DRUM and Drun Internals Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

DRUM AND DRUM INTERNALS
 Madhu Bala Kumar

 Dy Director
 NPTI
Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi
Purpose of DRUM
The drum is pressure vessel. It provides the necessary space for the
separation of water from the mixture of steam and water
It also provides a water storage for prevention the starvation of tubes.
It houses the equipment needed for purify of steam.

Circulation Ratio
It may be defined as the ratio of feed water flow thru down

comers to the steam generated in water wall.
CR = Amount of water in Downcomers / amount of steam in Riser tube

Type of Circulation
 Natural circulation (upto 165

kg/cm2)
 Forced/ assisted circulation (185-200 kg/cm 2)
( Assisted by external circulating - Controlled

circulation pump)
 Once thru boiler 200 kg.cm 2

1. Sub critical Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi
 CR = 30-35 Industrial boilers
 CR = 6-8 Natural cir. Boilers
 CR = 2-3 Forced cir. Boilers
 CR = 1 Once thru boilers

 (Sub critical)
 CR = 1 Supercritical boilers

Density Difference with variation pressure
Density at 84 kg/cm2 is 16 times

Density at 196 kg/cm2 is 3 times
thus the pressure increases separation

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi become more difficult
Specification
 Length 15700 mm
 Weight 123 Tons
 Internal Diameter : 1676 mm
 Outer Diameter : 1942 mm
 Material: carbon Steel

 The drum is made of two halves
 It is having thickness 133 mm

Location of Drum
Boiler Drum is located 53

meters from the ground
level.

Description
The Drum is provided with

manholes and manholes
covers. This is facilitating
the maintenance persons to
go inside the DRUM for
maintenance.

Water and Steam Circuit
 The drum is also part of

boiler circulation system
 The movement of fluid from

the drum to the combustion
zone and back to the Boiler
drum.

 Feed water is supplies to

the drum from the
economiser through the
feed nozzle.

Location of Economiser
Economiser placed in
2nd pass of boiler
below he LTSH

Downcomers
 Water from the drum goes to
water walls through six
downcomers
 Two downcomers - To front side

of bottom ring header
 Two Downcomers – To rear side

of bottom ring header

 One Downcomers – to
left side of bottom ring
header
 One Downcomers – To
right side of bottom ring
header
 Two Downcomers – To
Water wall platen inlet
header

Front Waterwall
 Front waterwall
connections made up
of water tubes from
the front portion of the
bottom ring header to
the front top header.

Platen Water Wall
There are four platen

water wall located at the
top of the combustion
chamber to increase the
heating surface area
without increasing the
volume of the boiler
furnace.

Left side water wall

The rear water wall connection
About 60% of rear water tubes from

a goose neck and are connected to
the reap top most header.
A goose neck helps in maintaining a

better distribution of the flue gas
stream in the transition zone in
between 1st and 2nd pass .
And about 30% of rear water tubes

go straight to the top rear header
which is exactly above the rear
portion of the ring header.

Extended Water Walls
About 10% of the

water tube from the
rear side bottom ring
header are
connected to the
extended water wall
below the goose
neck.
Water goes to left
and right top header.

Water wall Assebly

Riser Tube
The complete tube

connections from boiler top
headers
There 6X23 riser tubes

Steam and water mixture is
admitted to the drum through
these riser tubes.

Complete Assembly
Complete assembly
of water wall ,
bottom ring header ,
top headers and
riser tubes

Function of DRUM Internals
 Separation of water from steam water mixture.
 Mixing and distributing the feed water.
 Internal treatment of boiler water by adding chemicals.
 Facilitating blowdown for reduction of boiler water

concentration i.e. total dissolved solids.

Function of DRUM Internals
 Steam Separation in boiler drum can be carried out

adopting by one of the following three method.
 A) Simple gravity separation
 B) Gravity separation with baffles plate
 C) Centrifugal and gravity separation

Drum Internal and Various Parts

Feed Pipe
It feeds water to the drum .
Water leaving the economiser is supplied to the drum through four feed
nozzles.
These nozzles are connected to an internal feed distribution header.

Riser Tubes
Steam and water mixture

is admitted to the drum
through these riser tubes.
There 6X23 riser tubes
Dia of Riser Tubes : 127

mm
Separating Chambers
 From the riser tube steam and

water mixture flows into the
drum along the length of the
drum shell called the
separating chamber

Baffle plate
 It directs the steam and water

mixture entering the drum to the
turboseparator.
 Maintain the entire drum surface at

an even temperature.
 Guide the steam / water mixture

from the riser tubes to the
turboseparature.

Turboseparator
From the lower end of the

separating chamber the steam
and water mixture is forced
upwards in the turboseparator.
Turboseparator is a main
separating device.

Stages of steam and water separator
 First stage : it takes place in the concentric

cylinder of Turboseparator
 Second stage : Takes place in corrugated sheet

connected to the top of the turboseparator
 Third stage : In the screen dryer

Primary Stage:
The primary stage is formed by

the two concentric cones and
spinner blade or spider blade
The fixed spinner blades impart a

centrifugal motion to the mixture of
steam and water flowing upwards
through the inner can . Heavier
particles come down and steam go up.

Secondary Stage
The secondary stage consists of two
opposite banks of closely spaced thin
corrugated sheet (wire mesh 50 nos.).
It directs the steam through a curved

path and separate the remaining water
Since the velocity is relatively low this

water is not picked again and flow
down to the drum water.
This stage is also called steam

scrubbing .
These separator are arranged in two

rows extending along the length of the
drum.
Total no - 100

Screen Dryer
 The third and final stage of

steam /water separation
takes place in the screen
dryer
 It removes the residual

moisture from the steam
leaving turboseparator

screen dryer
The screen dryer box consists

of wire mesh of different levels.
The steam passing between the

stripes making one or more
sharp changes in direction and
throwing the heavier water
particles coming in contact with
the stripes.
The steam coming out from the

dryer is totally moisture free
saturated steam.
Antivortex Spider
It located at the inlet of the downcomers
It prevents the vortex formation at the inlet of the

downcomer.

The Auxiliary connection of Boiler Drum.
 Blowdown Line
 Chemical Dosing
 Safety valves
 Air vent

Blow Down
Continuous Blow Down
Emergency Blowdown

It maintains solid concentration in the boiler within

permissible limits
A blowdown line is used to remove a portion of water from

the drum periodically of continuously and at the same time
system is replenished with pure feed water through feed
nozzles.

Water enters the blowdown line through series of

holes located on the blowdown line and comes
out through a single outlets nozzle


 TDS in make up water in PPM
CBD % of feed =------------------------------------- x % MAKE UP
TDS allowed in boiler water in PPM
Normally % of CBD will be a maximum of 1 % of the steam generation

Emergency Blowdown
It is used to normalise
the high water level in
the drum
It is Positioned slightly
above the normal water
level in the drum to
bring the water level
normal in the drum.

Chemical Dosing Line
Chemical dosing line is used for introducing chemicls to

maintain the hardness and the pH values of the feed water
in the drum.
Chemical are fed in the drum by a small high pressure

pump and is fed on demand by monitoring composition of
the boier water.

Scale forming salt in the boiler is converted into sludge

facilitating its removal low point drain.
The pH value of the boiler water in maintained at the

desired level to prevent corrosion as well as silica carry
over by steam.

Chemical are admitted through a single inlet nozzle and

distributed through a series of holes located on the
chemical dosing line.
Chemical recommended - TRO SODIUM PHOSPHATE

It reacts with scale forming salts like calcium chloride,

calcium sulphate etc. if any present in boiler water and
convert them into sludge.
3CACl2 + 2Na3SO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCL

It improves the pH value of boiler water as Trisodium

phosphate reacts with water and produce sodium
hydroxide
Na3SO4 + H2O NaOH + Na2HPO4
Keep the silica carry over within 0.02ppm

FUNCTION OF SAFETY VALVES
To relives the excess pressure and above the permissible

working pressure in the boiler drum.
It also provides the final protection in the event when

interlocks and normal control fails to prevent over
pressure built up.

FUNCTION OF SAFETY VALVES
Three numbers of spring type safety valves are fitted on

the top of the drum
One in the right end and two in the left hand.
The valve must open without fail and maintain the normal
pressure.

Safety Valves
Location Operating Safety valves Set Pressure

Pressure of Kg/cm2
Drum
DRUM 148.3 Kg/cm2 SV1 158.2
SV2 160.3
SV3 162.4
Super heater outlet 130 Kg/cm2 SV1 144
SH Relief valve 142

Air Vent
 two air vent are provided on the the drum to

evacuate air from the drum during the starup.
 One is mounted on left and other is on right

side

Local Drum Level Indicator
It provide visual observation and

monitoring of the water level in the drum
Top of the gauge glass glass is connected

to the steam side.
The bottom side of the glass is connected

below the normal water level of the drum.

Pressure Gause

High and Low Level Drum Trip
 Normal Water level is drum is maitained at 254 mm below drum
centre line.
 It is essential to maintain the drum normal water level for

effective functioning of drum internals.
 Drum level reaches 125 mm above the normal level - high water
level alarm raise (Due to carryover the water particles with
steam leaving the drum)

High and Low Level Drum Trip
 Drum level reaches 175 mm above the normal level - Boiler trip
on very high water level
 Drum level drops 125 mm below the normal level - low water
level alarm raise (leads to starvation of furnace water wall)
 Drum level drops 175 mm below the normal level - Boiler trip
on very low water level

THANKS

DRUM and Drun Internals Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

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DRUM AND DRUM INTERNALS

 Madhu Bala Kumar

It also provides a water storage for prevention the starvation of tubes.

It houses the equipment needed for purify of steam.

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

It may be defined as the ratio of feed water flow thru down

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 Natural circulation (upto 165

 Forced/ assisted circulation (185-200 kg/cm 2)

( Assisted by external circulating - Controlled

 Once thru boiler 200 kg.cm 2

 CR = 6-8 Natural cir. Boilers

 CR = 2-3 Forced cir. Boilers

 CR = 1 Once thru boilers

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Density at 84 kg/cm2 is 16 times

thus the pressure increases separation

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 It is having thickness 133 mm

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Boiler Drum is located 53

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

The Drum is provided with

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 The drum is also part of

 The movement of fluid from

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 Feed water is supplies to

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 Two downcomers - To front side

 Two Downcomers – To rear side

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

There are four platen

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

About 60% of rear water tubes from

A goose neck helps in maintaining a

And about 30% of rear water tubes

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

About 10% of the

and right top header.

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

The complete tube

There 6X23 riser tubes

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 Separation of water from steam water mixture.

 Mixing and distributing the feed water.

 Internal treatment of boiler water by adding chemicals.

 Facilitating blowdown for reduction of boiler water

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

 Steam Separation in boiler drum can be carried out

 A) Simple gravity separation

 B) Gravity separation with baffles plate

 C) Centrifugal and gravity separation

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

It feeds water to the drum .

These nozzles are connected to an internal feed distribution header.

Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi