Frequency Modulator Simulation using LTSpice
Proshen das (roll-55, sec-A, IT ). Somrik Kar (roll-37 ,sec-A ,IT )
Abstract
Frequency Modulation is a modulation
in which the frequency of the carrier
wave is altered in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal, keeping phase and
amplitude constant. Modification of
carrier wave frequency is performed
for the purpose of sending data or
information over small distances. 
Frequency Modulation index is
consistently over 1, requires high
bandwidth in the range of 200 kHz,
operates in a very high frequency range
of 88 to 108 Megahertz, has a complex
circuit with an infinite number of side
bands, and receives a high quality
signal with high sound quality.
Frequency and phase modulation are
complementary principal methods of
angle modulation, which is a class of
carrier frequency modulation often
used in telecommunications
transmission systems
 
INTRODUCTION WORKING PRINCIPLE
Frequency Modulation is a modulation involving the alteration of the
frequency of the carrier wave under the instantaneous amplitude of the Central frequency or cattier frequency of the generated FM can be determined from the
modulating signal, keeping phase and amplitude Constand Modification of expression , fo =1/(1.4RC), where R=R1=R2, and c=C1.
carrier wave frequency is performed to send data of information over small When an input voltage (V) is given to control voltage pin , the upper and lower comparator
distances. reference changes to voltages V and V/2 . So when the capacitor voltage becomes less than V/2 ,
Frequency modulation id a technique or a process of encoding information output becomes high and the capacitor starts charging to Vcc through resistor R1 and diode D .
on a particular signal ( analog or digital ) by varying the carrier wave When the capacitor voltage becomes grater than V, output becomes low and the capacitor starts
frequency in accordance war the frequency of the modulating signal. As we
discharging through resistor R2 and 7 th pin of the IC so the time period is proportional to the
know , a modulating signal is nothing but information to message that has
input voltage V. so as V increases , time period of the output wave increases and when V
to be transmitted after being converted into a electronic signal.
There are two different types of frequency modulation used in telecom decrease's time period of the output wave decreases .
munitions : analog frequency modulation and digital frequency
modulation.in analog modulation , a continuously varying sine carrier wave
modulates the data signal. The three defining properties of a carrier wave –
frequency, amplitude , and phase – are used to key amplitude shift key or
Conclusion
phase shift key , function similarly to analog, however where analog EXPLANATION
modulation id typically used for AM , FM and short wave broadcasting ,
digital modulation involves transmission of binary signals.
FM signals can be generated either by using direct frequency modulation ,
The main component used by us to implement frequency modulation is the 555
timer ic. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit ( chip ) used in a variety of timer
which id achieved by inputting a massage directly into a voltage controlled
delay , pulse federation, and oscillator applications . An Astable multivibrator id an To conclude, we have successfully implemented frequency modulation using
oscillator, or by using indirect frequency modulation , which is achieved by
integrating a message signal to generate a phase modulated signal.
oscillator circuit that continuously produces rectangular wave without the aid of 555 Timer IC. Frequency modulation applications are vast. Some of them
external triggering . So astable multivibrator is also known as free running
multivibrator. include FM Radio Broadcasting, Radar ,Seismic Prospecting, Telemetry,
In astable multivibrator we don’t use the 5th (control voltage ) pin of 555 but here music synthesis,etc..It also has various medical applications like EEG for
we fed the message signal to this pin which results in the pin which results in the
variation of frequency . 8th and 1st pin of the 555 are used for giving power, VCC and
observing infants .Frequency and Phase modulation are complementary
GND respectively . 4th pin is the teste pin which is a active low input , since it is tied principal methods of angle modulation, which is a class of carrier frequency
to vcc .when the output is high , capacitor c1 charges to Vcc through R1 and D . modulation often used in telecommunication systems
When the output is low , capacitor discharge through resistor R2 and 7th of the IC .
This charging and discharging time periods determines the time period of output .
Massage signal is fed to 5th ( control voltage ) pin of the IC through a coupling
capacitor and the output can be taken from the 3rd pin of the IC.