1

2
Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

7-3
 3D Mohr’s Circle (Master Degree)

• Stress transformation
can be solved using
mathematical
equations (general
transformation
equations)

OR Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle

Graphical method
(Mohr’s Circle)
4
5
Introduction
• Plane Stress  state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

7-6
-ve (Compression) Positive and negatives signs
of a stress element

+ve (ccw) + ve (Tension)

+ve (Tension)
-ve (cw)
+ve (Compression)

7
Example:
 To investigate the effect of wall cladding due to the building deformation
 Plane stress only considered on the x-y plane for this example

Rotated
Initial

 It could archived to principal stresses OR maximum

shearing stresses OR any rotated stresses

ROTATES

Torsional
OR
ROTATES
Translation 8
 Transformation of Plane Stress
• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin
  y A sin sin   xy A sin  cos
 Fy  0   xyA   x A cos sin   xy A cos  cos
  y A sin  cos   xy A sin sin

General Transformation Equations

• The equations may be rewritten to yield
 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
9
Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.

7 - 10
Maximum Shearing Stress
 x   ave

Maximum shearing stress occurs for

7 - 11
12
13
How can we
know this
position is
for σmax.
Lets check it
(refer to
slide 14)

14
15
16
17
18
= 30 MPa (cw)

19
 METHOD 1
MOHR CIRCLE

20
21
22
 O= (σave, 0)

Pole, V = (σx, 𝜏xy)

23
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
60
10 MPa

40 MPa
40 50 MPa x
V

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-60

24
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
10 MPa
of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40
70 Mpa

-60

25
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
10 MPa
of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
30 Mpa

-40
70 Mpa

-60

26
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
10 MPa
of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20
Θp = 26o c.c.w

σmin= -30 σave= 20

θp
70 = σmax σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
30 Mpa
θp
θp
-40
70 Mpa

-60

27
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa) OR
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
10 MPa
of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
30 Mpa

-20

-40

-60

28
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa) OR
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
10 MPa
of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20
Θp = 90o + 26o = 116o C.C.W

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-60 θp -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
30 Mpa
-20
70 Mpa

-40

-60

29
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
20 MPa
50 MPa
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
𝜏max= 50
10 MPa orientation of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-60

30
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
20 MPa
50 MPa
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
𝜏max= 50
10 MPa orientation of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-60

31
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
20 MPa
θs
50 MPa
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
θs 10 MPa orientation of stress element
𝜏max= 50 40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-60

32
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
20 MPa
50 MPa
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
𝜏max= 50
10 MPa orientation of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-60

33
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa) OR
60 Q2: Find minimum shearing stresses and
10 MPa
𝜏max= 50 orientation of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

𝜏max= -50
-60

34
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa) OR
60 Q2: Find minimum shearing stresses and
10 MPa
𝜏max= 50 orientation of stress element
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
OR
Similar to 𝜏max= 50 MPa
-40

𝜏max= -50
-60
20 MPa
50 MPa

θs

35
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
Q3: Rotated element at 45deg c.c.w
60
10 MPa

40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20

-40

-20 MPa
-60
𝜏x’y’= -30 MPa

36
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
Q3: Rotated element at 45deg c.c.w
60
10 MPa

40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σy'= -20 MPa σave= 20 σx'= 60 MPa

σ (MPa)
-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
𝜏x’y’= -30 MPa

-40

σy'= 20 MPa σx'= 60 MPa

-60
𝜏x’y’= 30 MPa

37
 Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter

y
𝜏 (MPa)
20 MPa
50 MPa
60
10 MPa
𝜏max= 50
40 MPa
40 V 50 MPa x

20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
30 Mpa
70 Mpa
30 Mpa
-40
70 Mpa
σy'= 30 MPa σx'= 60 MPa 𝜏max= -50
-60
𝜏x’y’= 30 MPa 20 MPa
50 MPa

38
 METHOD 2
MOHR CIRCLE

39
Principal Stresses

C = (σave , 0)
Pole = (σx, -𝜏xy)
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

7 - 40
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle

41
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
60

40

V = (σx, -𝜏xy)
20 (50, -40)

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
10 MPa

40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

-60

42
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
60 Q1: Find principal stresses and orientation
of stress element

40

Principal plane
20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
2θp

-20
10 MPa

40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

-60

43
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
60

40

20

σmin= -30 σave= 20 70 = σmax σ (MPa)

-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
2θp

-20
2θp = 52o
10 MPa θp = 26o (ccw)
40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

-60

44
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
𝜏max= 50
orientation of stress element

40
Shear plane

20
2θs

σave= 20 σ (MPa)
-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C

-20
2θs = 144o
10 MPa θs = 72o (ccw)
40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

𝜏max= -50
-60

45
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
Q2: Find maximum shearing stresses and
60
𝜏max= 50
orientation of stress element

40

20

2θs σ (MPa)
-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
σave= 20

-20
2θs = 144o
10 MPa θs = 72o (ccw)
40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

𝜏max= -50
-60

46
47
 Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle

𝜏 (MPa)
Q3: Rotated element at 45deg c.c.w
60

Rotated plane
40
𝜏x’y’= 30 MPa

20

σy'= -20 MPa σx'= 60 MPa

σ (MPa)
-40
y
-60 -20 20 40 60 80 100
C
σave= 20 2 x 45o

-20
θ = 45o (ccw)
10 MPa 2θ = 90 o (ccw)
40 MPa
-40 V 50 MPa x

-60

48
49
Other Example
of
MOHR’s CIRCLE
50
51
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle 52
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle 53