Relative Clause ( Mệnh đề quan hệ)

I/ Relative Pronouns ( Đại từ quan hệ)

Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) cũng được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) và nó là một
mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó (tiền ngữ). Mệnh đề quan hệ được nối
với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoặc các
trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) When, Where, Why. Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó
bổ nghĩa.

1. Which ( Cái mà, điều mà ...)

* Đại từ quan hệ which thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan
hệ.
Eg1 : - This is the book. I bought it yesterday.= This is the book which I bought yesterday.( Đây là cuốn sách
mà tôi mua ngày hôm qua)
- Which đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ which I bought yesterday làm nhiệm vụ xác định cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
Eg 2 : The book which is on the table belongs to our teacher. ( Cuốn sách ở trên bàn thuộc về thầy giáo của
chúng tôi)
- Which đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
* Notes : - Nếu which đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ which đi.
Eg : This is the book which I bought yesterday = This is the book I bought yesterday.
- Which có thể thay cho cả một câu, lúc đó ta phải dùng dấu phẩy trước which.
Eg : - He often goes out at night. This makes his wife angry.
= He often goes out at night, which makes his wife angry.( Anh ta thường đi chơi vào buổi tối, điều đó làm
cho vợ anh ta rất bực mình)
2. Who (Người mà)
* Who là đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg : - The man comes from China. He is sitting at the door. = The man who is sitting at the door comes from
China.( Người đàn ông ngồi ở cửa đến từ Trung quốc)
3. Whom
* Đại từ quan hệ whom thay cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg : - The man comes from China. My father is talking to him = The man whom my father is talking to
comes from China.( Người đàn ông mà bố tôi đang nói chuyện với đến từ Trung Quốc)
* Ta có thể để giới từ đứng trước whom.
Eg : - The man to whom my father is .......
- Ta có thể bỏ " whom" đi.
Eg : - The man my father is talking to comes from China.
* Ta có thể thay whom = who trong văn nói khi giới từ đứng sau.
Eg : - The man who my father is talking to comes from China.
4. That
* That là đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật làm tân ngữ hoặc chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề
quan hệ.
Eg : The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
The man that came to your house yesterday is Nam's brother.
* That thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ người và vật
Eg : - We saw many people and cows that went to the forest.
* Notes : Không dùng that để thay cho danh từ đã được xác định.
Eg : Không nói : Mr Pike, that is old , is my teacher.
*Không dùng that để thay thế cho cả câu.
Eg : Không nói : He often goes out at night, that makes ......
* Không dùng giới từ trước that.
Eg : Không nói : The man to that my father is talking to ...
* That được dùng trong câu nhấn mạnh
It + to be +( cụm) danh từ / cụm từ / mệnh đề + that .......
Eg : - It's this book that makes me happy. ( Chính là cuốn sách này đã làm tôi vui)
- It's in Ha Noi that we met each other. ( Chính tại Hà nội chúng tôi đã gặp nhau)
5. Whose
Whose là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his, her, their) hoặc danh từ sở hữu cách.Sau
whose là danh từ.
Eg : - The man has just phoned the police. His car was stolen near the market.
= The man whose car was stolen near the market has just phoned the police. (Người dàn ông mà xe của ông
ấy bị đánh cắp gần chợ vừa mới gọi điện cho cảnh sát)
- The house is on sale. Its doors are green. = The house whose doors are green is on sale. (Ngôi nhà có cửa
màu xanh đang được rao bán)
* Khi dùng với danh từ chỉ vật, ta có thể thay whose = of which
Eg : - The house the doors of which are green is on sale.
II/ Relative Adverbs ( Trạng từ quan hệ)
1. Where ( Nơi mà)
- Trạng từ quan hệ where thay thế cho trạng từ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn there, in this house, at the beach ...
Eg : - The house is very old. He was born in this house.
= The house where he was born is very old.( Ngôi nhà nơi ông ấy sinh ra rất cổ kính)
= The house in which he was born is very old.
 where = in / at which
2. When ( Khi mà )
* Trạng từ quan hệ when thay thế cho trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Eg : - The day was nice. They met on that day.
= The day when they met was nice.( Cái ngày mà họ gặp nhau thật là đẹp)
= The day on which they met was nice.
 when = on/ in which
Ta có thể thay when bằng that hoặc bỏ when đi.
Eg : The day when they met was nice. = The day that they met was nice. = The day they met was nice.
3. Why ( Lý do mà)
Eg : - The reason why he refused to go with us was unknown. ( Lý do mà anh ta từ chối di với chúng tôi thì
không được biết)
= The reason for which he refused to go ..........
 why = for which
Ta có thể thay why bằng that hoặc có thể bỏ why đi.
Eg : - The reason why he refused to go with us was unknown. = The reason that he refused to go with us was
unknown. = The reason he refused to go with us was unknown.

III. Trường hợp dùng dấu phẩy với mệnh đề quan hệ

Ta dùng dấu phẩy với mệnh đề quan hệ khi đại từ, trạng từ quan hệ thay cho danh từ, cụm từ đã được xác
định (Mr Pike, my father, Hanoi, their ball, in his house ....)
Mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp này không làm nhiệm vụ xác định cho danh từ đằng trước (vì đó là danh
từ đã được xác định) mà chỉ để cung cấp thêm thông tin. Nếu ta bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ đi thì câu vẫn có nghĩa.
Eg 1 : - His car, which is very expensive, has just been stolen.
Eg 2 : - My younger brother , who is only 7 years old, can play the piano very well.
Eg 3 : - Mr Hoa, whose daughter is a famous singer, has just bought a house here.
Eg 4: - I'm going to Ha noi, where my father is working.
Eg 5 : Thanh Lam, who is a famous singer , has just come here.
= Thanh Lam, a famous singer , has just come here.
Notes : Đại từ quan hệ that không được dùng trong trường hợp này.
 Exercise: Chọn từ thích hợp trong số A, B, C hoặc D
1/ What was the name of the girl .............. passport was stolen ?
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
2/ The bed ..................... I slept in was too soft.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
3/ Nora is the only person ............... understands me.
A. which B. who C. whom D. what
4/ The man ............. she is married to has been married twice before.
A. which B. who C. whom D. what
5/ The hotel ........... we stayed was not clean.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
6/ The last time.............. I saw her, she looked very beautiful.
A. when B. which C. whom D. what
7/ The stories ....... Tom tells are usually very funny.
A. that B. who C. when D. what
8/ Have you seen the money ........ was on the table ?
A. which B. who C. whom D. what
9/ The factory ................... John was working is the biggest in town.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
10/ Jim passed his driving test, .............. surprised everybody.
A. that B. which C. whom D. what
11/ Do you remember the day............. we first met ?
A. when B. which C. whom D. what
12/ Thank you for your letter, .................... I was very happy to get.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
13/ The reason ................ he failed was obvious.
A. that B. why C. whom D. what
14/ Ann has a lot books, most of .... she hasn't read.
A. that B. who C. which D. what
15/ The mother ............. son was killed in the accident was very sad.
A. that B. whose C. whom D. what
Exercise : Nối hai câu thành một câu sử dụng đại từ, trạng từ quan hệ
1/ The student is from China. He sits next to me.
2/ I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
3/ The professor is excellent. I am taking his course.
4/ I recently went back to Paris. It is still as beautiful as a pearl.
5/ Nam knows the man. We talked to him this morning.
6/ The house is very old. My grandfather used to live there.
IV/ Một số trường hợp khác
1. All/ some / many ...of whom
Eg : - The children are coming into my house. All of them are very tired.= The children, all of whom are very
tired are coming into my house.
( Bọn trẻ mà tất cả trong số đó rất mệt đang đi vào nhà tôi)
Ta có thể thay all = some , many , few ...
2. All/ some / many/ most ... of which
Eg : - The hats have been taken away. Some of them are very expensive = The hats, some of which are very
expensive, have been taken away.( Những cái mũ, mà một vài trong số đó rất đắt tiền đã bị lấy mất)
3. What ( Những gì, điều mà)
Eg : - My mother was very happy when she saw what I had done. ( Mẹ tôi rất vui khi bà thấy những gì tôi đã
làm)
- What surprised us was the way he behaved.( Điều làm chúng tôi ngạc nhiên là cái cách mà anh ta cư xử)
4. How
Eg : - We don't know how to get there.
( Chúng tôi không biết làm thế nào để tới đó)
5.Whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however
a. Whatever ( Bất cứ cái gì)
- You can do whatever you like here.
- Whatever you do, don't touch this. (Cho dù bạn làm gì thì cũng đừng động vào cái này)
- Whatever the reason, we can't forgive her. ( Dù lý do gì đi chăng nữa, chúng tôi cũng không tha lỗi cho cô
ta)
- When you are older you can watch whatever programme you like. ( Khi con lớn hơn con có thể xem bất cứ
chương trình gì mà con thích)
b. Whoever ( Bất cứ ai)
- Whoever hears his voice loves it at once ( Bất cứ ai nghe thấy giọng của anh ấy đều mê liền).
c. Wherever ( Bất cứ nơi nào)
- They are rich, so they can go wherever they like.
d. Whenever ( Bất cứ khi nào)
- I get angry whenever she comes.
= Every time she comes, I get angry.
e. However ( Cho dù ..... thế nào chăng nữa)
- However + adj / adv
Eg : - However rich you are, you can never win her heart. ( Cho dù cậu có giàu như thế nào đi chăng nữa, cậu
cũng không thể chinh phục được nàng) = No matter how rich you are, you can never win her heart.
- However hard I worked, my boss was never satisfied = No matter how hard I worked, my boss ......
 However = No matter how
6. Which or that ?
* Cả which và that đều thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật nhưng which không được sử dụng sau all, everything,
little, much, none, no hay dạng so sánh nhất. Ta sử dụng that trong các trường hợp này.
Eg : - All of the apples that fall are taken away by the girls.
- This is the most intesting book (that) I've ever read.
- Everything (that) he told me is not true.
Exercise: Chọn từ thích hợp trong số A, B, C hoặc D
1/ She gives her children everything ....... they want.
A. that B. who C. whom D. what
2/ Tell me ........ you want and I will try to help you.
A. that B. who C. which D. what
3/ This is an awful film. It is the worst film............. I have ever seen.
A. that B. which C. whom D. what
4/ I don't agree with ............. you have just said.
A. that B. who C. which D. what
5/ Ann has a lot books, most of ........ she hasn't read.
A. that B. who C. which D. what
6/ The mother ............. son was killed in the accident was very sad.
A. that B. whose C. whom D. what
7/ The house was full of boys, ten of .............. were his own grandchildren.
A. that B. who C. whom D. what
Exercise: Viết lại các câu sau, giữ nguyên nghĩa
1/ We were surprised at what he had done.
 What .........................................................................................................
2/ I don't know his address.
 I don't know .....................................................................................................................
3/ Could you tell me the way to the nearest post-office.
 Could you tell me....................................................................................................................
4/ Every time I phoned her, she was out.
 She was out ........................................................................................................
5/ No matter what you do, don't touch this.
 Whatever .....................................................................................................
6/ You can use it as long as you like, and it won't wear out.
 No matter .....................................................................................................................
7/ No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't open the door.
 However ...............................................................................................................................
8/ I''ll find that man, no matter how long it takes.
 However ...............................................................................................
9/ I can't go to the cinema tonight because I don't have a car.
 The reason why ..............................................................................................................
10/ I lent my car to that man.
 That's the man..................................................................................................................
11/ I tried hard as I could, but I just couldn't get the money.
 No matter ................................................................................
12/ Driving fast is dangerous, whether you are an experienced driver or not.
 However .................................................................................................
Exercise : Hãy sửa lỗi sai trong các câu sau (Mỗi câu một lỗi)
1/ That I want is 2 kilos of butter.
2/ Mr Carter to whom I spoke on the phone last night is very interested in our project
3/ Sheila couldn't come to the party, that was a pity.
4/ Sue has a lot of friends, many of them she was at school with.

Ing-clause and Ed-clause

1. Ing-clause - Mệnh đề đuôi" ing"
Eg : - The man who is talking to John is my cousin. = The man talking to John is my cousin.
( Người đàn ông nói chuyện với John là anh họ của tôi.)
Mệnh đề " ing" mang nghĩa chủ động.
Mệnh đề " ing" thay cho đại từ quan hệ + động từ ở thể chủ động.
2. Ed-clause - Mệnh đề đuôi "ed"
Eg : - The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital
= The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
- Cậu bé bị thương trong vụ tai nạn đã được đưa vào viện.
Mệnh đề "ed"mang nghĩa bị động.
thay cho đại từ quan hệ + động từ ở thể bị động
Một vài ví dụ khác về mệnh đề " ing" và "ed"
Eg : - There are some people waiting outside. ( Có vài người đang đợi bên ngoài)
- There was a big van parked outside the house. (Có chiếc xe tải to được đậu ở bên ngoài ngôi nhà)
Exercise : Hãy sửa lỗi sai trong các câu sau (Mỗi câu một lỗi)
1/ What I want 2 kilos of butter.
2/ The window was broken in the storm last night has now been repaired.
3/ Few days after the interview, I received a letter offered me the job.
4/ A lot of people invite to the party cannot come.
5/ What was the name of the man who arrested by the police ?
6/ The company sent me a brochure contained all the information I needed.
7/ Who are those people wait outside ?
Exercise for Revision:
Chọn từ / cụm từ đúng trong số a, b, c, d để điền vào chỗ trống (có thể có hơn 1 đáp án đúng)
1/ Ms Donalson, ......... teaches linguistics at the university, recently received recognition for her research on
the use of gestures in communication.
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
2/ The award for the Most Valuable Player was won by a player ......... the coaches and the entire team
respect.
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
3/ Our office needs a secretary ......... knows how to use various word proccessing programmes.
a. a. who b. whom c. which d. that
4/ The check ......... I gave to Oliver was for work he’d done for me.
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
5/ “Who is eligible for the scholarship ?”
“Anyone ....... scholastic record is above average can apply for the scholarship”
a. who has a b. has a c. who's d. whose
6/ Dr Sales is a person ...............
a. in whom I don't have much confidence b. whom I don't have much confidence in him
c. in that I don't have much confidence d. I don't have much confidence
7/ “ Is April twenty-first the day ........... ?”
“ No, the twenty-second”
a. you'll arrive then b. when you'll arrive c. on that you arrive d. when you'll arrive on
8/ The severe drought .......... occured last summer ruined the corn crop.
a. that it b. which it c. it d. that
9/ Florida, ....... the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year.
a. is b. known as c. is known as d. that is known as
10/ The new shopping mall is gigantic. It’s advertised as a place ....... you can find just about anything you
might want to buy.
a. where b. which c. in where d. in that
11/ Lola’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man .......
a. that she hardly knows him b. whom she hardly knows him
c. she hardly knows d. she hardly knows him
12/ People who exercise frequently have greater physical endurance than those ........
a. who doesn't b. that doesn't c. which don't d. who don't
13/ Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, ............ surprised everyone.
a. which b. that c. who d. that it
14/ The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone ......... information about his activities or
whereabouts.
a. has b. having c. who have d. have
15/ The publishers expect that the new biography of Simon Bolivar will be bought by people ........ in Latin
American history.
a. who they are interested b. are interested c. interested d. they are interested
16/ I have always wanted to visit Paris, ........ of France.
a. a capital b. the capital c. capital d. this capital
17/ Do you have the book ........... the teacher ?
a. that it belongs to b. to which belongs to c. to which belongs d. that belongs to
18/ Have you ever met the man ....... over there ?
a. stands b. standing c. is standing d. who is standing
19/ The chemistry book .......... was a little expensive.
a. that I bought it b. I bought that c. what I bought d. I bought
20/ I have three brothers, ................. are businessmen.
a. that all of them b. who they all c. all of whom d. who all of them
21/“Were you able to locate the person .... wallet you found?”
a. which b. that his c. whose d. that's
22/ I usually get up at 4.00 because it’s the only time ....... without being interupted.
a. when I can work on my book b. when I can work on my book at
c. when I can work on my book then d. at when I can work on my book
23/ The movie ....... last night was terrific.
a. I went b. I went to it c. I went to d. that I went
24/ The problem .......... never occurred.
a. I had expected it b. who I had expected c. that I had expected it d. I had expected
25/ Many people lost their homes in the earthquake. The government needs to establish more shelters to care
those ......... have homes.
a. who don't b. who doesn't c. which doesn't d. which don't
26/ I had to drive to the factory to pick up my brother, ....... car couldn’t start.
a. who is b. who c. who's d. whose
27/ I read a book about Picasso, ...........
a. is a Spanish painter b. a Spanish painter
c. who a Spanish painter is d. that is a Spanish painter
28/ “ My writing has improved a lot in this class”
“ Mine has, too. All the students ......... do well in writing”
a. whom Mr David teaches them b. which Mr David teaches
c. that Mr David teaches them d. Mr David teaches
29/ Have you seen the place ....... the graduation ceremony will be held ?
a. in that b. where c. is where that d. which
30/- How’s your class this term ?
- Great. I have 17 students, most of ......... speak English very well.
a. who b. those c. whom d. which
31/ Will everyone like the book ?
- No. Only people ........ interested in anthropology.
a. are b. who are c. in whom are d. that is
32/ How did you enjoy your dinner with Mr Jackson ?
- It was boring. He talked about himself, ........... almost puts us to sleep.
a. which b. that c. who d. that he
33/ My granfather, ............ a wise man, has greatly influenced my life.
a. is b. that is c. who is d. who he is
34/ Is Mr Brown the person .......... you wish to speak ?
a. that b. whom c. to that d. to whom
35/ Excuse me, but there is something about .......... immediately.
a. which I must speak to you b. which I must speak to you about it
c. that I must speak to you about d. that I must speak to you about
36/ Little Women, ............ in 1868, is my sister’s favourite book.
a. is a novel published b. a novel published c. a novel was published d. was a novel published