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Unit II - Turning Machines PDF
Unit II - Turning Machines PDF
Lathe
• Lathes are widely used machine tools in the mechanical
industries, factories, warehouses and manufacturing units.
• The main function of a lathe is to remove metal from a
piece of work to give it the required shape and size.
• Lathe rotates the object around the spindle for machining
the metal in desired form.
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Lathe
• Based on the type of operation lathes are categorized in
manual and automatic CNC controlled (Computer
numerical control) machines.
• Lathes are designed for different industrial applications but
the basic features remains common.
• The main parts of lathes are headstock, bed, carriage and
tailstock.
• The various features and functionalities make the lathes
use for different types of applications.
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Types of Lathe
• Various types of lathes are available in the market based
on the machine tool functionality and technology used in
manufacturing the lathes.
Center Lathe
Tool room Lathe
Turret Lathe
Gang-tool Lathe
Multi-spindle Lathe
CNC Lathe
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Center lathe
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Lathe specifications
• Distance between centers : Maximum length of job that can be
turned
• Swing over the bed : Maximum diameter of the job that can be
turned
• Swing over the cross slide : Maximum diameter of the job that can
be turned with the job across the cross side
• Horse power of the motor
• Number of speeds
• Number of feeds
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Lathe specifications
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Lathe Accessories
• Divided into two categories
▫ Work-holding, supporting, and driving devices
Lathe centers, chucks, faceplates
Mandrels, steady and follower rests
Lathe dogs, drive plates
▫ Cutting-tool-holding devices
Straight and offset tool holders
Threading tool holders, boring bars
Turret-type tool posts
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Lathe Centers
• Work to be turned between centers must
have center hole drilled in each end
▫ Provides bearing surface
• Support during cutting
• Most common have
solid Morse taper shank
60º centers, steel with carbide tips
• Care to adjust and lubricate occasionally
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Chucks
• Used extensively for holding work for machining
operations
▫ Work large or unusual shape
• Most commonly used lathe chucks
▫ Three-jaw universal
▫ Four-jaw independent
▫ Collet chuck
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Collet Chuck
• Most accurate chuck
• Used for high-precision work
• Spring collets available to hold round, square, or
hexagon-shaped workpieces
• Each collet has range of only few thousandths of
an inch over or under size stamped on collet
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Dog
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Mandrels
• This used to holding hollow work pieces.
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Lathe Bed
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Cross Slide
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Compound Rest
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Tool post
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Straight Toolholder
• General-purpose type
• Used for taking cuts in either direction and for
general machining operations
• Designated by letter S
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Carriage
In its simplest form the
carriage holds the tool
bit and moves it
longitudinally (turning)
or perpendicularly
(facing) under the
control of the operator
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There is also provision to offset the tailstock from the spindles axis,
this is useful for turning small tapers, and when re-aligning the
tailstock to the axis of the bed.
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Tail Stock
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Cutting tools
• We can put different shapes on the High speed tool bits to
cut different shapes on the workpiece
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Lathe Operations
• Turning: produce straight, conical, curved, or grooved
workpieces
Knurling
• A knurling tool is used to press a pattern onto a
round section.
• The pattern is normally used as a grip for a handle.
• This provide a grip for the round part
e.g. Screwdriver
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Knurling
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Parting off
• Parting-off is the operation of
cutting a workpiece after it has
been machined to the desired
size and shape.
• The process involves rotating the
workpiece on a chuck or
faceplate at half the speed to that
of turning and feeding by a
narrow parting off tool
perpendicular to the lathe axis by
rotating the cross slide screw by
hand.
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Thread
Terminology
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Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Thread Terminology
• Screw thread
▫ Helical ridge of uniform section formed on inside
or outside of cylinder or cone
• External thread
▫ Cut on external surface or cone
• Internal thread
▫ Produced on inside of cylinder or cone
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• Major diameter
▫ Largest diameter of external or internal thread
• Minor diameter
▫ Smallest diameter of external or internal thread
• Pitch diameter
▫ Diameter of imaginary cylinder that passes
through thread at point where groove and thread
widths are equal
▫ Equal to major diameter minus single depth of
thread
▫ Tolerance and allowances given at pitch diameter
line
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• Root
▫ Bottom surface joining sides of two adjacent
threads
▫ External thread on minor diameter
▫ Internal thread on major diameter
• Crest
▫ Top surface joining two sides of thread
▫ External thread on major diameter
▫ Internal thread on minor diameter
• Flank
▫ Thread surface that connects crest with root
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• Depth of thread
▫ Distance between crest and root measured
perpendicular to axis
• Angle of thread
▫ Included angle between sides of thread measured
in axial plane
• Helix angle
▫ Angle that thread makes with plane
perpendicular to thread axis
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Chamfering
• Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of
a workpiece.
• This is done to remove the burrs, to protect the end of the
workpiece from being damaged and to have a better look.
• The operation may be performed after knurling, rough
turning, boring, drilling.
TAPER TURNING
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INTRODUCTION
• In ordinary straight turning, the cutting tool moves along a line parallel to
the axis of the work, causing the finished job to be the same diameter
throughout.
• When the diameter of a piece changes uniformly, from one end to the
other, the piece is said to be tapered. Taper turning as a machining
operation is the gradual reduction in diameter from one part of a
cylindrical workpiece to another part.
INTRODUCTION
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longitudinally.
• This action causes the cutting tool to move at an angle to the axis of the
• The angle of the desired taper is set on the guide bar of the attachment,
and the guide bar support is clamped to the lathe bed. Since the cross-
slide is connected to a shoe that slides on this guide bar, the tool follows
along a line that is parallel to the guide bar and hence at an angle to the
SPECIAL ATTACHMENTS IN A
CENTER LATHE
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SPECIAL ATTACHMENTS
▫ Each general purpose conventional machine tool is designed
and used for a set of specific machining work on jobs of limited
range of shape and size.
▫ But often some unusual work also need to be done in a specific
machine tools, e.g. milling in a lathe, tapping in a drilling
machine, gear teeth cutting in shaping machine and so on.
▫ Under such conditions, some special devices or systems are
additionally used being mounted in the ordinary machine tools.
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SPECIAL ATTACHMENTS
• Some attachments being used in the general
purpose conventional machine tools are
• In centre lathes :
▫ Taper turning attachment
▫ Copy turning attachments
▫ Milling and cylindrical grinding attachments
▫ Spherical turning attachments
▫ Relieving attachment
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For Complex contours, the tool should be feed in two axis (X & Y)
simultaneously
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Milling Attachments
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Grinding Attachments
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RELIEVING ATTACHMENT
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GEAR ARRANGEMENT IN A
LATHE
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GEAR ARRANGEMENT
• There are mainly two types of gear arrangements
used in headstock of lathe machine.
▫ All geared headstock
▫ Back geared headstock
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FEED MECHANISM IN A
LATHE
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GEAR ARRANGEMENT
• There are number of feed mechanisms used in lathe
machine in which each has unique function.
• Feed mechanisms comprises of reverse mechanism,
change gear quadrant, quick change gearbox, lead
screw, feed rod and apron.
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REVERSE MECHANISM
• Reverse mechanism is used to change the direction of
carriage either from headstock to tailstock or vice versa.
• Change gear quadrant with quick change gear box is
used to provide us different feed rates to lead screw and
feed rod
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APRON MECHANISM
• Apron mechanism is used to move carriage on the lead screw
and also for automatic thread cutting operation.
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Source: http://www.bestinnovativesource.com/2013/01/05/feed-mechanism-in-lathe-machine/
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Semiautomatic &
Automatic Lathes.
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The semiautomatic lathes, capstan lathe and turret lathe are very similar in
construction, operation and application. Fig. schematically shows the basic
configuration of capstan lathe.
Ram type turret lathes, i.e., capstan lathes are usually single spindle and horizontal axis type.
Turret lathes are also mostly single horizontal type but it may be also spindle and
1. Vertical type and
2. Multispindle type
Turret lathes are mostly horizontal axis single spindle type. The multiple spindle vertical turret
lathes are characterised by :
Suitably used for large lot or mass production of jobs of generally
1. chucking type
2. relatively large size
3. requiring limited number of machining operations
Machine axis – vertical for
1. lesser floor space occupied
2.easy loading and unloading of blanks and finished jobs relieving the spindles of bending
loads due to job – weight.
Number of spindle – four to eight.
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• Automatic lathes are essentially used for large lot or mass production of
small rod type of jobs.
• Automatic lathes are also classified into some distinguished categories based
on constructional features, operational characteristics, number of spindles
and applications as follows
1. Single spindle
Automatic cutting off lathes
Automatic (screw cutting) lathe
Swiss type automatic lathe
2. Multi spindle automatic lathe
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For further increase in rate of production of jobs usually of smaller size and
simpler geometry.
Multispindle automatic lathes having four to eight parallel spindles are
preferably used.
Unlike multispindle turret lathes, multispindle automatic lathes ;
Are horizontal (for working on long bar stocks)
Work mostly on long bar type or tubular blanks
Multiple spindle automats also may be parallel action or progressively working
type.
Machining of the inner and outer races in mass production of ball bearings are,
for instance, machined in multispindle automatic lathes.
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The bar stock is held and tightly clamped in the push type spring collet
which is pushed by a push tube with the help of a pair of bell-crank levers
actuated by a taper ring as shown in Fig.
Bar feeding is accomplished by four elementary operations;
Unclamping of the job – by opening the collet
Bar feed by pushing it forward
Clamping of the bar by closing the collet
Free return of the bar-pushing element
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After a job is complete and part off, the collet is opened by moving the lever
manually rightward to withdraw the push force on the collet.
Further moving of the lever in the same direction causes forward push of the
bar with the help of the ratchet – paul system shown.
After the projection of the bar from the collet face to the desired length
controlled by a pre-set stop – stock generally held in one face of the turret or
in a separate swing stop, the lever is moved leftward resulting closing of the
collet by clamping of the bar stock.
Just before clamping of the collet, the leftward movement of the lever
pushes the bar feeder (ratchet) back freely against the paul
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A typical tool layout for a particular job being machined in a single spindle
automatic lathe is schematically shown
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Case Study : As An Example
Task (say) : 2500 pieces of hollow hexagonal headed mild steel bolts,
as shown in Fig. are to be produced by machining.
Blank selected :
Hot rolled hexagonal section mild steel bars for;
• saving machining of the hexagonal head portion
• the hexagonal head is of standard size which is available
• job size – reasonable for single spindle automatic
• not being precision job
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