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2.5 m F
3.5 m 24.5 KN / m
2
1m
D
34.3 KN / m 2
Elevation Plan
MAD = w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 42 / 12 = -32.66 KNm
Kani's Method :-
- 32.66 73.5
0 -12.25 -3/10 40.84 -2/10 -8.17 0
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
D 0 A 0 B
-57.16 57.16
Rotation factor at Joint A
Relative Rotation Factor
Joint Member ∑K u =(-1/2) k / ∑ K
Stiffness( K )
AB I/6 - 2 / 10
A 5 * I / 12
AD I/4 - 3 / 10
Sum of FEM
MAF = 73.5-32.66
40.84 KNm
D= √M / Q x b
= √57.16 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 432.2 mm, Assuming d / D = 0.9
Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.29%
= 50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.22%
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
= 190 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c = 264 mm2 .
B
4m
C
TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel HYSD bars
d/D
Q = M / bD2 Pt Q = M / bD2 Pt
0.75 0.3 0.4 0.295 0.289
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
Grade of Grade of σcbc σst
concrete steel N / mm 2
N / mm2 k j Q
For members less than 225mm thickness and tension on liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33
Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28
Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03
D/2
e=M/T
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
150 0.286 0.229
200 0.271 0.217
250 0.257 0.206
300 0.243 0.194
350 0.229 0.183
400 0.214 0.171
450 or more 0.2 0.16
10 O @ 210 c/c 8 O @ 190 c/c
150
150 Free board
Elevation
1500
450
1000 16 O @ 130 c/c (a)
16 O @ 200 c/c (b) (c)
10 O @ 200 c/c both faces (c)
(d)
4000 8 O @ 130 c/c (d)
12 O @ 130 c/c (e)
(a) ( a ) 1000
v (b) (d) vv
1000 v
450
1500 1500
6000
450 450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-2 ( L / B ≥ 2 )
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high (given)
Material M20 Grade Concrete (given)
Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Volume = 3.6 x 8 x 3.0 x 10 3 = 86400 Litres
L/B= 8 / 3.6 = 2.22 >2.
The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the base.
The short walls are designed as supported on long walls.
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
H/4= 3.0 / 4 = 0.75 m
bottom h = 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
= ( 1 / 6 ) x 9.8 x 33
= 44.1 KNm.
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 12
= 26.13 KNm.
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 16
= 19.60 KNm.
= √44.1 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 379.6 mm,
1000
203.56
400 367
163.44
checking :
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x σcbc
= 13.33
b x D2 / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
x=
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 203.56 mm
D-x= 196.44 mm
d-x= 163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
= 408705 mm2
Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
= ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.563 + 196.443 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44 2
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
= 5.57E+09 mm4
fct = T / AT
= 19.6 x 10 3 / 408705
= 0.048 N / mm2
fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
= 26.13 x 106 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10 9
= 0.767 N / mm2
check :
( fct / σct ) + ( fcbt / σcbt ) ≤1
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) ≤ 1 From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 ≤ 1
0.4912 ≤ 1 ………………….. ( O. K. )
At centre :
M= 19.6 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d
= 19.6 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 408 mm2
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 344 mm2 ,172 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 292 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Ast = 346 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as a one-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
lx = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4 say 4 m
ly = 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 say 8.5 m
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 1.5 KN / m2
6.25 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m
= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%
Provide 6 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /180
= 157 mm
Provide 6 mm O bar @ 150 mm c/c = 188 mm2 .
4.0 m.
hort walls.
Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating to
resistance to cracking
Permissible stresses in N / mm 2
Grade of
concrete Direct Tension due to Shear stress
tension σct bending σcbt ﺡv = V / b j d
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c
150
12 O @ 200 c/c
Section A-A
2000 B 8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900 16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)
3600 8 O @ 140 c/c
A A
12 O @ 200 c/c
900
900 vv vv
400
2000 B 2000
8000
400 Sectional plan 400
150
8 O @ 140 c/c
3000
Mu / b x d2 = 24 x 10 6 / 1000 x (160)2
= 0.94
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.84) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.289%
Vu = 24 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd = 56 O ( from Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 12.81 x 106 / 24 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
693.875 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 693.88
which gives O ≤ 14.46 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.42
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.42 x 20
= 28.4
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4000 / 160
= 25.00 < 28.4 ……………….( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sma
= 3 x 160 = 480 mm or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
spacing provided = 170 mm < 300 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 160 = 800 mm
spacing provided = 230 mm < 450 mm ……………….( O.K.)
For tying the bent bars at top , provide 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
NOTE : -
If clear span = 3.77 m , effective span = 3.77 + 0.23 = 4 m OR
effective span = 3.77 + 0.16 ( effective depth ) = 3.93 m
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
NOTE : -
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
For checking development length , l 0
may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
Pt = 100 x As / b x d bars ( usually end anchorage is not
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160 provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
hook is provided usually whose
= 0.14
anchorage length is 16 O.
From equation
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.49
Mu1 = 0.49x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6
= 12.54 KNm
160
180 v
v v v v
v 8 O @ 230 c/c v v
400 10 O @ 170 c/c 400
( alternate bent )
4000
SS22 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
S2 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
= 50 [(1-0.865) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.405%
Ast ( + ) = 0.405 x 1000 x 99 / 100
= 401 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 78.5 x 1000 / 401
= 195.761 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar@170 mm c/c = 462 mm2. ( alternate bent up )
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 10.92 x 10 6 / 1000 x (99)2
= 1.11
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.812) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.564%
0.15m B3
B2 B1
1m high parapet
ly = 6m S2 S1
B4
0.15m
0.15m 0.15m
lx = 3m 1.2m
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0389 )
KNm
( 1 - 0.0389 )
KNm
10 O @ 340 c/c (bent)
+ 12 O @ 340 c/c (extra)
1200 1200
120 125
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
300 600
150 3000 150 1200
= 0.706
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.885) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.208%
Ast = 0.208 x 1000 x 120 / 100
= 250 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 250
= 200.96 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 200 mm c/c = 251 mm2.
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 13.66 x 10 6 / 1000 x (130)2
= 0.81
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.867) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.240%
8 O @ 260 c/c
B
625 3750 625
Edge
strip
625
8 O @ 200 c/c
strip Middle Strip
A A
3750 S1 8 O @ 260 c/c
Edge
625
B 8 O @ 150 c/c
500 8 O @ 200 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
150
8 O @ 260 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
Section A-A
5m
5m S1
-0.047
1
B
-0.047
0.03
5
3
strip
Edge
strip
Edge
5
5m S1
2 0.035
Middle Strip
A 4 B
( 1 - 0.0579 )
KNm
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
of slab or 300 mm whichever is small
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
……….( O.K.)
of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
……….( O.K.)
1000
8 O @ 240 c/c
625 3750 625
Edge
strip
1000 625
8 O @ 140 c/c
1500 1500 strip Middle Strip
500
3750 S1
1500
8 O @ 240 c/c
Edge
625
1500
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c 500 8 O @ 240 c/c
150
8 O @ 180 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
-0.047
3
Design of Continuous One-way slab
A five span continuous one-way slab used as an office floor.
The centre-to-centre distance of supporting beams is 3 m
Live load 3 KN / m2 and floor finish 1 KN / m2 given
Material M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution : -
Try 120 mm thick slab DL LL
Dead load 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m2
floor finish = 1 0 KN / m2
live load = 0 3 KN / m2
Total 4 3 KN / m2
factored load = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 )
= ( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m2
Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab.
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
1 2 2 2 1
A 3m B 3m C 3m D 3m E 3m F
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
Mu1 ( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.5 + 4.05
= 8.55 KNm
Mu2 ( + ) = ( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 3.38 + 3.38
= 6.75 KNm
Mu3 ( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 5.4 + 4.5
= 9.9 KNm
Mu4 ( - ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.50 + 4.50
=9 KNm
Maximum shear is Vu(BA) = 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
= 0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
= 18.9 KN
Maximum moment is Mu3 ( - ) = 9.9 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.07
drequired =√M / Q x b
= √9.9 x 10 / 2.07 x 1000
6
= 69.2 mm,
Try 110 mm overall depth
dprovided = 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 90 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Ast = Pt x b x d / 100
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
Table
Factored Ast
point moment Mu/(b x d )
2
Pt Steel Provided
KNm mm2
10 mm O @ 440 c/c + 8 mm O @ 440 c/c
1(+) 8.55 1.06 0.322 290
= 178 +114 = 292 mm2 (Half 10 O+half 8 O)
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
2(+) 6.75 0.83 0.248 223
= 228 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
3(-) 9.9 1.22 0.38 342
= 357 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
4(-) 9.0 1.11 0.34 306
= 357 mm2
For Main steel ,HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 132 mm2
For Distribution steel , mild steel Fe250 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 165 mm2
Use 6 mm O
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /165
= 171
Use 6 mm O @ 160 mm c/c = 177 mm2.
Note that the positive bars cannot be curtailed as the remaining bars in the internal
spans ( + ve moment ) will not provide minimum area.
Provide 50 % Ast at end support top bars i.e. 292 / 2 = 146 mm 2 .
Use 8 mm O
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /146
= 344
Use 8 mm O @ 340 mm c/c = 148 mm2.
Check for shear : -
Maximum shear = 18.9 KN
Actual Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 18.9 x 103 / 1000 x 90
= 0.210 N / mm2 < (ﺡ C
) N / mm2 ( too small )
imposed load + 1 / 10 + 1 / 12 -1 / 9
( not fixed )
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
110 90
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c 8 O @ 220 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
3000 3000
cement ( 292 mm2 )
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0898 )
KNm
l in span AB
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
0.6
( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
3000
Design of Simply supported two way slab
residential building drawing room 4.3 m x 6.55 m
It is supported on 350 mm thick walls on all four sides.
given
material M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution :
Consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 180 mm thick slab.
lx = 4.3 + 0.18 = 4.48 say 4.5 m
ly = 6.55+0.18 = 6.73 say 6.75 m
Dead load : self 0.18 x 25 = 4.5 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 2.0 KN / m2
Total 7.5 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
Pu = 1.5 x 7.5
= 11.25 KN / m
ly / lx = 6.75 / 4.5
= 1.5
IS 456-2000 Table -27
Mux = αx x w x lx2 = 0.104 x 11.25 x 4.52 = 23.7 KNm
Muy = αy x w x lx = 2
0.046 x 11.25 x 4.52 = 10.48 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.07
drequired =√M / Q x b
= √23.7 x 10 6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 107 mm,
dshort provided = 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 160 mm, > 107 mm ……………….( O.K.)
dlong provided = 160 - 10
= 150 mm, > 107 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Mu / b x d2 ( short ) = 23.7 x 10 6
/ 1000 x (160)2
= 0.926
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.926)
415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.846) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.28%
= 0.466
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.926) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.134%
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simp
ly / lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
αx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099
αy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
0.87 x 415 x 218 x 150 ( 1 - 415 x 218 / 1000 x 150 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0402 )
KNm
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
350
460 10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
8 O @ 460 c/c
460
350
6900
PLAN
46010 O @ 340 c/c 460
180
v v v v v v
v v 10 O @ 170
v c/c
v v v
8 O @ 230 c/c
- - - - 0.045
0.063 0.068 0.080 0.088 0.035
- - - - 0.057
0.071 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.043
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 36 KN / m
A B B C
162 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 648 As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B C C D
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 648 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 648
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 648
15 MC = - 1440
MC = - 96 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 MB = - 552
MB = - 138 KNm
36 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
138
162 (-) 96
(+) 162 99
(-) (+)
101 VB = 131 KN
131
= 651 mm2 .
Provide 6 - 12 mm O = 678 mm2 .
Span BC :
Mu ( + ) = 51.6 KNm
Ast = 51.6 x 106 / 0.87 x 415 x ( 535 - 60 )
= 301 mm2 .
Provide 3 - 12 mm O = 339 mm2 .
In span AB , curtail 3 - 12 O at 300 mm ( 0.05 ℓ ) from A and at 900 mm ( 0.15 ℓ ) from B.
Continue 3 - 12 O in span BC as required for flexure.
Support B or C :
Mu ( - ) = 110.4 KNm
Mu / bd2 = 110.4 x 106 / 230 x 5352 = 1.68 < 2.07. ( From Table 6-3 )
The section is under-reinforced.
1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68 )
415 / 15
= 0.549
Ast = ( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm 2
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm 2 . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm 2
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 ℓ = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 ℓ = 1500 mm from B .
In span AB , curtail 3 - 12 O at 300 mm ( 0.05 ℓ ) from A and at 900 mm ( 0.15 ℓ ) from B.
The moment of resistance of remaining bars
= 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
= 0.87 x 415 x 339 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10 -6
= 58.14 KNm
Note that lever arm assumed here is d - D f / 2
Theoretical cut off point can be found out from case ( c ) as
58.14 = 89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2
i. e. x2 - 4.98 x + 3.23 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
= 4.98 + √ 4.982 - 4 x 1 x 3.23 / 2 or = ( 4.98 - √ 4.982 - 4 x 1 x 3.23 )
= ( 4.98 + 3.45 ) / 2 = ( 4.98 - 3.45 ) / 2
x = 4.22 m x = 0.765
According to curtailment rules, the bars are cut off at 12 O or d eff whichever is greater i.e. 535 mm
From A , curtail 3 - 12 O bars at 765 - 535 = 230 mm ( i.e. 230 - 115 = 115 mm from face of support sa
and at 4220 + 535 = 4755 mm ( i.e. 1245 mm from B say 300 mm ).
The curtailment rules are to be satisfied . The third rule that the continuing bars provide double the are
required for flexure at cut off point and the shear does not exceed 3 / 4 th that permitted.
Moment at 0.230 m from A
= 89.6 x 0.23 - ( 0.232 / 2 ) x 36
= 19.66 KNm < ( 1 / 2 ) x 58.14 KNm ………….( O.K.)
Moment at 4.755 m from A
= 89.6 x 4.755 - ( 4.7552 / 2 ) x 36
= 19.07 KNm < ( 1 / 2 ) x 58.14 KNm ………….( O.K.)
Minimum design shears at cut off points, referring to design shear diagram .
Vu = 4 / 3 [ 81.32 ] = 108.43 KN at 0.23 m from A < 89.6 KN ,take 81.32 KN
Vu = 4 / 3 [ 81.56 ] = 108.75 KN at 1.245 m from B. < 126.4 KN
Negative moment reinforcement
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm 2 . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm 2
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 ℓ = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 ℓ = 1500 mm from B . For negative moment top is tension and bottom is compress
The theoretical cut-off points and actual positions for curtailing 40 % bars i.e. 2 - 16 O may now be det
Remaining bars 2-10 O & 2-16 O provide 157 + 402 = 559 mm 2 area.
The strength of section is controlled by top reinforcement only and is given approximately by
M.R. = 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
M.R. = 0.87 x 415 x 559 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10 -6
= 0.20 x 475
= 95.00 KNm
The theoretical cut off can be given by an equation
89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2 = -95 [ case ( a ) ]
x2 - 4.98 x - 5.28 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
= 4.98 + √ 4.982 + 4 x 1 x 5.28 / 2
= ( 4.98 + 6.776 ) / 2
x = 5.88 m from A
i.e. 0.12 m from B
Cut off 3 - 16 O bars at 120 + 535 ( d eff ) = 655 mm say 900 mm from B .
At 900 mm from B i.e. at 5.1 m from A , the moment is
89.6 x 5.1 - 36 x 5.12 / 2 = -11.22 KNm
Moment capacity required at actual cut off point as per curtailment rules = 2 ( -11.22 ) = - 22.44 KNm
Moment capacity of the section = - 95 KNm ………………( O.K. )
Note that shear capacity will be increased as per positive reinforcement curtailment check.
Let us now determine the point of curtailment of 80 % of bars.
Remaining bars are 2-10 O , i.e. 157 mm 2
Moment capacity = 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
= 0.87 x 415 x 157 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10 -6
= 0.057 x 475
= 27.08 KNm
Distance from A for this moment
89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2 = - 27.08
x2 - 4.98 x - 1.50 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
= 4.98 + √ 4.982 + 4 x 1 x 1.50 / 2
= ( 4.98 + 5.55 ) / 2
x = 5.27 m from A
i.e. at 0.73 m from B .
Cut off the bars at 730 + 535 ( deff ) = 1265 mm say 1500 mm from B.
20 % bars shall be continued throughout the span. Note that this is required for case ( c ) in span BC
where point of contraflexure lies at 3 m from B.
Continue 2 no. 10 mm O bars giving A st = 157 mm2 area . These will be used as anchor bars.
( c ) design for shear reinforcement :
At A , Vu = 89.6 KN also Vu = 81.32 KN upto 0.23 m from A
100 As / bd = 100 x 3 x 113 / 230 x 535 0.25 diff. 0.11
= 0.28 0.22 diff. ? -0.10
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
Design ( permissible )shear strength of concrete , ﺡ, = 0.36 N / mm
C
2
300 6- 12 O 300 3 - 12 O 6- 12 O
300
6000 6000 6000
A B
D D D
N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
S S S
450 450
20 O pin
6 - 12 O 3 - 12 O
230 230
Section A - A Section B - B
3m
B11 B12
3m
6m 6m
6m 6m 6m
A B C
Using three moment equation for span ABC
/ ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + M
22 KN / m
A B B
99
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 =
= 396 =
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0
Using three moment equation for span BCD
/ ( I3L3) MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + M
36 KN / m
B C C
162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 =
= 648 =
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0
4MB + MC = - 522 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equa
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 418
MB = - 104 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C104
104
99 (-)
162 (-)
47 58
69 ( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
(+) (+) (+)
48 ( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm ) (-) (-)
21 ( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
104 104
108
48.67
X dist. 85 83.33
6 - X dist. 131
131 X =85 ( 6 - X ) 2.21 m
216 X = 510
X = 2.36 m 108
83.33
tailment check.
er to permit
on reinforcement
6 ,for flanged beam
25 mm .
………………………( safe )
At least 20 % of steel placed over support B
to be continued through beam
Cut off not more than 40 % of steel placed over support B
Cut off not more than 40 % of stee
0.25ℓ1 0.25ℓ2
2 - 10 O 0.15ℓ1 0.15ℓ2
D
O @ 130 mm c/c N
S
3 - 12 O
e moment in span BC Case ( c ) Maximum posit
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
D A
on for span ABC Using three moment equa
L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I
36 KN / m
C A
162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 =
648 =
a2 = 3 m a1 = 3 m
I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2M
88 ] - [ 1944 ] 6MA + 24M
As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 ) 4MB + MC
on for span BCD Using three moment equa
L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3) MB ( L2 / I
22 KN / m
D B
99
A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 =
396 =
a3 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2M
44 ] - [ 1188 ] 6MB + 24M
As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 ) MB + 4MC
…………………….( 1 ) 4MB + MC
…………………….( 2 ) MB + 4MC
Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 ) By putting Value of M
4(- 522 - 4M
- 2088 - 16 M
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
Equation ( 1 ) By putting Value of M
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
D A
99 162
(+) (+)
VB = 83.33 KN X = 2.21 m
h of flange ,
een points of zero moments in the beam ,
lange , and
f the flange.
nuous beams and frames , ' l 0 ' may be assumed
ffective span.
Reinforcement
forcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
han that given by the following :
a of tension reinforcement ,
beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
strength of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
nforcement - The maximum area of tension
ll not exceed 0.04 b D.
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ﺡ, N / mm
C
2
Concrete grade
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
ve given table is based on the following formula
shear strength ﺡc = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
greater
placed over support B
ff not more than 40 % of steel at B
6m 6m 6m
B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B B C
162 99
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
648 = 396
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
C C D
99 162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
396 = 648
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 522 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
36 KN / m 22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
B C 162 D
104 104
(+)
(-) (-)
99
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.93
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm 2
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving Ast = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2 .
Check for development length :
Ld = 1102 / 1256 = 55 O ( From Table 7-6 )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 47.71 O
= 47.71 x 20
= 954 mm
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 954 mm . Provide
anchorage of 1200 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example .
Check for shear :
Vu = 69.6 KN
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
= 69.6 x 103 / ( 230 x 515 )
= 0.588 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.06 0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength ﺡc = 0.61 N / mm2 > ﺡv 0.19 difference
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 386 mm
( iii ) ≤132.4 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.06
modification factor = 1.4 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 9.8
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.83 < 9.8 ………………………( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 300 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ………………………( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.
4 -20 O
v v v v
550
Fixed end 2-12 O
support
v v
1200 3000
230
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
415 / 15
= 0.464
Ast = ( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm 2
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm2.
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
Stress in bar σs = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 415 x 552 / 603 = 330.5 N / mm2
( ﺡbd = 1.6 x 1 = 1.6 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
= O 330.5 / ( 4 x 1.6 )
= 51.64 O
= 51.64 x 16
= 826 mm
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an anchorage
of 1127 mm. The bearing stress inside the bend is now checked .
O = 16 mm
a = 82 mm for internal bar ( centre to centre distance between bar ) ( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2
= 25 + 16 = 41 mm for external bar . ( = cover + dia of bar )
33
33
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 41 mm.
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x fck / [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
= 22.5 / 1.78 550
= 12.6404 N / mm2
At the centre of bend , the anchorage available = 279 + 147 = 426 mm
Stress in bar at centre of the bend = 330.5 x ( 826 - 426 ) / 826
= 160 N / mm2
Fbt = 160 x 201 x 10-3 = 32.16 KN ( area of 16 O bar = 201 mm2 )
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
= 32.16 x 103 / 180 x 16
= 11.16 N / mm2 < 12.64 N /mm2 ……………………..( safe )
The arrangement is thus satisfactory.
( c )Check for shear :
Vu = 60 KN
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
= 60 x 103 / ( 230 x 517 )
= 0.505 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 603 ) / ( 230 x 517 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 0.507 0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength ﺡc = 0.46 N / mm2 < ﺡv 0.243 difference
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - ﺡc b d OR Vus = ( 0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10-3
50
279 3-16 O
295
r internal radius
108 r = 180
r 550
295
150 2-10 O
500 3000 mm
3m
69.6 KN
104.4 KNm -
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ﺡC, N / mm2
Pt = 100
x As Concrete grade
x As
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
19 table 7-1 ) 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
0.04 1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
? -0.0304 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ﺡc = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
nforcement
………………( safe )
4-20 O
2-12 O
( given )
an anchorage
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
33 82 82 33
33 82 82 33
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502
16 25 need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend
calculated as given below :
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
Where ,
Fbt = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
230
r = internal radius of the bend , and
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f
Where,
fck is the characteristic strength of concrete and
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar
of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover p
bar ( O )
19 table 7-1 )
0.08
? -0.0778
KN
nforcement
………………( safe )
3-16 O
2-10 O
230
ﺡ, N / mm2
C
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5xβ-1)
ss than 1.0
s at bends
ooks described in IS : 2502-1963
de a bend in any other bend shall be
or group of bars,
ar of equivalent area
hall not exceed 1.5 f ck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
2-16 O 2-16 O
545 600
DIA 8O 8O 8O
NO. 4 rest 4
SPA. 300 390 300
Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
N / mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370
230 x 5452 x 10-6 550 458 441 419 380
l be used for
he support
nforcement
on reinforcement
………………( safe )
easing the dimensions of section or deign as
am ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
low .
ngly reinforced )
ubly reinforced )
Design of Simply supported Singly reinforced Beam
Span = 6 m ( simply supported rectangular beam )
characteristic load = 20 KN / m inclusive of its self-weight
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm
Material M15 grade concrete ( Given )
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
The beam is resting on R.C.C. columns.
Solution : -
Factored load = 1.5 x 20 = 30 KN /m.
M u = w x ℓ2 / 8
= 30 x 62 / 8
= 135 KNm
Vu = w x ℓ / 2
= 30 x 6 / 2
= 90 KN
( a ) Moment steel :
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10 OR
= 565 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5652 x 10-6
Mu / b d2 = 135 x 106 / ( 230 x 5652) = 151.983 KNm
= 1.84 < 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu < Mu,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.84 )
Pt = 50
415 / 15
= 0.614
Ast = ( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 798 mm 2
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a )
Minimum steel , As = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 266 mm 2
From Table 6-4
Ast,lim = 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 936 mm 2.
Provide 16 mm O - 4 No. = 804 mm2.
Let 2 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 750 mm , from the face of the support .
( b ) Check for development length :
( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L d = 56 O ( Table 7-6 )
From the centre of the support , i.e. 56 x 16 = 896 mm .
in this case , the distance is ( 3000 - 750 ) = 2250 mm ……………….( safe )
( 2 ) For the remaining bars , Ast = 402 mm2
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 - [( fy Ast ) / ( fck b d ) ] )
= 0.87 x 415 x 402 x 565 ( 1 - [ ( 415 x 402 ) / ( 15 x 230 x 565 ) ] ) x 10 -6
= 82.01 x 0.91
= 74.99 KNm
Vu = 90 KN , L0 = 12 O ( assume )
As the reinforcement is confined by compressive reaction
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x 74.99 x 106 / 90 x 103 +12 O ≥ 56 O
1083.19 ≥ 44 O
O ≤ 24.62 mm
Oprovided = 16 mm ……………………..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear :
At support , Vu = 90 KN
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
will be used for checking shear at support.
Vu = 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 73.05 KN
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
= 73.05 x 103 / ( 230 x 565 )
= 0.562 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 402 ) / ( 230 x 565 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 0.309 0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength = ﺡ0.376
c N / mm2 < ﺡv 0.191 difference
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - ﺡc b d OR Vus = ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565
565 600
750 4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
230 4- 16 O
6000 c/c
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
d = √ Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of section or d
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of resist
230 x 5652 x 10-6 needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and additional te
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Table 6-2
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
fy , N / mm2 250 415 500 550
Mu,lim / fck b d 2
0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck 21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
Table 6-4
at distance d Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck fy, N / mm2
N / mm2 250 415 500 550
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
19 table 7-1 ) 25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83
0.11 30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99
? -0.084
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10-3 Structural Members
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
For HYSD steel , Fe500 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
( ﺡc )max N/mm 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
ed moment )
d in ( 1 ).
nsion
is greater
ll be provided
ve in shear ,
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension = 40 kNm at top and 22.5 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension = 30 kNm at top and 20 KNm at bottom.
Solution : -
About x axis :
β1 and β2 are the same
For Beam :
bf = l 0 / 6 + b w + 6 D f
= 0.7 x 5000 / 6 + 230 + 6 x 120
= 1533.33333
bf / bw = 1533.3 / 230 = 6.67
Df / D = 120 / 600 = 0.2
Kt from chart 88 , SP : 16 = 2.07
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( 2.07 x ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 620 3 ) / 5000
= 2836699 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 230 x 4003 / 7000
= 175238.095 mm3
β1 = β2 = ∑ Kc / ( ∑Kc + ∑Kb )
= 2 x 175238 / 2 ( 175238 + 2836699 )
= 0.0582
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.035 < 1.2 ……………….consider 1.2
lex = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 - 620 )
= 7656 mm
lex / D = 7656/400
= 19.14 > 12
The column is long about x direction.
About Y axis :
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 4203 ) / 5000
= 426006 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 2303 / 7000
= 57938.0952 mm3
β1 = β2 = ∑ Kc / ( ∑Kc + ∑Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.06 < 1.2 ……………….consider 1.2
ley = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
= 7896 mm
ley / b = 7896/300
= 26.32 > 12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
ℓex / D = 6000 / 400
= 15.0 > 12
ℓey / b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7 > 12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ℓex / D )2
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15)2 x 10-3
= 67.5 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ℓey / b )2
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7)2 x 10-3
= 62.75 KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
Ag = 400 x 300 Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
= 120000 mm2 Ac = 400 x 300 - 120000*3/100
From chart 63 , puz / Ag = 22.5 N/mm2 OR = 116400 mm2
Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10-3 Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 4
= 2700 KN = 1571.4 +
Calculation of Pb : = 2692 KN
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover
d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 = 0.13 ……………use d' / D = 0.15
d' / D ( about yy-axis ) = 52.5 / 300 = 0.18 ……………use d' / D = 0.2
From Table 60 , SP 16
Pb ( about xx-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pbx = ( 0.196 + 0.203 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10 -3
= 779 KN
Pb ( about yy-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pby = ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10 -3
= 672 KN
Kx = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pbx )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
= 1200 / 1921
= 0.625
Ky = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pby )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
= 1200 / 2028
= 0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
Max = 67.5 x 0.625 = 42.2 KNm
May = 62.75 x 0.592 = 37.15 KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
Mux = ( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) = 15.0 KNm
Muy = ( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) = 10.0 KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
adding the additional moments.
ex = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) = 27.3333
ey = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) = 24
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
Mux = 1500 x 27.33 x 10-3 = 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
Muy = 1500 x 24 x 10-3 = 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2 KNm
Muy = 36.0 + 37.15 = 73.15 KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
Pu / fck b D = 1500 x 103 / ( 30 x 300 x 400 )
= 0.417
p / fck = 3 / 30 = 0.10
referring to chart 45 (d' / D = 0.15 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.104
Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 4002
= 149.8 KNm
referring to chart 46 (d' / D = 0.2 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.096
Muy1 = 0.096 x 30 x 400 x 3002
= 103.7 KNm
Mux / Mux1 = 83.2 / 149.8 = 0.56
Muy / Muy1 = 73.15 / 103.7 = 0.71
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2700 = 0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of Mux / Mux1 corresponding to the
above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual
value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.
for Pu / Puz = 0.56 , αn = 1.602
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : αn αn 0.04 difference ?
Mux Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 ≤1
1.602
( 0.56 ) + 1.602
( 0.71 )
0.395 + 0.577
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M uxx = 80 kNm at top and 60 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M uyy = 40 kNm at top and 30 KNm at
bottom.
The column is bent in double curvature and is slender about both the axis.
The slenderness ratios ℓex / Ixx and ℓey / Iyy are respectively 13.2 and 15.6
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than
applied moments.
Solution : -
Assume adjustment factor k = 0.8 for the first trial .
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ℓex / D )2
= ( 1000 x 450 / 2000 ) x (13.2 ) 2 x 10-3
= 39.2 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ℓey / b )2
= ( 1000 x 230 / 2000 ) x (15.6 ) 2 x 10-3
= 28 KNm
About XX
Pu = 1000 KN
Muxx = Mi + k x Max
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
= 0.6 x 80 - 0.4 x 60
= 48 - 24
= 24 KNm < 0.4 x 80 = 32 KNm
Take , Mi = 32 KNm
Note that Mu1 is considered negative as the column bends in double curvature .
Mu,xx = 32 + 0.8 x 39.2
= 63.36 KNm. < 80 KNm
Take , Mu,xx = 80 KNm
About YY
Pu = 1000 KN
Muyy = Mi + k x May
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
= 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 30
= 24 - 12
= 12 KNm < 0.4 x 40 = 16 KNm
Take , Mi = 16 KNm
Mu,yy = 16 + 0.8 x 28
= 38.4 KNm. < 40 KNm
Take , Mu,yy = 40 KNm
Finally design the column for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mu,xx = 80 KNm
Mu,yy = 40 KNm
For the first trial , assume uniaxial bending about y axis for the following values .
P'u = 1000 KN
M'uy = ( 230 / 450 ) ( 80 + 40 ) = 61.33 KNm
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 Say 0.2
P'u / fck b D = 1000 x 103 / 20 x 230 x 450 = 0.48
M'uy / fck b D2 = 61.33 x 106 / 20 x 450 x 2302 = 0.129
p / fck = from chart 46 , SP : 16 = 0.162
p = 0.162 x 20
= 3.24
Asc = ( 3.24 /100 ) x 230 x 450
= 3353 mm2
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
usually conservative . Let us try 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O = 3220 mm 2
Now check the assumed section as follows :
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 230 x 450 - 3220
= 100280 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10-3
= 902.52 + 1002.225
= 1904.7 KN
Pb = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Asc = ( p / 100 ) x b x D
p / fck = ( 3220 x 100 ) / ( 230 x 450 x 20 )
= 0.156
For d' / D = 0.2 , k1 = 0.184 and k2 = -0.022 from table 60 ,SP : 16
Pb = ( 0.184 - 0.022 x 0.156 ) x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10 -3
= 0.181 x 2070
= 373.8 KN
k = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
= ( 1904.7 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.7 - 373.8 )
= 904.7 / 1530.9
= 0.59
Design for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mux = 32 + 0.59 x 39.2 = 55.13 KNm < 80 Take , Mux = 80 KNm
Muy = 16 + 0.59 x 28 = 32.52 KNm < 40 Take , Muy = 40 KNm
For p / fck = 0.162 and Pu / fck b D = 0.48 , the reinforcement being equally distributed ,
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
d' / D = 50 / 450 = 0.11 ≈ 0.15
From chart 45 , SP : 16
Mux1 / fck b D2 = 0.145
Mux1 = 0.145 x 20 x 230 x 4502 x 10-6
= 135.07 KNm
About YY
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 ≈ 0.2
From chart 46 , SP : 16
Muy1 / fck b D2 = 0.13
Muy1 = 0.13 x 20 x 450 x 2302 x 10-6
= 61.89 KNm
Check :
Pu / Puz = 1000 / 1904.7 = 0.525
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.542 0.2 difference 0.34
check : 0.075 difference ?
α αn
Mux n Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 ≤1
1.542 1.542
80
135.07
+ 40
61.89
0.446 + 0.51
IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Memb
Degree of End Restraint of
Symbol
Compression members
( i + 1 ) th floor slab
Beam
( i ) th floor
ly on four sides.
Effective length of column ( ℓef ) : It is the distance between the points of zero
column height .
1 of the IS 456-2000
Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
00 - 120000*3/100
8-25 O
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
used .
l bars would be
g)
re less than
al steel are
-0.1275
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
l diameter of bar )
e used .
rnal bars would be
as short when both slenderness ratios
where, For Circular column lex / D ≤ 10
major axis
minor axis
e major axis.
e minor axis.
0.5 ℓ 0.65 ℓ
0.7 ℓ 0.8 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.0 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.2 ℓ
- 1.5 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
f compression member.
slab
Beam
/D
0.20
0.184
0.138
d' / D
0.15 0.20
-0.045 -0.045
0.046 -0.022
0.104 -0.001
0.061 -0.011
0.203 0.028
0.256 0.040
0.077 -0.020
0.201 0.036
0.291 0.056
= 0.112
d' = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1
From chart 32 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.078
p = 0.078 x 15 = 1.17
As = 1.17 x b x D = 1.17 x 500 x 500 / 100
= 2925 mm2
Provide 4-25 mm O + 4-20 mm O = 3220 mm 2 , equally distributed
p = 3220 x 100 / ( 500 x 500 )
p = 1.288
p / fck = 1.288 / 15
= 0.086
The assumed section is now checked.
For p / fck = 0.086 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.4 ,
The reinforcement being equally distributed , the moment capacities from
Chart - 44 , SP-16
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = Muy1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 0.108
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.108 x 15 x 500 x 500 2 x 10-6
= 202.5 KNm
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 500 x 500 - 3220
= 246780 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 246780 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10-3
= 1665.77 + 1002.23
= 2667.99 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2668
= 0.56
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : 0.04 difference ? -0.068
αn αn
Mux Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 ≤1
1.602 1.602
90 120
202.5 + 202.5
0.273 + 0.433
0.706 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 500 mm
4-25 O +
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 4-20 O
500
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 350 mm c/c
8O@
350 c/c
0.2 + 0.77
0.97 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
300
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
0 = 210 KNm .
αn is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2, α
1 .O; for values greater than 0.8, α n is 2.0.
0 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
8-25 O
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
be used .
Mux , Muy = moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axial load of P u,
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
be used .
Design of short circular column
Working load = 1200 KN
Assume emin < 0.05 D
( a ) lateral ties &
Given
( b ) helical reinforcement
Material M20 grade concrete
HYSD steel Fe415
For Lateral reinforcement mild steel Fe250
Solution : -
Factored load = 1.5 x 1200
= 1800 KN
( a ) lateral ties : -
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Then , Asc = 0.008 Ag
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Substituting , we have
1800 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag
1800 x 103 = 7.936 Ag + 2.2244 Ag
1800 x 103 = 10.1604 Ag
Ag = 177165 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( ¶ / 4 ) x D2 = 177165
D = √ 225688
D = 475 mm
Use 475 mm diameter column.
Asc = 0.008 x 177165
= 1417 mm2
Minimum 6 bars shall be used.
Provide 16 mm diameter bars ( 1417 / 201 ) = 8 no.
Asc = 8 x 201
= 1608 mm2
Use 6 mm O lateral ties , Spacing shall be lesser of
( i ) 475 mm ( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( iii ) 48 x 6 = 288 mm ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c .
( b ) Helical reinforcement : -
The column with helical reinforcement can support 1.05 times the load of a similar
member with lateral ties. Therefore
Pu = 1.05 [ 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc ]
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag ]
1800 x 103 = 8.3328 Ag + 2.33562 Ag
1800 x 103 = 10.66842 Ag
Ag = 168729 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( ¶ / 4 ) x D2 = 168729
D = √ 214941
D = 463 mm
Use 450 mm diameter column.
Then , Ag = ( ¶ / 4 ) x 4502
= 158962.5 mm2
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x (158963 - Asc ) + 0.67 x 415 x Asc ]
= 1335289 - 8.4 Asc + 291.953 Asc
464711 = 283.55 Asc
Asc = 1638.903 mm2
provide 20 mm diameter bars ( 1638.9 / 314 =) 6 No.
Asc = 6 x 314
= 1884 mm2
Assume 8 mm O M.S. bars for helix at 40 mm clear cover .
Dc = 450 - 40 - 40
= 370 mm
asp = ( ¶ / 4 ) x 82
= 50 mm2
Minimum ρs = 0.36 ( (Ag / Acr) - 1 ) fck / fy
= 0.36 ( ( 4502 / 3702 ) - 1 ) x 20 / 250
= 0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
= 0.013801
Now ρs = 4 x asp / p x Dc
0.0138 = 4 x 50 / p x 370
p = 39.17 mm …………………….. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< Dc / 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67 mm )
> 25 mm
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 = 24 mm ……………( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide 8 mm O helix @ 35 mm pitch.
al diameter of bar )
6 - 20 O
450
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
Design of short column
Factored load = 1500 KN
Assume emin < 0.05 D
Given
Material M15 grade concrete
mild steel Fe250
Solution : -
Here , emin < 0.05 D , But emin = 20 mm
Therefore , size of column shall be minimum ( 20 / 0.05 = 400 ) 400 mm x 400 mm
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Then , Asc = 0.008 Ag
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.4 x 15 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 Ag
1500 x 103 = 5.952 Ag + 1.34 Ag
1500 x 103 = 7.292 Ag
Ag = 205705 mm2
If the column is to be a square , the side of column = √205705 = 453 mm
Adopt 450 mm x 450 mm size column .
Then ,
1500 x 103 = 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - Asc )+ 0.67 x 250 x Asc
1500 x 103 = 1215000 - 6 Asc + 167.5 Asc
285000 = 161.5 Asc
Asc = 1765 mm2
Provide 20 mm diameter bars = ( 1765 / 314 ) = 6 No.
giving , Asc = 6 x 314 = 1884 mm2
Note that the distance between the bars exceeds 300 mm on two parallel sides .
the arrangement of reinforcement should be changed.
Provide then 4 no. 20 mm diameter bars plus 4 no. 16 mm diameter bars giving
Asc = 4 x 314 + 4 x 201
= 1256 + 804
= 2060 mm 2
Lateral ties :
Use 6 mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
( i ) 450 mm ( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
(iii) 48 x 6 = 288 mm . ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O ties about 250 mm c/c .
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -20 = 350 > 48 x 6 = 288 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
450 450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
450 450
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
equal to the
on / 30 , subject to
ity exceeds the
e following
( Mu / b x d 2 ) = 1.405
Mu1 = 1.405 x 1000 x 159 x 159 x 10 -6
= 35.5198 KNm.
Vu = 40.33 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 40.33 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1144.954 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1144.95
which gives O ≤ 23.66 mm ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Mu1 = 35.52 KNm.
Vu = 33.94 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 33.94 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1360.519 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1360.52
which gives O ≤ 28.11 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Development length for negative moment reinforcement
= 56.4 x 10 = 564 mm …………………………………..( 1 )
Anchorage beyond point of contraflexure = 12 diameter
i.e. 0.15 x 3680 + 12 x 10 mm from B
= 672 mm. …………………………………..( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) anchorage required = 672 mm.
As a thumb rule provide anchorage of 1000 mm i.e. equal to the cantilever.
The negative moment reinforcement is placed in the form of alternate chipiya as shown in fig.
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 %
for Fe415
In AB portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /216
= 232 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 230 mm c/c = 218 mm2 .
In BC portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /180
= 279 mm 10 mm O @ 200 c/c
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 250 mm c/c = 200 mm2 . ( alternate Chipiya )
Sketch : 1000
1000 16
15
14
Chipiya
13
12
Beam at slab level
230 11
10 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
200 9 12 mm O @ 160 mm c/c
8
180 mm thick waist slab
7
6
5
4
3
2
Plinth level
1
v
Beam with minimum reinforcements
Wall from foundation
Note : At plinth level a small beam over the masonry is usually provided with minimum
reinforcement and with minimum 230 mm x 230 mm size to give proper seating to the stair case.
Building inside 230 mm thick wall
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3450 1000
230
( 3.75 + 0 ) KN
( 19 + 4.5 ) KN / m
(10.5 + 4.5 )
A B C
3.68 m 1.115 m
x
) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
+ 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
n shear is zero )
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
0.087
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
as shown in fig.
10 mm O @ 200 c/c
( alternate Chipiya )
1000
150
Beam at slab
16level
@ 230 mm c/c
M40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,
whichever is greater
compressive
)
Design of dog-legged staircase
230
1 5 9 10
UP 900
20 19 15 900
11
v 230
vv
300 900 2250 900 230
vv
= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.224%
Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = √ 2502 + 1602
= 296.8 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m2
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m2 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 KN / m 2
160 296.8
Live load = 3.00 KN / m2
Total = 4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
= 11.09 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m2
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.
16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m
RA = 24.83 KN RB = 24.83 KN
525 2250 525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3300
RA = RB = 0.525 x 11.63 + 16.64 x 2.25 / 2
= 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
Mu = 24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2) 2 / 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 ) 2 ) / 2
= 40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
= 21.97 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.22
drequired = √M / Q x b
= √21.97 x 10 6
/ 2.22 x 1000
= 99.48 mm,
dprovided = 150 - 15 - 6
= 129 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
Mu / b x d 2 = 21.97 x 10 6 / 1000 x (129)2
= 1.32
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.687%
to 200 mm
to 280 mm
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ﺡc )max N / mm 2.5
2
2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (ﺡbd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ﺡbd N / mm 2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ﺡbd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of ﺡbd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1 /
V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars Compression bars
fy N / mm2
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
700
700
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing ) v v
v v
v v
12 O @ 125 c/c
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab v
v
v
8 O @ 220 c/c
v
12 O @ 125 c/c v
v
Flight-B
vv
v
v
v
v
v
v 8 O @ 220 c/c
v
v
v v v v v v 12 O @ 125 c/c
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5xβ-1)
ss than 1.0
m2
M40
4.0
n tension
M40
1.9
mpression
786-1985 , the
s upto 10 m :
plied by
se deflection
150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
v
v
v
v 150
v
v
v v v v
vv v v v
vv
vv
v
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c