Pokok Bahasan:

„ Systematic Characteristics
Measurement System „ Characteristics of Measurement System
„ Calibration
„ Matching
Sistem Instrumentasi Elektronika „ Kesimpulan
EE-334

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Amplitude

Systematic Characteristics 5 mV

Dynamic
(a)
Time Range

„ Range: the values of the measurand to -5 mV

which the measurement system will

respond properly (i.e. -5 to 13 volts) Amplitude

1V

Span: the difference between the

(b)
Time
„

upper and lower values of the range -1 V

(i.e. range = +/- 3 volts; span = 6

Figure 1.9 (a) An input signal which exceeds the dynamic range.
volts) (b) The resulting amplified signal is saturated at ±1 V.
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Amplitude

(a)
Time
1.0

Amplitude
Amplitude
0.1
0.05 Hz 150 Hz
Dc offset (b) Frequency
Time

Figure 1.11 Frequency response of the electrocardiograph.

Figure 1.10 (a) An input signal without dc offset.
(b) An input signal with dc offset.
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 Characteristics of
Input signal: Analog vs Digital Measurement System[1]
„ Static Characteristics:
Amplitude

Amplitude
„ Accuracy, Precision & Sensitivity
„ Linearity and Resolution
„ Reproducibility
Time Time
(a) (b)
„ Error

Figure 1.8 (a) Analog signals can have any amplitude value.
(b) Digital signals have a limited number of amplitude values.

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Accuracy Accuracy
„ Is the closeness of the measurement
result to the value of the variable
„ In math. Æ the difference between the
true value and the measured value divided
by the true value
⎡ True − Measured ⎤
Accuracy = ± ⎢ ⎥ x100 %
⎣ True ⎦

„ E.g., which one is more accurate? (a) (b)

10±5% dg. 10 ±2% Figure 1.17 Data points with (a) low accuracy and (b) high accuracy.

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Precision Precision
„ Precision: a measure of the stability of
the instrument (depends on the
instrument and type of signal being
measured)

(a) (b)

Figure 1.16 Data points with (a) low precision and (b) high precision.

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 Sensitivity Linearity
„ Example of linearity vs non-
Sensor Sensor linearity:
signal signal
„ RTD more linear
„ Thermocouple only linear at
certain range
„ Thermistor only linear at a
Measurand Measurand small range

(a) (b)
„ Non-linearity: difference
Figure 1.7 (a) A low-sensitivity sensor has low gain.
between actual and ideal
(b) A high sensitivity sensor has high gain.
straight-line behavior
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Hysteresis Hysteresis
„ Is the output may be different Sensor

depending on whether input is

signal

increasing or decreasing

Measurand
„ Hysteresis is often quantified in terms
of the maximum hysteresis expressed Figure 1.6 A hysteresis loop. The
as a percent of the span. output curve obtained when
increasing the measurand is
different from the output obtained Characteristic values of strain gauge sensors
when decreasing the measurand. http://www.piezosmart.eu/mediaaccess/Kennwert.gif
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Error bands Resolution

„ Non-linearity, „ is the largest change in
hysteresis, and I that can occur without
resolution effects in any corresponding
many sensors are so change in O
small that it is difficult
or not worthwhile to „ the smallest change in
exactly quantify each value an instrument can
individual effect. Often detect (ketelitian)
this is reported as an
error band. Contoh: 10,005V dg.
10,05V?

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 Reproducibility ERROR[3]
Is the ability of instrument to give the „ Gross Errors:
same output for equal inputs applied „ the fault of the person Æ incorrect use/reading
instrument, incorrect recording data.
over same period of time
„ Systematic Errors:
„ instrument, environmental, observational errors
„ Random Errors:
„ Those that remain after the gross and systematic
errors have been substantially reduced

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Environmental effects Environmental effects

„ Modifying effects: change sensitivity
(slope), gb. (a)
„ Interfering effects: change bias
(a) (b) (intercept), gb. (b)
Figure 1.14 (a) Signals without noise are uncorrupted. (b) Interference
superimposed on signals causes error. Frequency filters can be used to
reduce noise and interference.

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Environmental effects Calibration

„ Static characteristics of an element are
found by measuring the corresponding
values of:
„ the input and the output
(a) (b) (c) „ the environmental effects
„ at constant values with instruments of
Figure 1.15 (a) Original waveform. (b) An interfering input may shift the baseline. known response.
(c) A modifying input may change the gain.

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 Calibration

Output Output

Input Input
(a) (b)

Figure 1.18 (a) The one-point calibration may miss nonlinearity.

(b) The two-point calibration may also miss nonlinearity.

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Calibration Matching[5]
$$$ IMPEDANCE BRIDGING $$$

Zin amplifier >>> ZTh sensor

Zin = Rin = input impedance
ZTh = Rsensor = Thevenin impedance

„ II = Interfering input
„ IM = modifying input
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Kesimpulan
„ Systematic characteristics
„ Measurement characteristics
„ Calibration
„ Impedance Bridging: Zin2 >>> Zout1
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References
1. Ramon Pallas-Areny/John G. Webster, Sensors
and Signal Conditioning, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1991
2. John G. Webster, Bioinstrumentation, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2004
3. Larry D. Jones & A. Foster Chin, Electronic
Instrumentations and Measurements, International
Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1991
4. B. A. Gregory, an Introduction to Electrical
Instrumentation and Measurement Systems, 2nd
Ed., The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981
5. Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering Principles
and Applications, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2002
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NEXT MEETING ……….

OP-AMP
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