Draw the

super heterogyne receiveer and expa

14. (a) ) block.
operationofeach
Receiver
Heterodyne
Ans: Super
basic problems of TRF receivers, inih
Tosolve RF frequenci
se recene
o
all the incoming are converted
first
frequency called intermediate frequency (IF). Then fix
a

1s detected
and ren this
intermediate frequency amplifned to
Since the characteristics of the IF
originalinformation.
are independent of the frequency to which the receiverami
is
the selectivity and sensitivity of superheterodyne receiven
its turning range.
fairly uniform throughout
Mixer circuit is used to produce the frequency translatin
theincoming signal down to the IF. The incoming signait
mixed withthelocal oscillator frequency signal in such awat
aconstant frequency difference is maintained between the
OScillator and the incoming signals. This is achieved y
ganged tuning capacitors.
 gtlonTheoY(EC-2252)
23

dwn

diagram of superheterodyne receiver

Fig.:Block

the weak radio signal and feeds it to the RF

up
provides some initial gain and
picks
Antenna
amplifie
he RF
plifier. of the RF amplifier is applied to the input
The output local
tivity. mixer also
receives an input from
f the m i x e r .
The

sCillator.

difference frequency
the mixer circuit is
The output of known as IF (Intermediate Frequency). The
-f)commonly frequency
contains the same

signal at this intermediate

carrier. This signal
is amplified by
one

nodhlation as the original most of the receiver gain is

stages, and
r more IF amplifier
dhtained in these IF stages.
circuits to
is applied to detector
nehighlyamplified IF signalinformation. Finally, the output
modulating which
the original and power
amplifier
ddetector circuit is fed to audio

Sufficientgain to operate speaker.

a
receiver are
superheterodyne
Another important circuit in the maintain a
constant output
to
cuit. AGCis used
oitnge level over a wide range of RF input signa
levels.
 B.E./B.Tech. Degree
Examination (May/Jun
June 201
24
AM system
figure or merit for for non
Derive the
14.(a)ii) with suitable assumptions.
coherent system,

of merit for
AM system for non-coherent system
Ans: Figure

Band-pass Envelope Outpu

AM signal detector Sgru
fhlter

None

Fig.: Noisy model ofAM receiver

Channel SNR for AM Signal
Consider the AM transmission that has both the sidebands
and acarrier. Such modulated signal is mathematically represents
as:

.. (1)
s()-A1+km()]cos(2)
Here A cos(21f) is the carrier signal. tL
m) 1s the message signal. Ai
ka determines percentage modulation (modulation index).
Earlier we have proved that the total
power in the modulated
signalis, Pioal=Pe1+ m
Here the carrier
power Pe- =

Hence, Modulated signal

power

Above
. equation indicates
Here ka = m.

that
message signal. If
is normalized powe of

'P
above cquation becomes,
is the
average power of
message signal, uthen
Communication Theory (EC-2252)
25
A
Modulated signal power =(1 kP
+
(2)

Earlier we have proved that it the message bandwidth is 'B

B,
noise power in
this bandwidth will be
be,
then average
=
N, B . (3)
Average noise power

No is the power spectral density

of white Gaussian
Here
signal to noise ratio is obtained as,
Therefore channel
noise.
Modulated signal power
(SNR)= Average noise power

A
NgB
Aa + KP)
(4)
2NB
Output SNR for Envelope Detection
yO=AF).
The power of above signal is the average power at receiver

output i.e., Power at receiver output=

Aka
P
Here P'is the average poOwer of message signal m(t)
and the noise power over the bandwidth 'B' is,

Noise power at receiver

output =
NoB
Power at receiver output
(SNR)o Noise power at receiver output
18
 B.E./B.Tech. D e g r e e

AKP
NB
AK P

2NB
Figure of Merit for Envelope Detection
The figure of merit is given as:

(SNR)
Figure of mernit(SNR)e
AkP
2NB
Figure of merit
Ad+ k P)
2NoB
kP
1+kP
(or)