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1.4 At a point in a stressed body, the Cartesian components of stress are σxx = 75 MPa, σyy = 60
MPa, σzz = 50 MPa, τxy = 25 MPa, τyz = -25 MPa, τzx = 30 MPa. Determine the normal and shear
Solution:
(a) Tnx = σxx cos (n,x) + τyx cos (n,y) + τzx cos (n,z)
12 15 16
= 75 [25] + 25 [25] + 30 [25]
𝟑𝟓𝟏
= 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟕𝟎. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟓
Tny = τxy cos (n,x) + σyy cos (n,y) + τzy cos (n,z)
12 15 16
= 25 [25] + 60 [25] − 25 [25]
= 𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Tnz = τxz cos (n,x) + τyz cos (n,y) + σzz cos (n,z)
12 15 16
= 30 [25] − 25 [25] + 50 [25]
𝟏𝟓𝟕
= 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟓
2 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇2
|𝑇𝑛 | = √𝑇𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑧
351 2 157 2
|𝑇𝑛 | = √( 2
) + (32) + ( )
5 5
12 15 16
𝜎𝑛 = 70.2 ( ) + 32 ( ) + 31.4 ( )
25 25 25
𝜏𝑛 = √𝑇𝑛 2 − 𝜎𝑛 2
𝜏𝑛 = √83.294657692 − 72.9922
MPa, σzz = 50 MPa, τxy = 40 MPa, τyz = -30 MPa, τzx = 60 MPa. Transform this set of cartesian
stress components into a new set of cartesian stress components relative to an 𝑂𝑥’𝑦’𝑧’ set of
coordinates where the direction angles associated with the 𝑂𝑥’𝑦’𝑧’ are
x y z
x y z
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ′ , 𝑥) + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦) + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ′ , 𝑧) + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑦)
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 100𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (60°) + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (60°) + 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (45°) + 2(40) cos(60°) cos(60°)
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (45°) + 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (90°) + 100𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (135°) + 2(−30) cos(45°) cos(90°)
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 30 + 0 + 50 + 0 + 0 − 40
𝝈𝒚′𝒚′ = 𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑧 ′ , 𝑧) + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑧 ′ , 𝑥) + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑧 ′ , 𝑦) + 2𝜏𝑧𝑥 cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑧) cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑥)
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (135°) + 100𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (60°) + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (60°) + 2(60) cos(135°) cos(60°)
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑥) + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑦) + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑧) cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑧)
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑦) + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑧) cos(𝑧′, 𝑧) + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos(𝑦 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑥)
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑧𝑧 cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑧) cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑧) + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑥) cos(𝑥′, 𝑥) + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos(𝑧 ′ , 𝑦) cos(𝑥 ′ , 𝑦)
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = −25 + 25 + 15 + 0 + 20 + 0
𝝉𝒛′𝒙′ = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
1.29. A two-dimensional state of stress (𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 0) exists at a point on the surface of a
machine component. The remaining Cartesian components of stress are σxx = 90 MPa, σyy = -80
MPa, τxy = -30 MPa. Determine (a) the principal stresses and their associated directions at the point
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
(90 − 80) 90 + 80 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √
± ( ) + (−30)2
2 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ± 25√13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Orientation of element
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝2 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
2(−30)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝2 =
(90 + 80)
2𝜃𝑝2 = −19.4400483°
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2
90 + 80 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√( ) + (−30)2
2
(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
Hence, 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −85.13878189 𝑀𝑃𝑎 acts on the plane defined by 𝜃𝑝1 = 80.27998259°, whereas
= σzz = -20 MPa, determine the six Cartesian components of stress relative to the 𝑂𝑥′𝑦′𝑧′ reference
𝑧 − 𝑧’ 0 0 π/4 π/4
𝑧 − 𝑧’ 0° 0° 45° 45°
CASE I
x y z
z’
90° 90° 0°
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 25 + 20 + 0
𝝈𝒙′𝒙′ = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 25 + 20 + 0
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 0 + 0 + (−20)
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = −25 + 20 + 0
𝝉𝒙′𝒚′ = −𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
CASE II
x y z
x’ 90° 0° 90°
z’ 90° 90° 0°
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 0 + 40 + 0
𝝈𝒙′𝒙′ = 𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 50 + 0 + 0
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 0 + 0 + (−20)
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝝉𝒙′𝒚′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
CASE III
x y z
x’ 0° 90° 90°
z’
90° 180° 45°
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 50 + 0 + 0
𝝈𝒙′𝒙′ = 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 0 + 20 + (−10)
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 0 + 20 + (−10)
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝝉𝒙′𝒚′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝜏𝑧′𝑥′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
CASE IV
x y z
y’ 90° 0° 90°
𝜎𝑥′𝑥′ = 25 + 0 + (−10)
𝝈𝒙′𝒙′ = 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 0 + 40 + 0
𝜎𝑦′𝑦′ = 𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 25 + 0 + (−10)
𝜎𝑧′𝑧′ = 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 0 + 0 + 0
𝝉𝒙′𝒚′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜏𝑦′𝑧′ = 𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂