DESIGN OF TRACTOR WAY

A. Input Data Go to Check She

Bed level = 522.00 m
Maximum Flood level = 533.00 m
Hard Rock Level (from soil data) = 521.5 m
Maximum Flood discharge = 2524 m3/s
Bottom level of pier = 522.00 m
Bank level @ Right = 527 m
@ Left = 527 m
Width of river (A) = 60 m
No of piers = 3 Nos
No of span = 4 Nos
Pier diameter @ Top (wpt) = 0.9 m
@ Bottom (wpb) = 1.5 m
Thickness of dirt wall (tdw) = 0.3 m
Expansion joint between dack slabs = 0.02 m
C/c dist. b/w abutment and pier = 14.325 m
≈ 15 m
Clear dist. b/w piers = 14.1 m
Clear dist. b/w abutment and pier = 14.55 m
Therefore Width of river (14.1 x2 + 2 x14.55 + 3 x 0.9) = 60 m
Width of roadway excluding hand rails (rw) = 1.2 m
Thickness of handrail = 0.15 m
Thickness of rib = 0.3 m
Thickness of slab = 0.15 m
Wearing coat thickness (tw) = 0.1 m
Height of handrail including deck slab = 1.00 m
Height of handrail excluding deck slab = 0.85 m
Thickness of hammer head (th) - Straight portion = 0.3 m
- Inclined portion = 0.2 m
Width of Hammer Head = 0.9 m
Length between abutments = 60 m
Minimum vertical clearance + afflux = 1.2 m
Width of abutment @ Top = 0.9 m
@ Bottom = 1.5 m
Thickness of abutment cap = 0.3 m
Thickness of dirt wall (tdw) = 0.3 m
Expansion joint between dack slabs = 0.02 m
Total ventway (a) = 57.3 m
Formation level = 534.5 m
B. Design of slab for walkway / Footbridge
Clear span of bridge adopted = 14.1 m
Width of walkway provided = 1.2 m
Thickness of rib = 0.3 m
Thickness of slab = 0.15 m
Provide floor finish = 0.1 m
Grade of Concrete, Fck = M20 Mpa
Grade of Steel, Fy = 415 Mpa

1
 Unit weight of wearing coat = 1.9 T/m3
Unit weight of saturated earth = 2.1 T/m3
Unit weight of soil = 1.8 T/m3
Unit weight of RCC = 2.5 T/m3
Unit weight of PCC = 2.4 T/m3
i) Design of slab
Dead load/m2 (0.15 x 2500 + 0.1 x1900) = 565 kg/m2
Live load/m2 (Assumed) = 1000 kg/m2
Total Load /m 2 = 1565 kg/m2
Total Load /m (1565 x 0.6) = 939 kg/m
Weight of Handrail/m ( Assumed) ≈ 100 kg/m

Fig. 1: Cros sectional details

Fig. 2: Details of walk way

The slab of the walkway is a cantilever slab with beam portion fixed and handrail portion free end. So BM
will be maximum at the junction of the slab with the beam.
Total width of the deck slab (1.2 + 2x 0.15) = 1.5 m
Overhang portion of the cantilever (1.5 - 0.3)/2 = 0.6 m

100 kg 939 kg/m

Beam junction

0.60 m

2
Fig. 3: Loading details

3
Maximum Bending moment at the junction Mmax = (939 x 0.6x0.6/2) + (100 x0.6)
= 229.02 kg-m
Factored moment Mu = (229.02 x 1.5 )
= 343.53 kg-m
= 3.37 kN-m
Overall Thickness of slab = 0.15 m
Diameter of bar used = 8 mm
Providing main steel 8mm diameter bar with clear cover = 30 mm
Effective depth d' = 150 - 30 - 8/2
= 116 mm
Mu/bd2 = ( 3.37 x 10^6)
(1000 x116x116)
= 0.25 N/mm2
Refering to Table 2 of SP16,
Take Mu/bd2 = 0.3
Mu/bd2
For Mu/bd2 = 0.3 , fy = 415 and fck = 20 Pt = 0.085

∴ 100Ast/bd = 0.085 ###

Ast = 0.085x (1000 x116)
100 Fy
= 98.6 mm2 pt
For 8mm diameter bar spacing required = 1000 x (a/Ast)
= 509.791911333 mm ###
Check for minimum reinforcement, Astmin = 0.12% Gross C/s Area
= 0.12 x ( 1000 x150)
= 180 mm2
Minimum Ast is greater than calculated Ast Hence provide minimum Ast
For 8mm diameter bar spacing required = 1000 x (a/Astmin)
= 279.25 mm
As per clause 304.5.5 of IRC Section III maximum spacing of tensile reinforcement shall not exceed 30 cm
or twice the effective depth whichever is less
Spacing ≤ 300 mm
≤ 232 mm 230
Hence, provide 8mm diameter bar @ 230mm centre to centre
Distribution steel (Cl.305.18.1 of IRC
Moment = 0.3times LL moment + 0.2 times DL moment Section III )
Dead load/m2 = 565 kg/m2
Live load/m2 (Assumed) = 1000 kg/m2
Total Dead Load /m (565 x 0.6) = 339 kg/m
Total Live Load /m (1000 x 0.6) = 600 kg/m
Weight of Handrail (taken as DL) ≈ 100 kg
Mu = 0.3(600 x 0.6 x 0.6/2) + 0.2(339 x 0.6 x
0.6/2) + 0.2(100 x 0.6)

= 56.604 kg-m
Factored moment Mu = (56.604 x 1.5 )
= 84.906 kg-m
= 0.833 kN-m
Overall Thickness of slab = 0.15 m
Diameter of bar used = 8 mm
Providing 8mm diameter bar with clear cover = 30 mm

4
 Effective depth d' = 150 - 30 - 8/2
= 116 mm
Mu/bd2 = ( 0.833 x 10^6)
(1000 x116x116)
= 0.062 N/mm2
Refering to Table 2 of SP16,
Take Mu/bd2 = 0.3
Mu/bd2
For Mu/bd2 = 0.062 and fy = 415, Pt = 0.085

∴ 100Ast/bd = 0.085 ###

Ast = 0.085x (1000 x116)
100 Fy
= 98.6 mm 2 pt
For 8mm diameter bar, spacing required = 1000 x (a/Ast)
= 509.79 mm ###
Check for minimum reinforcement, Astmin = 0.12% Gross C/s Area
= 0.12 x ( 1000 x150)
= 180 mm2
Minimum Ast is greater than calculated Ast, Hence provide minimum Ast
Hence Astprovided = 180 mm2
For 8mm diameter bar spacing required = 1000 x (a/ Astprovided)
= 279.25 mm
Hence, provide 8mm diameter bar @ 250mm centre to centre
Check for deflection
Maximum span 0.6+0.3/2 = 0.75 m
Tension reinforcement %, 100Ast/bd = (100 x 3.14 x 8x8)/(4 x 230x116)
= 0.19
Values of span/effective depth as per chart 22 of SP 16 for SS span upto 10m
For 100Ast/bd = 0.19% , Span / Effective depth = 33 As per chart 22 of SP16
Case 1: For Span over 10m, multiply the values by 10/ span in metres
Case 2: For continous beam or slab, multiply the value for SS condition by 1.3
Case 3: For cantilevers upto 10m, multiply the value from the chart by 0.35
Case 4: For cantilevers over 10m, this chart is not valid
Select Case : 3
For cantilevers upto 10m, multiply the value from the chart by
= 0.35
0.35
∴ Span / Effective depth = 11.55
Actual Span / Effective depth = 0.75x 1000
116
= 6.47
Within the Allowable Deflection of 11.55, Hence safe
C. Design of Beam
i) Calculating the Depth of beam

Fig.2 : Longitudinal Sectional Details of Pier, Abutment and Tractor way

5
 Length between piers (L2) = 14.1 m
Length between abutment and pier (L1) = 14.55 m
Projection of deck slab into abutment (p 1) = 0.58 m 0.9- 0.3 - 0.02 = 0.58 m
Projection of deck slab into pier (p 2) = 0.44 m (0.9- 0.02)/2 = 0.44m
Overal length of deck between abutment and pier = 15.57 m
Overal length of deck between piers = 14.98 m
Effective length of deck between abutment and pier = 15.06 m
Effective length of deck between piers = 14.54 m
Width of Deck Slab = 1.5 m
Thickness of rib = 0.3 m
Span of the Beam = 15.06 m
For Continous Beam IS 456 2000 Clause
Span/ effective depth ratio for span upto 10m = 26 No.23.2.1 a) and e)
Since Span > 10m, Multiply the ratio by 10/Span = 17.26 Simply Supporte
Depth of beam required d = Span/17.26 Continous
= 0.87 m
Assume an overall depth of beam as D = 1.20 m
Assume 2 layers of reinforcement bars of diameter = 25 mm
∴ Effective depth d = (1200- 2x25-25/2 - 20)
= 1117.5 mm
= 1.12 m
> 0.87 Hence safe, depth of beam is sufficient
ii) Moment due to loads
Weight of deck slab = 8.76 Tonne Longer length, L1 is
Weight of wearing Coat = 3.55 Tonne considered for load
Weight of Hand rail = 9.93 Tonne calculations
Total Dead Load = 22.24 Tonne
i.e.Total Dead Load in kg/m = 1428.39 kg/m
self weight of beam = 900 kg/m
Live load, LL = 1500 kg/m 1000x1.5 kg/m
Total Load = 3828.39 kg/m
Maximum Bending moment at the junction Mmax = WL2/8
= 116012.13 kg-m
Factored moment Mu = (116012.13 x 1.5 )
= 174018.195 kg-m
= 1707.12 kN-m
iii) Moment due to tortion
( Assume LL to be on one side of the walkway completely )

600 kg/m LL = 1000 x 0.6

600 kg/m
Beam junction

0.60 m
Moment due to tortion Met = Tu ( 1+ D/b) (Clause 41.4.2 of IS 456
1.7 2000)
Where Tu = M x L/2
Where M = WL2/2
= 600x0.6x0.6/2
= 108 kg-m
Torsional moment on one support(for Half span)
Tu = M x L/2 = 108 x15.57/2
= 840.78 kg-m
Met = 840.78x( 1+1.2/0.3)

6
 1.7

7
 = 2472.8823529 kg-m
Factored moment = 3709.3235294 kg-m
Total Factored Moment, M = Mu + Met
= 177727.51853 kg-m
= 1743.51 kNm
Effective depth d = (1200- 2x25-25/2 - 30)
= 1107.5 mm
= 1.120 m
Mu/bd2 = ( 1743.51 x 10^6)
(300 x1107.5x1107.5)
=
4.74 N/mm2
The Limiting Moment of Resistance, (Mulimit) for SS beam with M20 mix From Table D, page 10

and Fe 415 grade steel, of SP 16

Mulimit / bd2 = 2.76 N/mm2 ###
Mu > Mulimit , UNSAFE, Hence, design as doubly reinforced beam ###
Providing 25mm diameter bar with clear cover = 25 mm
d' = 25 + 25/2
= 37.5 mm
d'/D = 0.03
From table 50 , of SP
Choose Table 50 of SP 16, where d'/D = 0.05 for fck =20 and fy = 415 grade steel
Pt = 1.2 16
Pc = 0.71 ###
###
Tension reinforcement percentage 100Ast/bd = 1.2
Ast = 1.2x (0.3 x1.12)
100
= 4032.000 mm2
Number of bars = A/a
= 8.21 nos
≈ 8 nos
Hence, provide 8 nos of 25mm diameter bar in two layers
Compression steel percentage 100Asc/bd = 0.71
Asc = 0.71x (0.3 x1.12)
100
= 2385.600 mm2
Number of bars = A/a
= 4.86 nos
≈ 5 nos
Hence, provide 5 nos of 25mm diameter bar in two layers
D. Design for shear
Maximum Shear force Vu = WL/2
= 29804.02 kg
Equivalent shear in torsion
Ve =

= 29804.02+ 1.6(840.78/0.3)
= 34288.18 kg
= 336.37 kN
Factored Shear force = 51432.27 kg
= 504.55 kN
Maximum Shear stress τve = Ve /bd
= 504.55/(0.3x1.12)
= 1501.64 kN/m2
= 1.5 N/mm2 fck
τcmax = 2.8 N/mm2 Table J of SP16
Maximum Permissible Shear stress
τ ve < τ cmax Hence safe ###

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 To calculate percentage steel assume 50% bars bend up at supports
i.e, 4 nos of 25mm diameter bar are bend up at 1/10 spanfrom the support
Ast = 4x (3.14 x25x25)/4
= 1963.4954085 mm2
Pt = 100Ast/bd
= 0.58 p
For Pt = 0.58, τc is obtained from Table 61 of SP16 ###
t

τc = 0.504 N/mm2 ###

`
Shear rft shall be provided to carry a shear, Vus = Ve - τc bd
V
= 336.37- (0.504x0.3x1.12x1000)
u
= 167.026 kN For Fy = 415
s Mpa
Factored shear = 250.539 /
d
Vus / d
= 2.24 kN/cm
Assume 2 legged stirupps of diameter = 8 mm V
###
For Vus / d = 2.24 kN/cm, and providing 8mm 2legged stirrups of 415 a
###
l
grade steel the spacing of stirrups is obtained from Table 62 of SP16 Spacing
u =
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 160 mm c/c Table 62 of SP16 e
s
E. Check for deflection
Maximum clear span = 14.55 m
Effective depth = 1.12 m
Tension reinforcement percentage Pt = 1.2
In Chart 22 of SP 16, the value of Span to depth ratio is given for SS span upto 10m
Since span is greater than 10m, span to depth ratio obtained from the chart shall be multiplied
by 10/span
For Pt =1.2 , fck =20 and fy = 415 grade steel the Span to
= 20.5
depth ratio from chart ,
Span to depth ratio = 20.5x 10/14.55
= 14.09
Actual Span to depth ratio = 14.55/1.12
= 12.99
hence safe, Deflection is within the limits

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 FIXING STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION OF PIER
A. Input Data
Bed level = -1.12 m
Maximum Flood level = 6.10 m
Hard Rock Level (from soil data) = -35 m
Maximum Flood discharge = 1580 m3/s
HTL = 2.114
LTL =
Bottom level of pier = 3.91 m
Width of river (A) = 135 m
No of piers = 4 Nos
No of span = 5 Nos
Pier diameter @ Top (wpt) = 1.5 m
@ Bottom (wpb) = 1.5 m
Thickness of dirt wall (tdw) = 0.4 m
Expansion joint between dack slabs = 0.04 m
Length between abutments = 135 m
Width of abutment @ Top = 1.2 m
@ Bottom = 4m
Total ventway (a) = 129 m
Formation level = 9.98 m
B. Check for Afflux
Total height of ventway till MFL = 11.00 m
Total ventway area = 1419 m2
Velocity of flow in area (V) = 1.11 m/sec
Considering bell mouthed entry,
Afflux, x = = 0.00664 m As per Clause 106.6.2 of
IRC : 5-2015
Afflux is within limits
C. Fixing the Formation level
Slab thickness (ts) = 0.22 m
Wearing coat thickness (tw) = 0.08 m
Depth of longitudinal girder = 2.2 m
Afflux = 0.5 m
Minimum vertical clearance = 1.2 m
Thickness of hammer head (th) - Straight portion = 0.75 m
- Inclined portion = 0.75 m
Width of Hammer Head = 1.5 m
Formation level required = 9.98 m
Provide Formation level at 9.98m
D. Pier Design Calculations
i) Dimensional details
Ht of hand rail (hr) = 0.78 m
Tk of hand rail (tr) = 0.2 m

8
 + 9.98m Road level

+ 7.32m Top of Hammerhead

+ 5.82m Top of Pier

+ 3.914m Bottom level of Pier/ Top level of pile cap

+ 2.114m Bottom level of pile cap

Fig.1 : Cross Sectional Details of Pier with Tractor way

Formation road level = 9.98 m

Bottom of deck slab = 9.70 m
Bottom of long. Girder = 7.70 m
Thickness of bearing = 0.08 m
Thickness of Pedestal = 0.3 m
Top of the hammer head = 7.32 m
Assume bottom level of the Pier = 3.914 m
Top of pier = 5.82 m
Height of pier = 1.91 m
≈ 1.90 m
Adopt Pier Height of 1.9m
Slenderness ratio 1.9 / 1.5 = 1.266667
< 12 Short column

Fig.2 : Longitudinal Sectional Details of Pier, Abutment and Tractor way

9
 Length between piers (L2) = 29 m
Length between abutment and pier (L1) = 29 m
Projection of deck slab into abutment (p 1) = 0.76 m 1.2- 0.4 - 0.04 = 0.76 m
Projection of deck slab into pier (p 2) = 0.73 m (1.5- 0.04)/2 = 0.73m
Overal length of deck between abutment and pier = 30.49 m
Overal length of deck between piers = 30.46 m
Effective length of deck between abutment and pier = 29.745 m
Effective length of deck between piers = 29.73 m
Width of Deck Slab = 5.65 m
With of Hammer head at top = 5
Overhang = 1.75
Cross sectional area of pier = 1.76625 m2
ii) Dead Load
Load from Deck slab per metre length = 340 Tonne
Weight of pier = 8.39 Tonne
Weight of Hammer Head:
a) Rectangular Portion = 14.0625 Tonne
b) Sloping Portion = 9.140625 Tonne
Total = 23.2 Tonne
Weight of Bearing and Pedestal (Say) = 2.8 Tonne

iii) Live Load

Load from Deck slab per metre length = 55 Tonne (As per deck slab calculation)

6.8 6.8 6.8 11.4 11.4 2.7 2.7

3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1

15.245 26.2

0.04

0.365
0.38 0.365 0.365 0.365
29 1.5 29
0.77
29.745 29.73

60.245

RB1 x (29 +0.38+0.365) = (6.8 x15.245) +6.8 (15.245+3) +6.8( 15.245+3+3)+6.8( 15.245+3+3 +3)+11.4( 15.245+3+3

+3+4.3)+11.4( 15.245+3+3 +3+4.3+1.2)

RB1 (6.8 x15.245) +6.8 (15.245+3) +6.8( 15.245+3+3)+6.8( 15.245+3+3 +3)+11.4( 15.245+3+3 +3+4.3)+11.4( 15.245+3+3 +3+4.3+1.2)
=

(29 +0.38+0.365)
RB1 = 1201.57
29.745

= 40.4 t
RB2 x (29 +0.365+0.365) = (2.7 x26.2) +2.7 (26.2+1.1)
RB2 = (2.7 x26.2) +2.7 (26.2+1.1)
(29 +0.365+0.365)
RB2 = 144.45
29.73

10
 = 4.86 t

Total reaction at B = 45.26 t

Impact Factor = 4.5/(6+S)

= 0.123
Total LL including impact = 45.26 x 1.123
= 50.82698 t

iv) Moment due to longitudinal force due to braking

Total load on the span 11.4+11.4+6.8+6.8+6.8+6.8+2.7+2.7
= 55.40 t
Longitudinal braking force = 20% of maximum load
(20/100) x 55.4
11.08 t
lever arm = 7.7 - 3.914
= 3.79
Moment due to Longitudinal force due to breaking
= 11.08 x 3.79
= 41.9932 tm
v) Vertical force due to braking
As per IRC 6/2000 cl. 214.3, Force acting 1.2 m above road way

Vertical distance from

point of action of force to
slab = 1.2 + Thickness of WC+Thickness of Deck Slab
= 1.2 + 0.08 + 2.2
= 3.48
Vertical force due to breaking
= (Longitudinal force due to breaking*Vertical distance/Eff. Span)
= 11.08x 3.48/29.73
= 1.3 t
Lever arm = 0.365+0.04/2
= 0.385 m
Moment due to vertical force due to braking
= 1.3x0.385
= 0.5005 tm

vi) Moment due to longitudinal eccentricity of DL

Reaction RB1 = 40.4 t
Reaction RB2 = 4.86 t
Net reaction = (40.4 - 4.86)
= 35.54
Net Reaction including impact
= (35.54 x 1.123)
= 39.91
Lever arm = 0.365+0.04/2
= 0.385 m
Moment due to longitudinal eccentricity of LL
= (39.91 x 0.385)
= 15.37 tm

11
12
vii) Moment due to transverse eccentricity of LL

Centre line of road = 4.25 / 2

= 2.125
Centre line of load = 0.15 + ( 0.5/2) +(1.8/2)
= 1.3
Eccentricity, e = 0.825 m
Moment due to transverse eccentricity of LL
= (50.82698 x 0.825)
= 41.93 tm

viii) Effect of Buoyancy

Volume = ( MFL-BL) x Area of Pier = 19.43 m3
Weight of Submergence = Volume x Density = 48.57188 Tonne
Volume of Submergence = Weight / Density = 19.42875 Tonne
Wt loss of pier due to buoyancy = 15% of total buoyant wt IRC 6-2016 Clause 213.3
= 2.91 Tonne

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 Determination of Scour Depth
Overall water way = 135 m
Clear Vent way = 135 - 4x1.5 = 129 m
Maximum flood discharge (Q) = 1580 m3/s
Lazy's regime width (P) = IS 6966 Part1 1989, Clause
= 191.9887 m 10.2
Overall water way < regime width, hence safe
Total length b/w abutments
Looseness factor = = 0.67 <1.0
Lazy's regime width (P)
If looseness factor < 1.0, IS 6966 Part1 1989, Clause
R= 19.1
If looseness factor > 1.0,
R=
Discharge per unit width, q = Discharge = 12.25 m3/s/m
Width of the river
Adding 20% concentration, q = 14.7 m3/s/m IS 6966 Part1 1989, Clause
14.2

Silt Factor, f (Assuming medium sand) = 1.25 IRC 78 2000 clause 703.2.2.1
Scour Depth, R = 7.52 m
RL of Depth of scour from MFL = MFL - 2 x R Table 1 IS 6966 Part1 1989
-8.94 m
Hard Rock level as per Soil Investigation Report = -35.00 m
Hence, Scour depth level is taken as = -8.94 m
ix) Horizontal force due to water current
Scour depth = 7.52 m
unit discharge, q = 14.7 m3/s/m
Max. head, h = MFL - Bed Level = 7.22 m
Mean Velocity, v = q/h = 2.04 m/s
Maximum Velocity, V = = 2.88 m/s
V 2 = 8.29
By method of similar triangles, X 2 = 7.09
Centre of gravity from BL, (7.09 + 2 x8.29) x2.186
=
(7.09+ 8.29) x 3
= 1.12 m from Pier bottom
Area of pier in the longitudinal direction of current = Width of Pier x Static head
= 2.85 m2
Area of Pier in transverse direction of current = Width of Pier x Static head
= 2.85 m2
Intensity of pressure P = 52KV2 Where IRC 6 2016 Clause 210.2
K = 0.66 (for circular pier) IRC 6 2016 Clause 210.2
As per Clause 210.5 of IRC 6 2016, "piers intended to be parallel to the direction of
current shall be designed for a variation of 20 degrees from the normal direction of
current and piers orginally intended to be inclined at θ degree to the direction of the
current shall be designed for a current direction inclined at (20±θ) to the length of the
pier".

14
 Here inclination of pier, θ = 0
Along longitudinal direction = cos 20o
= 0.94
Along transverse direction = sin 20o
= 0.34
Maximum water pressure
i) Along Pier Axis = 52 x0.66 x (V^2 Cos20)
= 267.44 kg/m2
= 0.27 t/m2
ii) Along Pier Axis = 52 x0.66 x (V^2 Sin20)
= 96.73 kg/m2
= 0.1 t/m2

6.10 6.10
0.27 0.1

3.91 3.91 0.086

0.231

-1.12 -1.12
0.140 0.052

-8.94 -8.94

a) Pressure Distribution longitudinal b) Pressure Distribution

direction transverse direction

Force due to water current

Considering the critical condition i.e. water up to MFL 1.5
Exposed area to water current = (1.5 +1.5)/2 x 1.9
= 2.85 m
2
MFL
a) Force along longitudinal direction = Pressure intensity x area 1.5
exposed
= (0.27+0.231)/2 x 2.85
= 0.71 Tonne
acting at a distance (0.231 + 2 x0.27) x2.186
=
(0.231+ 0.27) x 3 1.5
= 1.12 m from Pier bottom
b) Force along transverse direction = Pressure intensity x area
exposed
= (0.1+0.0855)/2 x 2.85
= 0.26 Tonne
acting at a distance (0.0855 + 2 x0.1) x2.186
=
(0.0855+ 0.1) x 3
= 1.12 m from Pier bottom

15
x) Wind Force
Wind force from u/s is assumed to be the worst condition, as it adds to the net horizontal
force (water pressure).
A) Wind force in transverse direction
a) Wind force on Pier Body

Bed level = -1.12 m

HTL = 2.11 m
Height of pier = 1.90
= 6.09 m
As per Clause 209 of IRC 6 2014, the total height of pier, H is taken for wind analysis as
exposed surface above the mean retarding surface (GL or Water Level)
Height of pier from BL to bridge H = 1.90 m
Exposed area of the pier A1 = (1.5+1.5)/2 x1.9
= 2.85 m2
acting at a distance (1.5 + 2 x1.5) x1.9
=
(1.5+ 1.5) x 3
= 0.95 m from BL
Wind Pressure Upto 10m Pz = 463.7 N/m2 Table 12 of IRC 6 2016
∴ For 1.9m, Pz = 463.7 N/m 2

Basic wind speed in Kerala is 39m/sec IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.2

Wind Pressure Pz = 463.7x 39^2 / 33^2 (Note 4)

= 647.65 N/m2
Transverse wind force FT = Pz x A1 x G x CD IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
Where A1 = 2.85 m 2

G = 2 IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3

Drag Coefficient, CD H = 1.90 m IRC 6 2016 Table 13
b = 1.5 m
H/b = 1.27
∴ CD = 0.7
∴ Transverse wind force on pier body FT = 647.65 x 2.85 x 2 x 0.7
= 2584.124 N
= 0.26 Tonne

16
b) Wind force on Hammer Head
Transverse wind force FT = Pz x A1 x G x CD IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
Where A1 = 1.5x(0.75+0.75)
= 2.25 m2
G = 2 IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
Drag Coefficient, CD H = 1.50 m IRC 6 2016 Table 13
b = 0.9 m
H/b = 1.67
t = 3.275 m
t/b = 3.64

∴ CD = 0.8
∴ Transverse wind force on hammer head FT = 647.65 x 2.25 x 2 x 0.8
= 2331.54 N
= 0.23 Tonne
c) Wind force on Deck Slab with beams and Hand rail
Transverse wind force FT = Pz x A1 x G x CD IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
Where A1 = 30.46x(0.78+2.2)
= 90.8602 m2
G = 2 IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
Drag Coefficient, CD H = 2.98 m IRC 6 2016 Table 13
b = 30.46 m
H/b = 0.1
t = 0.2 m
t/b = 0.01
Since, H/b <1.0, take H/b = 1.0
Since, t/b < 0.25, take t/b < 0.25
∴ CD = 1.3
∴ Transverse wind force on Deck Slab and Hand FT = 647.65 x 90.8602 x 2 x 1.3
rail = 152999 N
= 15.3 Tonne
B) Wind force in longitudinal direction
As per clause 209.3.4 of IRC 6 2016, longitudunal force shall be taken as 25% of the transverse
wind force
a) Wind force on Pier Body FL = 25% of 0.26
0.065 Tonne
b) Wind force on Hammer Head FL = 25% of 0.23
0.058 Tonne
c) Wind force on Deck Slab and Hand rail FL = 25% of 15.3
3.825 Tonne
C) Upward/Downward Vertical Wind Force
Vertical Wind Force Fv = Pz x A3 x G x CL IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.5
Where, plan area of bridge A3 = 30.46 x 5.65
= 172.2685 m2
G = 2 IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.3
CL = 0.75 IRC 6 2016 Clause 209.3.5
Fv = 647.65 x 172.2685 x 2 x 0.75
= 167355 N
= 16.74 Tonne

17
 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF PIER
Forces (in Tonnes) Lever Arm (m) Moments (T m)
Sl.No. Components
H V x y Mxx Myy
1. Total Dead load 340
2. Weight of Hammer head 23.2
3. Weight of pier 8.39
4. Wt of bearing and Pedestal 2.8
5. Live load from Deck 55
6. Moment due to Long. Ecc. Of LL 15.37
7. Moment due to trans. Ecc. Of LL 41.93
8. Long. force due to braking 11.08 3.79 41.9932
9. Vert.force due to braking 1.3
10. Effect of water pressure
a) Longitudinal direction 0.71 1.12 0.8
b) Transverse direction 0.26 1.12 0.29
11. Boyancy -2.91
12. Transverse Wind force
a) Pier Body 0.26 0.95 0.25
b) Hammer head 0.23 2.65 0.61
c) Deck slab and Hand rail 15.3 4.89 74.82
13. Longitudinal Wind force
a) Pier Body 0.065 0.95 0.06
b) Hammer head 0.058 2.76 0.16
c) Deck slab and Hand rail 3.825 4.89 18.7
14. Vertical Wind Force 16.74
TOTAL 31.788 444.52 118.41 76.5732

Total Vertical Force (V) = 31.788 Tonnes

Total area at the base (A) = 1.766 m2
Zxx = 0.331 m3
Zyy = 0.331 m3
Mxx = 118.41 T-m
Myy = 76.5732 T-m
Permissible Compressive Strength
= 400 T/m2
of Concrete
Permissible Tensile Strength of
= 40 T/m2
Concrete
Unsafe, Hence RCC pier may
= 607.073112 T/m2
be provided

Unsafe, Hence RCC pier may

= -571.07311 T/m2
be provided

15
16
 DESIGN OF PIER

A. Input Data
Grade of Concrete, Fck = M30
Grade of Steel, Fy = 415 Mpa
Diameter of main steel bar = 25 mm
B. Design Calculations of pier at the base
Height of pier = 1.90 m
Diameter of pier @ Top (d) = 1.5 m
Gross area of pier Ag = 1.77 m2
Slenderness Ratio, λ = 1.9/1.5
= 1.27
Pier is not slender
Vertical load on the pier = 444.52 Tonnes
Factored load Pu = 444.52 x 1.5
= 666.78 Tonnes
Moment Mxx = 118.41 T-m
Factored Moment Mux = 118.41 x 1.5
= 177.615 T-m
= 1742.40315 kN-m
Moment Myy = 76.5732 T-m
Factored Moment Muy = 76.5732 x 1.5
= 114.8598 T-m
= 1126.774638 kN-m
Considering circular column with Biaxial bending.
Assume moments due to minimum excentricity are less than the values given above.
Assume reinforcement is equally distributed on all four sides.
As a trail assume the percentage reinforcement, p = 0.8 %
p/fck = 0.03
a) Uniaxial moment capcity of the section about x-x axis (T-T)
Providing 25mm diameter bar with clear cover = 75 mm
d' = 75 + 25/2
= 87.5 mm
d'/D = 0.06
Choose chart 56 of SP 16, where d'/D = 0.1
Pu/fckD2 = 0.097
Refering to chart 56,
For Pu/fckD2 = 0.097 and p/fck = 0.03, Mu/fckD3 = 0.05
∴ Mux1 = 5062.5 kN-m
Since circular column, Mux1 = Muy1 ∴ Muy1 = 5062.5 kN-m

16
b) Calculation of Puz
Refering to chart 63,
For p = 0.8 , Fy = 415 and Fck = 30 Puz/Ag = 14.1 N/mm2
∴ Puz = 14.1 x Ag
= 24916.76 kN
Pu/Puz = 0.26
Mux/Mux1 = 0.34
Muy/Muy1 = 0.22
Refering to chart 64, the permissible value of Mux / Mux1
= 0.9 Hence safe
corresponding to the above values of Muy/Muy1 and Pu/Puz

Area of steel As = 0.8% x Ag

= 0.014 m2
For 25mm diameter steel bar
Area of one steel bar a = 490.87 mm2
No. of bars to be provided n = As/a = 29 Nos
Hence, provide 30 Nos of 25mm diameter steel bars at a clear cover of 75mm

c) Check for spacing for arrangement of bars

Bottom diameter of the pier = 1500 mm
Effective cover = 87.5 mm
Diameter of pier excluding two covers = 1325 mm
Perimeter of pier (excluding cover) = 4162.61 mm
Spacing between the bars = 138.75 mm
Clear spacing the bars = 113.75 mm
Since clear spacing of 113.75mm > codal requirements, hence adequate

17
 DESIGN OF PIER FOUNDATION
A. Data
Bed level = 522.00 m
Bottom level of pier = 522.00 m
Maximum Flood level = 6.10 m
Pier diameter @ Top (wpt) = 1.50 m
@ Bottom (wpb) = 1.50 m
Top level of pier without pier cap = 5.82 m
Top level of pier with pier cap = 7.32 m
Formation road level = 9.98 m
Thickness of pier cap = 1.5 m
Height of pier = 1.90 m
Deepest Rock level (As per soil Investigation report-BH No.5) = 521.5 m
Depth of embedment into rock = 0.6 m
Offset distance Off = 1.00 m
Unit weight of saturated earth = 2.1 T/m3
Unit weight of RCC = 2.5 T/m3
Unit weight of PCC = 2.4 T/m3
Grade of Concrete, Fck = M25 Mpa
Grade of Steel, Fy = 415 Mpa
Diameter of main steel bar = 20 mm
B. Fixing the Dimensions
Total depth of foundation = 522- 521.5 + 0.6
1.10 m
Width of foundation = 1.5+ 2 x 1
= 3.5 m
Length of foundation = 3.5 m
Perimeter of foundation = 14 m
Base area of foundation = 12.25 m2
Self weight of Footing = 33.69 Tonnes
Section Modulus Zxx = 7.15 m3
Zyy = 7.15 m3

Fig.1 : CROSS SECTIONAL DETAILS OF PIER AND FOOTING

18
C. Stability Analysis
Sl. Forces (in Tonnes) Lever Arm (m) Moments (T m)
Components
No. H V x y Mxx Myy
1. Dead load (Slab, W.C, Handrail) 340
2. Weight of Hammer head 23.2
3. Weight of pier 8.39
4. Self weight of footing 33.69
5. Live load from Deck Err:508
6. Effect of water pressure
a) Longitudinal direction 0.71 2.22 1.58
b) Transverse direction 0.26 2.22 0.58
7. Boyancy
a) Pier Body portion -2.91
b) Footing Portion -5.05
8. Transverse Wind force
a) Pier Body 0.26 2.05 0.53
b) Hammer head 0.23 3.75 0.86
c) Deck slab and Hand rail 15.3 5.99 91.65
9. Longitudinal Wind force
a) Pier Body 0.065 2.05 0.13
b) Hammer head 0.058 3.75 0.22
c) Deck slab and Hand rail 3.825 5.99 22.91
9. Vertical Wind Force -16.74
TOTAL 20.708 Err:508 94.62 23.84

Total Vertical Force V = Err:508 Tonnes

Total area at the base A = 12.25 m2
Zxx = 7.15 m3
Zyy = 7.15 m3
Mxx = 94.62 T-m
Myy = 23.84 T-m
Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 T/m2
From stability check,
= Err:508 T/m2 Err:508

= Err:508 T/m2 Err:508

D. Design of foundation
Maximum BM occurs at the face of the column O As per
Ordinate at O-O, yo-o = Err:508 Cl.34.2.3.2(a) of

Ignoring the weight of the footing, IS 456, 2000

= Err:508
cantilever force acting upwards
C.G about O-O axis = Err:508
Moment = Err:508
Factored Bending Moment = Err:508
Providing effective cover = 60 mm
Effective Depth, d = 1040 mm
C.G
x = Err:508
Err:508 yo-o
Err:508

1.00 O 2.50

Fig.2 : Pressure Distribution at the base of footing

19
 Considering Table 3 of SP16 Mu/bd2 Err:508
=
3500x1040x1040
= Err:508 N/mm2

Err:508 = Err:508

From Table 3 of SP16, Percentage steel required, p t = Err:508

100Ast/bd = Err:508
Ast = Err:508
100
= Err:508 mm2
Minimum Area of steel Astmin = 0.12 % bD
= 1320.0 mm2
For 20mm diameter steel bar
Area of one steel bar a = 314.16 mm2
No. of bars to be provided n = As/a = 4 Nos
Spacing = a x 1000
A
= 238 mm
Hence, provide 20mm diameter bar @ 200mm centre to centre at bottom in both
directions
Providing Minimum steel at top
Minimum Area of steel Astmin = 0.12 % bD
= 1320.0 mm2
Assuming diameter of steel at top = 16 mm
For 16mm diameter steel bar
Area of one steel bar a = 201.06 mm2
Spacing = a x 1000
A
= 152.3182 mm
Hence, provide 16mm diameter bar @ 150mm centre to centre at top in both
directions
E. Check for shear
a) Punching shear
Effective depth , d = 1040 mm
d/2 = 520 mm 45
x x1
Total load on the pier = 444.52 T

cos 45 = x / 0.75 1.5

x = Cos 45 x 0.75 1.06
= 0.53 0.52 1.06 0.52
x1 = 0.22
For circular column equivalent square section is taken
and Critical section is at a distance d/2 from the face
of the pier
``
Critical section

Fig 3: Critical Section for Punching shear

20
 Perimeter of the critical section bo = 4 x (1.06 + 2 x 0.52)
= 8.4 m
Punching shear stress, , τv = 444.52 x 10000
8400 x 1040
= 0.509
Permissible shear stress, , τc = 1.25 N/mm2 Cl.31.6.3.1 of IS
τv < τc, Hence safe 456 2000
b) One way shear
As per Clause 34.2.4.1(a) of IS 456, 2000, the critical section for shear is at a distance
of d from the periphery of the column
Effective depth , d = 1040 mm
O
Since Critical axis (O-O axis) lies outside the
section. Hence no shear.

O
c) Two way shear
As per Clause 34.2.4.1(a) of IS 456, 2000, the critical section for shear is at a distance
of d/2 from the periphery of the column
Effective depth , d = 1040 mm
d/2 = 520 mm
Diameter of critaical section = 1.5+0.52+0.52 O
= 2.54 m O
Perimeter of the critical section
bo = 3.14 x 2.54
= 7.98 m
Ordinate at O-O = Err:508
C.G about O-O axis = Err:508
Shear force at O-O = Err:508
Err:508

Factored shear force = Err:508

C.G
Err:508
yo-o x = Err:508

0.48 Err:508 Err:508

O
Punching shear stress, , τv = Err:508
7980 x 1040
= Err:508 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress, , τc = 1.25 N/mm2
Err:508

21
 DESIGN OF HAMMER HEAD
A. Input Data
Depth of hammer head = 1.5 m
Height of hand rail including thickness of deck slab = 1m
Grade of Concrete, Fck = M35 Mpa
Grade of Steel, Fy = 415 Mpa
Diameter of main steel bar = 25 mm
Effective cover to reinforcement = 0.05 m
B. Load and Moment Calculations for Hammer Head
As per IRC 6-2014, Table 3.2, Annexure B (Clause 202.3), Partial safety factor
of loads for the verification of structural strength.
a) Axial Force = 1.35 x DL + 1.5 x LL + 0.9 x WL
DL = 363.2 T
LL = 55 T
WL = 16.74 T
Total load coming over hammer head = 1.35 x 363.2 + 1.5 x 55 + 0.9 x 16.74
= 587.886 T
Width of hammer head at top = 5m
Equivalent UDL = 117.5772 T/m

X
117.58 T/m

0.75

0.75

X 1.75 m

Fig. 2 :Detail A

b) Moment due to axial load( Factored) Mu1 = Wl2/2

= 180.04 Tm
c) Moment due to tranverse wind force
i) Deck slab and handrail = 15.3 x (1.5 + 1 x 0.5)
= 30.6 Tm
ii) Hammer head = 0.23 x (1.5 /2)
= 0.1725 Tm
Total Moment due to wind = 30.7725 Tm
Factored Moment due to wind Mu2 = 30.7725 x 0.9
= 27.7 Tm
Total Moment = 207.74 Tm
At ends effective depth d = 1.5-0.05 m
= 1.45 m

22
 Width b = 0.9
Mu/bd 2
= 207.74 x 10^4)
0.9 x1.45x1.45x 10^9
= 0.0011
As per Clause 26.5.1.1 of IS 456,2000,
Minimum reinforcement may be provided =

= 2672.89 mm2
For 25mm diameter steel bar
Area of one steel bar a = 490.87 mm2
No. of bars to be provided n = As/a = 5 Nos
Hence, provide 5 nos of 25 mm diameter bars

C. Development Length
As per Clause 26.2.1. of IS 456,2000.
Development Length Ld =
From Clause 303.2.1 of IRC:21-2000-Table 10,
σs Clause 303.2.1 of
= 200 N/mm2 IRC:21-2000-
ɸ = 25 mm Table 10
Bond stress τbd obtained from Clause 26.2.1.1 of IS 456,2000, for M35 grade
= 1.7 x 1.6 x 1
= 2.72 N/mm2
Ld =

= 459.56 mm
Hence, provide Ld @ 500mm

D. Check for shear

As per Clause 40.1. of IS 456,2000. for beams of varying depth,
Factored shear force Vu = Wl
= 205.76 T
= 2057.6 kN
Nominal shear stress =

= 0.75/1.75
= 0.43
=

Area of steel provided
Percentage steel,
= [2057.6+2077.4x (0.43/1.45)]/(0.9x1.45)
= 2048.78 kN/m2
= 2.049 N/m2
Ast = (5 x 3.14/4)25^2
= 2454.37 mm2
Pt = 100Ast/bd = 0.2

23
As per Table 19 of IS 456,2000 , τc = 0.34 N/mm2
τv > τc , Hence shear reinforcement is necessary
Maximum Permissible Shear stress τcmax = 3.7 N/mm2 (Table 20 SP16)
τ v < τ cmax Hence safe for M25
Shear rft provided to carry a shear Vus = Vu - τc bd
= 2057.6- (0.34x0.9x1.45x1000)
= 1613.9 kN
Vus / d = 11.13 kN/cm
For Vus / d = 11.13 kN/cm, and providing 8 mm 2legged stirrups of 415 grade steel the spacing of (Table 62 of
stirrups is obtained from Table 62 of SP16 SP16)
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 400 mm c/c , But check for min steel
Minimum shear reinforcement
=

For 8 mm 2 legged stirrups Sv =

= 100.82
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 100 mm c/c

24
25
Table.1 SP 16 : Reinforcement percentage pt for singly reinforeced section

Fck = 15 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2

Mu/bd2 Mu/bd2
Fy = 415 Fy = 500 Fy = 415 Fy = 500
0.3 0.085 0.071 0.3 0.085 0.072

Fck = 15 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2

Mu/bd2 pt values Mu/bd2 pt values

(N/mm2) 415 500 (N/mm2) 415 500

0.30 0.085 0.071 0.30 0.085 0.072

0.35 0.010 0.083 0.35 0.099 0.083
0.40 0.114 0.095 0.40 0.114 0.095
0.45 0.129 0.107 0.45 0.128 0.107
0.50 0.144 0.120 0.50 0.143 0.120
0.55 0.159 0.132 0.55 0.158 0.132
0.60 0.175 0.145 0.60 0.175 0.145
0.65 0.190 0.158 0.65 0.187 0.158
0.70 0.206 0.171 0.70 0.203 0.173
0.75 0.221 0.184 0.75 0.218 0.184
0.80 0.237 0.197 0.80 0.233 0.197
0.82 0.244 0.202 0.85 0.248 0.202
0.84 0.250 0.208 0.90 0.268 0.208
0.86 0.257 0.213 0.95 0.280 0.213
0.88 0.263 0.218 1.00 0.295 0.218
0.90 0.270 0.224 1.05 0.311 0.224
0.92 0.276 0.229 1.10 0.327 0.229
0.94 0.283 0.235 1.15 0.343 0.235
0.96 0.289 0.240 1.20 0.359 0.240
0.98 0.296 0.246 1.25 0.376 0.246
1.00 0.303 0.251 1.30 0.920 0.251
1.02 0.309 0.257 1.35 0.409 0.257
1.04 0.316 0.262 1.40 0.426 0.262
1.06 0.323 0.268 1.45 0.443 0.268
1.08 0.329 0.273 1.50 0.460 0.273
1.10 0.336 0.279 1.55 0.477 0.279
1.12 0.343 0.285 1.60 0.494 0.285
1.14 0.350 0.290 1.65 0.512 0.290
1.16 0.357 0.296 1.70 0.530 0.296
1.18 0.364 0.302 1.75 0.547 0.302
1.20 0.371 0.308 1.80 0.565 0.308
1.22 0.378 0.314 1.85 0.584 0.314
1.24 0.385 0.319 1.90 0.602 0.319
1.26 0.392 0.325 1.95 0.621 0.325
1.28 0.399 0.331 2.00 0.640 0.331
1.30 0.406 0.337 2.02 0.647 0.337
1.32 0.413 0.343 2.04 0.655 0.343
1.34 0.420 0.349 2.06 0.662 0.349
1.36 0.428 0.355 2.08 0.670 0.355
1.38 0.435 0.361 2.10 0.678 0.361
1.40 0.442 0.367 2.12 0.685 0.367
1.42 0.450 0.373 2.14 0.693 0.373
1.44 0.457 0.790 2.16 0.701 0.790
1.46 0.465 0.386 2.18 0.709 0.386
1.48 0.472 0.339 2.20 0.717 0.339
1.50 0.480 0.398 2.22 0.725 0.398
1.52 0.487 0.404 2.24 0.733 0.404
1.54 0.495 0.411 2.26 0.740 0.411
1.56 0.503 0.417 2.28 0.749 0.417
1.58 0.510 0.423 2.30 0.757 0.423
1.60 0.518 0.430 2.32 0.765 0.430
1.62 0.526 0.436 2.34 0.773 0.436
1.64 0.534 0.443 2.36 0.781 0.443
1.66 0.542 0.449 2.38 0.790 0.449
1.68 0.550 0.456 2.40 0.798 0.456
1.70 0.558 0.463 2.42 0.806 0.463
1.72 0.566 0.469 2.44 0.814 0.469
1.74 0.574 0.476 2.46 0.823 0.476
1.76 0.582 0.483 2.48 0.831 0.483
1.78 0.590 0.490 2.50 0.840 0.490
1.80 0.598 0.497 2.52 0.848 0.497
1.82 0.607 0.504 2.54 0.857 0.504
1.84 0.615 0.511 2.56 0.866 0.511
1.86 0.624 0.518 2.58 0.874 0.518
1.88 0.632 0.525 2.60 0.883 0.525
1.90 0.641 0.532 2.62 0.892 0.532
1.92 0.649 0.539 2.64 0.901 0.539
1.94 0.658 0.546 2.66 0.910 0.546
1.96 0.667 0.553 2.68 0.919 0.553
1.98 0.676 0.561 2.70 0.928 0.561
2.00 0.685 2.72 0.937
2.02 0.693 2.74 0.946
2.04 0.703 2.76 0.955
2.06 0.712 2.78
2.08 2.80
2.10 2.82
2.12 2.84
2.14 2.86
2.16 2.88
2.18 2.90
2.20 2.92
2.22 2.94
2.24 2.96
2.98
 Table D : Limiting Moment of Resistance Factor,
Mulimit/bd2, Mpa for Singly Reinforced
Rectangular sections

Fck = 25 N/mm2 Mu limit/bd2 (N/mm2)

Mu/bd2 Fck N/mm2
Fy = 415 Fy = 500 250 415 500
0.3 0.084 0.071 20 2.98 2.76 2.66

Fck = 25 N/mm2
pt values Fy N/mm2
Mu/bd2
Fck N/mm 2
(N/mm2) 415 500 250 415 500

0.30 0.084 0.071 15 2.24 2.07 2.00

0.35 0.099 0.083 20 2.98 2.76 2.66
0.40 0.113 0.095 25 3.73 3.45 3.33
0.45 0.127 0.107 30 4.47 4.14 3.99
0.50 0.142 0.120
0.55 0.156 0.132
0.60 0.171 0.145
0.65 0.186 0.158
0.70 0.201 0.175
0.75 0.216 0.184
0.80 0.231 0.197
0.85 0.246 0.202
0.90 0.261 0.208
0.95 0.276 0.213
1.00 0.291 0.218
1.05 0.307 0.224
1.10 0.322 0.229
1.15 0.338 0.235
1.20 0.353 0.240
1.25 0.369 0.246
1.30 0.385 0.251
1.35 0.401 0.257
1.40 0.417 0.262
1.45 0.433 0.268
1.50 0.449 0.273
1.55 0.466 0.279
1.60 0.482 0.285
1.65 0.990 0.290
1.70 0.515 0.296
1.75 0.532 0.302
1.80 0.549 0.308
1.83 0.566 0.314
1.90 0.583 0.319
1.95 0.601 0.325
2.00 0.618 0.331
2.05 0.635 0.337
2.10 0.653 0.343
2.15 0.571 0.349
2.20 0.689 0.355
2.25 0.707 0.361
2.30 0.725 0.367
2.35 0.743 0.373
2.40 0.762 0.790
2.45 0.781 0.386
2.50 0.799 0.339
2.55 0.818 0.398
2.60 0.837 0.404
2.65 0.857 0.411
2.70 0.876 0.417
2.75 0.896 0.423
2.80 0.916 0.430
2.85 0.936 0.436
2.90 0.956 0.443
2.95 0.977 0.449
3.00 0.997 0.456
3.05 1.018 0.463
3.10 1.039 0.469
3.15 1.061 0.476
3.20 1.082 0.483
3.25 1.104 0.490
3.30 1.126 0.497
3.32 1.135 0.504
3.34 1.144 0.511
3.36 1.153 0.518
3.38 1.162 0.525
3.40 1.171 0.532
3.42 1.180 0.539
3.44 1.189 0.546
3.46 0.553
3.48 0.561
3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.72
3.74
Table F : Stress in compression reinforcement
fsc , N/mm2 in Doubly Reinforced beam

fsc (N/mm2)
d'/d values
415 500
0.15 342 395

d'/d
Fy N/mm 2

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

415 355 353 342 366

500 424 412 395 415
Table 61. SP 16: Design shear strength of concrete, τc (N/mm2)

τc (N/mm2)
pt
15 20 25 30 35 40
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.7 0.71 0.73 0.74

Fck (N/mm2)
pt
15 20 25 30 35 40

0.2 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34

0.3 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41
0.4 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46
0.5 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.6 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55
0.7 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59
0.8 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62
0.9 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65
1 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.1 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70
1.2 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73
1.3 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.75
1.4 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.77
1.5 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.6 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.81
1.7 0.71 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.81 0.83
1.8 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85
1.9 0.71 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.86
2 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.1 0.71 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.90
2.2 0.71 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91
2.3 0.71 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.4 0.71 0.82 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.94
2.5 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.6 0.71 0.82 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97
2.7 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.98
2.8 0.71 0.82 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.99
2.9 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.00
3 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
Table 62. SP 16: Spacing of vertical Stirrups, Sv, cm

For Fy = 415 Mpa

Stirrup Spacing, Sv (cm)

Vus/d Values
6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm
2.9 7 12 19 25

Stirrup Diameter of bar (mm)

spacing, Sv
(cm) 6 8 10 12

5 4.083 7.259 11.342 16.334

6 3.403 6.049 9.452 13.611
7 2.917 5.185 8.102 11.667
8 2.552 4.537 7.089 10.208
9 2.269 4.033 6.302 9.074
10 2.042 3.630 5.671 8.167
11 1.856 3.299 5.156 7.424
12 1.701 3.025 4.726 6.806
13 1.571 2.792 4.363 6.286
14 1.458 2.593 4.051 5.833
15 1.361 2.420 3.781 5.445
16 1.276 2.269 3.545 5.104
17 1.201 2.135 3.336 4.804
18 1.134 2.016 3.151 4.537
19 1.075 1.910 2.985 4.298
20 1.020 1.815 2.836 4.083
25 0.817 1.452 2.269 3.267
30 0.681 1.210 1.890 2.722
35 0.583 1.037 1.620 2.333
40 0.510 0.907 1.418 2.042
45 0.454 0.807 1.260 1.815