2007
TUGAS OP-AMP 2. Howard M. Berlin, Frank C. Getz, JR, Fundamentals
of Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs, Merrill
Publishing Company, 1992
3. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/5.htm
l
4. http://users.rowan.edu/~jansson/autumn05/Network
s1/lectures/Lecture5bNetworks1.ppt
5. http://toronto.ieee.ca/chapters/iandm/oct2303.ppt