See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/338689812

The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay
fired brick in Turkey

Article · January 2020

CITATIONS READS

2 38

5 authors, including:

Hanifi Binici Orhan Aksogan

Nisanatasi Universty Cukurova University
110 PUBLICATIONS   170 CITATIONS    108 PUBLICATIONS   2,008 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Huseyin Temiz Hasan Kaplan

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Pamukkale University
26 PUBLICATIONS   204 CITATIONS    76 PUBLICATIONS   1,069 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Optimization of seismic behavior of steel frames with semi-rigid connection using genetic algorithm View project

Thermal insulation material production using vermiculite, sunflower stalk and wheat stalk View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Hasan Kaplan on 06 October 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

Hanifi Binicia, Orhan Aksoganb, Huseyin Temizc, Hasan Kaplana, Ahmet Ulusoyc
a
Epoka University, Department of Civil Engineering, Tirana, Albania
b
Cukurova University, Department of Civil Engineering, Adana, Turkey
b
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Department of Textile Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey

The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as

Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

additives in the production of clay fired brick in

Turkey

Although significant quantities are being used in several in-

The main objective of this study is to investigate the suit-
ability of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the pro-
duction of high quality clay fired bricks. Clay bricks with/
without additives were produced adding equal amounts of
fly ash and basaltic pumice, separately and together, with
the rates of 5, 10 and 20 wt.%. Each sample was fired at
700, 900 and 1 050 8C for 8 h. Bulk density, harmful magne-
sia and lime, shrinkage, water absorption, compressive and
flexural strength, freezing and thawing tests were carried
out. The test results were compared with the standard val-
ues and they were found to be satisfactory. Finally, it was
concluded that both fly ash and basaltic pumice were suita-
ble admixtures and could be used efficiently in fired brick
production.
dustrial sectors and particularly as a substitute for cement in
concrete, there is still a lot that requires disposal. Hence, the
use of fly ash in the production of construction materials
will help to reduce environmental problems. On the other
hand, almost 155 000 km2 of Turkey is covered by Tertiary
and Quaternary-age volcanic rocks, among which pumice
comprises significant volumes [12]. This material has not
been used efficiently. The aim of the present study is to in-
vestigate the use of fly ash and basaltic pumice both to-
gether and separately as admixtures in clay matrix in the
production of bricks for wall materials.
2. Experimental program

Keywords: Fly ash; Basaltic pumice; Admixtures; Fired 2.1. Materials

brick
www.ijmr.de

The basaltic pumice used in this study, which is widely

1. Introduction
The inevitable increase in population increases the demand
for new and efficient building materials [1]. To meet this
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany
known as scoria, contains glass shards, mineral phases such
as feldspar, quartz and biotite and some volcanic rock. The
high porosity of basaltic pumice is an advantage for easy
and economical crushing [13]. It has dark brown/blackish
color, porous structure and low crystal water. Its hardness

is about 5.2 on the Mohs scale. The Afsin–Elbistan power

demand, in an environmentally friendly way, some indus-
plant consumes 18.106 metric tonnes of coal per year and
trial wastes have been used in making construction materi-
generates about 3.24.106 metric tonnes of fly ash and this
als. Huge amounts of unmanaged wastes cause serious en-
waste material are disposed of in the dumping area of the
vironmental problems. Since environmental friendliness,
mine [14]. The clay used in the present study is of two col-
low cost and light weight have become very important con-
siderations in the production of construction materials, it is
the aim of the researchers to satisfy the requirements given Table 1. Chemical composition of the materials used.
by the standards. Many recent studies [2 – 7] have found va-
Component (wt.%) Red clay Gray clay BP F
luable results for the use of waste glass in various forms of
construction materials. Also, some studies [8, 9] have in- SiO2 61.60 42.59 46.19 23.21
vestigated the use of different type of ash in the production Al2O3 17.93 11.92 17.26 12.88
of construction materials. Fe2O3 8.24 6.97 11.27 13.06
Environmental assessments of material production make CaO 1.61 13.97 8.98 22.55
it easier to make design decisions in choosing materials for MgO 1.34 6.28 5.27 3.42
a particular application [10, 11]. Brick is one of the main SO3 – – 0.05 12.16
construction materials and is mainly used for the construc- Na2O 0.63 1.33 4.06 0.60
K 2O 1.56 1.39 2.82 2.02
tion of outer and inner walls in buildings. The brick produc- P2O5 0.08 0.14 0.81 0.56
tion industry consumes large amounts of resources and TiO2 0.99 0.71 3.03 23.21
causes some environmental problems. MnO 0.31 0.12 0.18 –
The fly ash produced by coal fired power plants has al- Loss on ignition 5.71 14.58 14.42 9.10
ways been a major problem in many parts of the world.

Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7 887

A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

Table 2. The physical properties of the materials used. 2.2. Production of bricks
Properties Clay BP F Nine types of samples were prepared by adding fly ash (F)
Bulk density (g cm )–3
1.27 1.12 1.34 and basaltic pumice (BP) each in equal proportions of 5,
Water absorption (%) 0.86 1.22 1.33 10 and 20 wt.%, as given in Table 7. The control speci-
Porosity (%) 35.20 50.32 – mens without additives were produced with equal amounts
Specific gravity (g cm–3) 1.85 2.74 3.16 of red and gray clay. Pressed brick specimens were shaped
under a load of 300 kg cm–2 in a square prism mould of
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

115 · 25 · 25 mm dimensions according to TS EN 705

ors, red and gray, and are obtained from two different re-
[15]. Prior to the moulding process, 10 – 18 % water was
gions near Kahramanmaras. The chemical and physical
added to the mix to obtain enough plasticity. After the
properties of the material used are given in Tables 1 and 2,
moulding process, specimens were obtained by uniaxial
respectively. The particle size distributions of materials
press molding at 18 MPa, dried at 110 8C for 24 h and
used are given in Tables 3 – 6.

Table 3. Particle size distribution of the gray clay.

Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed

(lm) (mm) (mm)

200 2.34 0.2 37.97 1.6 74.69

400 5.11 0.4 43.06 1.8 80.69
500 8.11 0.5 47.62 2 87.82
600 12.53 0.75 55.30 2.2 90.34
800 20.22 1 58.54 2.4 94.28
900 25.56 1.2 64.07 2.6 97.70
1 000 32.45 1.4 71.91 2.8 100

Table 4. Particle size distribution of the red clay.

Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed

(lm) (mm) (mm)

200 1.63 0.2 24.96 1.6 54.52

400 3.82 0.4 27.80 1.8 64.26
500 6.28 0.5 30.47 2 78.93
600 9.78 0.75 35.47 2.2 84.39
www.ijmr.de

800 14.94 1 37.88 2.4 93.03

900 18.63 1.2 42.53 2.6 97.29
1 000 21.92 1.4 50.54 2.8 100

Table 5. Particle size distribution of the fly ash.

Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed

W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany

(lm) (mm) (mm)

200 1.78 0.2 34.99 1.6 81.96

400 3.79 0.4 39.93 1.8 91.73
500 6.31 0.6 44.59 2 97.76
600 10.52 0.8 53.12 2.2 98.70
800 18.24 1 57.08 2.4 99.63
900 24.31 1.2 64.46 2.6 100
1 000 29.80 1.4 77.01 2.8 100

Table 6. Particle size distribution of the basaltic pumice.

Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed Diameter % Passed

(lm) (mm) (mm)

1 0.44 25 10.80 90 36.96

2 1.09 30 12.83 120 47.63
3 1.76 35 14.85 175 66.31
5 2.83 45 18.94 200 74.14
10 4.79 50 21.03 250 86.24
15 6.72 60 25.22 320 95.01
20 8.76 80 33.21 350 100

888 Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7

 A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

Table 7. The specimen compositions.

Specimens Compositions

C (Control No replacement (pure red and gray clay)

mixture)
F5 5 % Fly ash + 95 % clay
F10 10 % Fly ash + 90 % clay
F20 20 % Fly ash + 80 % clay
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

BP5 5 % Basaltic pumice + 95 % clay

BP10 10 % Basaltic pumice + 90 % clay
BP20 20 % Basaltic pumice + 80 % clay
FBP5 2.5 % Fly ash + 2.5 % Basaltic pumice + 95 % clay
FBP10 5 % Fly ash + 5 % Basaltic pumice + 90 % clay
FBP20 10 % Fly ash + 10 % Basaltic pumice + 80 % clay

were put in a vacuum machine to get the remaining air out.

Specimens were kept at room temperature for 1 day and
Fig. 1. Dried densities of bricks.
the drying shrinkage of bricks was measured by a com-
pass. Then, the specimens were fired in an electrical arc
furnace for 8 h. The different firing temperatures used
were 700 8C, 900 8C and 1 050 8C. Finally, fired specimens
were left to cool in the furnace down to room temperature.

2.3. Testing of bricks

Both the dry and the fired bulk densities were determined
each of the specimens. Moreover, shrinkage, water absorp-
tion, dried and fired density, harmful magnesia and lime,
compressive and flexure strength tests were performed. Se-
ven specimens were tested for each group. Furthermore,
freezing and thawing resistance of the bricks was investi-
gated. In this test, the samples were placed in a freezing
and thawing machine and tested from – 20 8C to + 20 8C for
25 cycles. Brick quality was determined in accordance with
TS EN 4790 [16] and ASTM C67 [17].
www.ijmr.de

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Material characterization
Table 1 shows the chemical composition and the loss on
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany
Fig. 2. Fired densities of bricks.
the fired bulk density of the control specimen as well as
those of the ones with fly ash and basaltic pumice display

ignition (LI) of the raw materials. The chemical composi-
tion of the clay is typical of a kaolinite-based material with
low amounts of alkaline oxides and relatively high amount
of Al2O3. The high percentage of LI indicates an increased
fraction of clay minerals. The basaltic pumice is basically
composed of high amounts of SiO2. The second major
chemical constituent of the basaltic pumice is Al2O3. Ac-
cording to Figs. 3 – 6, all materials show a distribution of
fine particles with equivalent spherical diameter smaller
than 28 mm. This characteristic of the materials is appropri-
ate for fired brick production. The real density of the mate-
rials was measured by picnometry.
3.2. Mechanical properties
Dried and fired densities are given in Figs. 1 and 2, respec-
tively. It is seen that although the addition of basaltic pu-
mice causes an increase in the dried bulk density of the
brick, fly ash causes a decrease. This behavior is due to the
coarser particle size of the basaltic pumice as compared
with that of the fly ash. In Figs. 1 and 2, it is observed that
a decreasing trend with increasing temperature. As the per-
centage of additives decreases, the bulk density of the brick
decreases also, as in the dried ones.
The porosity of bricks and their permeability and water
absorption are very crucial factors in influencing technical
properties of bricks such as the bond between them and
mortar, the resistance of bricks to freezing and thawing,
and their chemical stability. Basaltic pumice samples fired
at all temperatures were found to be within specifications.
However, samples of the series F5, F10, F20 and FBP10,
FBP20, fired at all temperatures, have slightly higher water
absorption values than the value required by the Turkish
standard (18 % by weight). This is because an increase in
sintering temperature causes a decrease in total-pore space
in the structure. The water absorption values increased by
increasing firing temperature, amounts of fly ash and joint
fly ash + basaltic pumice additives in the mixtures.
Lime–magnesia tests were carried out. The samples were
placed in a water tank at room temperature for 24 h and
then in a boiling water tank for 2 h. After the test, the sam-
ples were examined for any structural damage such as frac-

Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7 889

A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

Table 8. The water absorption of bricks. ture, disintegration and decomposition and no damage was
observed (Tables 9 – 11). The samples were tested for dur-
Specimens Firing temperature (8C) ability and the results showed that the samples satisfied the
700 900 1 050 TS 705 specifications.
Fired bricks with high replacement ratio of fly ash and
Water absorption (%) basaltic pumice (except specimen BP20) are lighter than
conventional fired clay. The samples were fired at 700 8C,
C (Control) 17.62 17.83 18.85 900 8C and 1 050 8C and then tested to determine the com-
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

F5 22.17 22.24 22.64 pressive and flexure strength of the bricks. An apparatus
F10 25.81 25.72 25.83
with a capacity of 25 kN pressure was used in the proce-
F20 27.31 27.48 26.35
BP5 15.77 17.15 17.51
dure. The minimum average crushing strength prescribed
BP10 15.37 17.26 16.79 in the Turkish code for burnt clay bricks is 5 MPa. It was
BP20 14.03 16.79 16.07 observed that in all mix proportions, even those with high
FBP5 18.04 18.58 19.43 addition content, the compressive strength of the samples
FBP10 19.12 19.38 20.32 was found to be above 5 MPa (Fig. 3).
FBP20 21.35 21.34 20.99 The compressive strength of all fired bricks is given in
Fig. 3 and variations of the flexural strength are shown in
Fig. 4. Specimen BP5 yielded the highest compressive
Table 9. Physical properties of specimens fired at 700 8C. strength at all temperatures. However, bricks with basaltic
Specimens Harmful magnesia Surface Color
and lime brightness

C (Control) None Good Red

F5 None Good Brown–red
F10 None Good Brown–red
F20 None Good Brown–red
BP5 None Good Light red
BP10 None Good Light red
BP20 None Good Light red
FBP5 None Good Brown
FBP10 None Good Brown
FBP20 None Good Brown

Table 10. Physical properties of specimens fired at 900 8C.

Specimens Harmful magnesia Surface Color

www.ijmr.de

and lime brightness

C (Control) None Good Red

F5 None Good Brown–red Fig. 3. Compressive strength of bricks.
F10 None Good Brown–red
F20 None Good Brown–red
BP5 None Good Light red
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany

BP10 None Good Light red

BP20 None Good Light red
FBP5 None Good Brown
FBP10 None Good Brown
FBP20 None Good Brown

Table 11. Physical properties of specimens fired at 1 050 8C.

Specimens Harmful magnesia Surface Color

and lime brightness

C (Control) None Good Red

F5 None Good Brown–red
F10 None Good Brown–red
F20 None Good Brown–red
BP5 None Good Light red
BP10 None Good Light red
BP20 None Good Light red
FBP5 None Good Brown
FBP10 None Good Brown
FBP20 None Good Brown
Fig. 4. Flexure strength of bricks.

890 Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7

 A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

pumice yielded higher compressive strength than the important effect) than control specimens. The compressive
others. strength of the bricks decreases roughly 10 % showing the
At 1 050 8C firing temperature, specimens with basaltic pu- significance of freezing and thawing effect.
mice had the lowest compressive strength. This is due to the
burning of the glass minerals of the basaltic pumice, which
causes a loss of mass. Hence the optimum firing temperatures
of the bricks with basaltic pumice should be under 1 050 8C.
In general, the flexural strength of bricks increases with
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

the increase in the firing temperature. At all firing tempera-

tures, the control specimens had the highest flexural
strength. The flexural strength, generally, decreases with
the amount of added fly ash and basaltic pumice.

3.3. Shrinkages

The linear variation of specimen dimensions is shown in

Table 12. It can be seen that the specimens fired at 700 8C,
900 8C and 1 050 8C have shown similar behavior, where a
very small decrease in linear variation between 0 % and
5 % of additive content is noticeable. Table 12 indicates a Fig. 5. The samples in the freezing and thawing machine.
straight tendency for BP group, that the linear shrinkage de-
creases with basaltic pumice content, but the decreasing
gradient is not directly related to the firing temperature in
any way. Maximum shrinkage must be under 10 % in accor-
dance with the Turkish Standard. All specimens satisfied
this requirement. The inert action of the fly ash and basaltic
pumice may have caused this decrease in the shrinkage.

3.4. Freezing and thawing tests

After carrying out the tests, the samples were examined for
cracks, decomposition or scaling and no damage was ob-
served (Figs. 5 and 6). As seen in Fig. 6, only control and
FB20 specimens had slight cracking and fractures on the
external surfaces. However, it is seen in Fig. 6 that other
www.ijmr.de

specimens showed no significant signs of deterioration.

After the foregoing procedure, compressive strength tests
were performed according to TS 705 and the results are
shown in Table 13. Mass loss ratio of the bricks after freez-
ing and thawing cycles is given in Fig. 7. These results
show that there is an obvious decrease in the freezing and
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany

thawing resistance of the bricks with an increase in the per-

centage of the additives. Firing temperature is the most sig-
nificant property causing specimens to have longer dormant
periods (the period in which freezing and thawing have no

Table 12. Shrinkage of fired bricks (wt.%).

Specimens Dried Fired shrinkage

shrinkage

110 8C 700 8C 900 8C 1 050 8C

C (Control) 6.55 5.56 5.01 4.23

F5 8.25 8.23 6.46 7.17
F10 8.66 8.36 7.33 8.06
F20 8.87 8.88 8.21 8.36
BP5 1.72 1.88 7.55 7.52
BP10 1.63 1.69 8.42 8.43
BP20 1.49 1.47 9.30 9.32
FBP5 5.15 4.12 5.10 5.19
FBP10 5.11 4.08 5.53 5.55
FBP20 5.03 4.33 6.11 6.18 Fig. 6. The appearances of fired bricks exposed to freezing and thaw-
ing test.

Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7 891

A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

Table 13. Compressive strengths of bricks after freezing and layer water and absorbed water at low temperatures. This
thawing cycles. caused a shrinkage in the bricks and increasing in the con-
tact areas of particles of fly ash and clay, resulting lower
Sample Firing temperature (8C)
porosity in the bricks as well. The lower porosity, in turn,
700 900 1 050 enhances the mechanical properties of the bricks and the
freezing – thawing resistance as well.
C 12.30 16.50 18.10 Basaltic pumice used in this study had a high porosity.
C 15.67 27.09 26.35 This renders it easy to crush. With clay particles filling in
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.

F5 6.80 19.05 23.08 the pores of pumice, a more compact brick is obtained,
F5 11.30 12.80 13.10 causing an improvement in many of its physical properties.
F10 5.60 13.18 22.78
However, firing at higher temperatures, such as 1 050 8C,
F10 10.6 10.90 11.20
F20 12.46 13.51 20.33
causes some of the pumice to melt and voids to form in the
F20 9.30 9.80 10.40 bricks. This is the reason for the low strength of bricks fired
BP5 10.40 10.20 19.97 at 1 050 8C with or without freezing – thawing.
BP5 14.60 18.60 14.50
BP10 8.80 9.50 29.37
4. Conclusions
BP10 12.80 15.30 14.60
BP20 25.00 27.50 29.40
BP20 12.40 12.80 14.20 In this work, the evaluation of the fly ash and basaltic pu-
FBP5 18.00 19.50 25.30 mice effect on the properties of fired brick led to the follow-
FBP5 17.90 18.30 19.20 ing conclusions:
FBP10 20.70 23.80 21.50 1. The basaltic pumice and fly ash are wastes predomi-
FBP10 13.50 14.70 16.20 nantly composed of a high percentage of silicon. These
FBP20 17.66 28.65 33.06 materials show a fine particle size that is appropriate
FBP20 9.80 10.40 10.60 for incorporation in fired bricks.
2. Fly ash and basaltic pumice, at certain replacement lev-
els, contribute to decreasing the bulk density of the
bricks.
3. 10 % replacement level of additives decreased the fired
shrinkage and the water absorption.
4. At 700 8C firing temperature, the highest strength was
recorded at 5 % replacement and this is approximately
28 % above the control value. However, for firing tem-
peratures around 900 8C the compressive strength is
nearly equal to that of the control specimen. Above
900 8C firing temperature the compressive strength is
www.ijmr.de

lower than that of the control specimen.

5. The freezing and thawing resistance of fired bricks is
significantly improved with the addition of basaltic pu-
mice and fly ash
Finally, since fly ash and basaltic pumice are available in
vast amounts in Turkey, taking into account the results of
the present study, these materials should preferably be used
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany

as additives in fired brick production.

Fig. 7. Mass loss ratio of bricks after freezing and thawing cycles. This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Re-
search Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK, Project No. 107T264).

Figure 8 depicts the test results of mass loss after the
freezing and thawing cycles of the bricks. There is a rela-
tively large amount of mass loss associated with the control
specimens, compared to the fly ash and basaltic pumice
bricks. The total mass loss of control specimens at 700 8C
and 900 8C firing temperatures, after freezing and thawing
cycles is about 1.4 % and 0.8 %, respectively. On the other
hand, at 700 8C and 900 8C firing temperatures, the basaltic
pumice brick after freezing and thawing cycles is found to
be stable. It can be said that fly ash and basaltic pumice
bricks, around 10 % replacement level, present an excellent
behavior in the freezing and thawing process.
Fly ash being fired at high temperatures in thermal power
stations and cooled down in the air or water, a huge amount
of Si–Al glassy materials are formed in it. With the additon
of fly ash to the bricks illite in clay begins to lose its inter-
References
[1] H.M. Algin, P. Turgut: Construction and Building Materials 22
(2008) 1074. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.006
[2] Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, D. Rodriguez: Cement Concrete Re-
search 30 (2000) 91. DOI:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00213-6
[3] I.B.Topcu, M. Canbaz: Cement Concrete Research 34 (2004) 267.
DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.003
[4] A. Shayan: Cement Concrete Research 34 (2004) 81.
DOI:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00251-5
[5] C. Shi, Y. Wu, C. Riefler, H. Wang: Cement Concrete Research
35 (2005) 987. DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.015
[6] F.F. Aspiras, J.R. Manalo: J. Mater. Process. Technology 48
(1995) 379. DOI:10.1016/0924-0136(94)01672-N
[7] P. Soroushian, J. Plasencia, S. Ravanbakhsh: ACI Mater J. 23
(2003) 203.
[8] J. Balasubramanian, P.C. Sabumon, J.U. Lazar, R. Ilangovan: J
Mater Process Technology 48 (1995) 379.
DOI:10.1016/0924-0136(94)01672-N

892 Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7

 A Applied
H. Binici et al.: The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey

[9] B. Ahmadi, W. Al-Khaja: Conservation Recycle 32 (2001) 105.
DOI:10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00051-9
[10] S.B. Park, B.C. Lee, J.H. Kim: Cement Concrete Research 34
(2004) 2181.
[11] A.U. Elinwa, Y.A. Mahmood: Cement Concrete Composite 24
(2002) 219. DOI:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00039-7
[12] F.F. Udoeyo, P.U. Dashibil: ASCE 14 (2002) 173. TICLE IN
PRESS
[13] V. Corinaldesi, G. Gnappi, G. Moriconi, A. Montenero: Waste
Not for use in internet or intranet sites. Not for electronic distribution.
[25] TSE 4790. Turkish standard test method for common bricks and
roofing tile clays. Ankara, Turkey.
[26] ASTM C67-92a. Standard test methods of sampling and testing
brick and structural clay.
(Received August 12, 2008; accepted April 28, 2010)
Bibliography

Management 25 (2005) 197. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.12.009

PMid:15737718 DOI 10.3139/146.110349
[14] P.F. Chapman: Energy Policy 2 (1975) 47. Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.)
DOI:10.1016/0301-4215(75)90053-1 101 (2010) 7; page 887 – 893
[15] R.J. Cole, D. Rousseau: Building and Environment 27 (1992) 23. # Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
DOI:10.1016/0360-1323(92)90004-9 ISSN 1862-5282
[16] E.Worell, R.J.J. Van Heuningen, J.F.M. De Castro: Energy 19
(1994) 627. DOI:10.1016/0360-5442(94)90003-5
[17] A.H. Buchanan, B.G. Honey: Energy and Buildings 20 (1994) Correspondence address
205. DOI:10.1016/0378-7788(94)90024-8
[18] T. Oka, M. Suzuki, T. Konnya: Energy and Buildings 19 (1993) Asst. Prof. Dr. Hanifi Binici
303. DOI:10.1016/0378-7788(93)90016-N Epoka University
[19] J.G. Koomey, N.C. Martin, M. Brown, L.K. Price, MD. Levine: Department of Civil Engineering
Energy Policy 26 (1998) 433. Tirana, Albania
DOI:10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00154-7 Fax: +355 42 222 077
[20] J.L. Chevalier, J.F. Le Teno: Building and Environment 31 (1996) Tel.: +355 42 222 117
487. DOI:10.1016/0360-1323(96)00016-9 E-mail: hbinici@epoka.edu.tr
[21] H. Kaplan, H. Binici: Cement World 1 (1996) 23 [in Turkish].
[22] G. Kelling, S. Kapur, N. Sakarya, E. Akca, C. Karaman, B. Sakar-
ya: Br. Ceram. Trans. 99 (2000) 129.
DOI:10.1179/096797800680848
[23] S. Ural: Journal of Hazardous Materials 19 (2005) 85.
DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.10.024 You will find the article and additional material by enter-
PMid:15752852 ing the document number MK110349 on our website at
[24] TSE 705. Turkish standard test method for solid bricks and verti- www.ijmr.de
cally perforated bricks. Ankara, Turkey.
www.ijmr.de
W 2010 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany

Int. J. Mat. Res. (formerly Z. Metallkd.) 101 (2010) 7 893

View publication stats