EE 430

Analysis and Design of

Electronic Circuits
Week 10: 3/22 – 3/26
Instructor: Hakan Töreyin

Spring 2021
 Discrete CS Amplifier Frequency Response

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑑
𝜔𝑧
1
𝑉𝑜 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐿 𝑠 𝑠+ 𝑠
𝐶𝑠 𝑅𝑠
=
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑠 + 1 1 1
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑠+
𝐶𝐶2 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝐶1 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝐴𝑀 𝜔𝑝1
𝑠+
𝐶𝑠
𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝3
𝐴𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠.
Finding fL of a Common-Emitter Amplifier:
Short Circuit Time Constant Method
1. Determine capacitors impacting 𝑓𝐿 :
All capacitors
Finding fL of a Common-Emitter Amplifier
2.
- Set input signal to zero
- Consider each capacitor (𝐶𝑖 )
separately (assume all others
short)
- Find the total resistance seen
between the terminals of the
capacitor (𝑅𝑖 )
- Pole associated with that
1
capacitor: 𝑓𝑝𝑖 =
2𝜋𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖
- 𝑓𝐿 ≈ 𝑓𝑝1 + 𝑓𝑝2 + 𝑓𝑝3 + ⋯
Internal Capacitive Effects of MOS
Internal Capacitive Effects of BJT
Finding fH of a Common-Source IC Amplifier
1. Determine capacitors impacting 𝑓𝐻 :
Parasitic capacitors of the NMOS.
Finding fH of a Common-Source IC Amplifier:
Open-Circuit Time Constant
- Set input signal to zero
- Consider each capacitor
(𝐶𝑖 ) separately (assume all
others open)
- Find the total resistance
seen between the
terminals of the capacitor
(𝑅𝑖 )
- Pole associated with that
1
capacitor: 𝑓𝑝𝑖 = ,
2𝜋𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖
1
𝜏𝐶𝑖 =
𝑅𝑖 𝐶 𝑖
1
- 𝑓𝐻 ≈
2𝜋 σ 𝜏𝐶𝑖
Finding fH of a Common-Source IC Amplifier:
Open-Circuit Time Constant - Set input signal to zero
- Consider each capacitor
(𝐶𝑖 ) separately (assume all
others open)
- Find the total resistance
𝑪𝒈𝒔 seen between the
terminals of the capacitor
(𝑅𝑖 )
- Time constant associated
with that capacitor: 𝜏𝐶𝑖 =
𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖
1
- 𝑓𝐻 ≈ σ
2𝜋 𝜏𝐶𝑖

𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝒈𝒅
Finding fH of a Common-Source IC Amplifier:
Open-Circuit Time Constant

1
𝑓𝐻 ≈
′ ′
2𝜋 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐿′ + 𝑅𝐿′ + 𝐶𝐿 𝑅𝐿′
Finding fH of a Common-Source IC Amplifier:
Open-Circuit Time Constant with Miller Approach

1
𝑓𝐻 ≈
′ ′
2𝜋 𝐶𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐿′ + 𝑅𝐿′ + 𝐶𝐿 𝑅𝐿′
Notes on the Miller Approach when
calculating fH of a CS amplifier
1. We used a fixed gain (mid-band gain) for the amplifier.
2. Essentially, we did not take into account the frequency-dependent changes
in the gain due to the feedback capacitor, Cgd.
3. CS amplifier’s gain in the high frequency regime will be smaller. In other
words, the feedback capacitor’s effect on input is indeed smaller than our
assumption. Likewise, its effect on the output is indeed greater than our
assumption.
4. However, overall fH could be estimated well.
5. Miller approach ignores the “zero” created by the feedback capacitor, Cgd.
Finding the zero of a Common-Source IC
Amplifier
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑:
𝑉𝑜 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑧 = 0
𝑂𝑢𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑧

1 𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 = 𝑉𝑔𝑠 ⇒ 𝑠𝑧 = ⇒ 𝑓𝑧 =
𝑠𝑧 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝑔𝑑 2𝜋𝐶𝑔𝑑
Location of zero can impact the stability a lot!

1 𝑔𝑚
𝑓𝐻 ≈ ′ ′ ′
𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑧 =
2𝜋 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑔𝑑 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝐿 2𝜋𝐶𝑔𝑑
′
𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠.
If Rsig=~0 Ohms
1 𝑔𝑚
𝑓𝐻 ≈ 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑧 =
2𝜋 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝐿′ 2𝜋𝐶𝑔𝑑

𝑣𝑜 ′
1 − 𝑠/𝜔𝑧 𝑔𝑚 1
′ = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐿 , 𝜔𝑧 = , 𝜔𝐻 ≈
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝐻 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝐿′
 Gain-Bandwidth Product
𝑠
𝑣𝑜 1−𝜔
𝑧
𝑇𝐹 = ′ = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐿′ 𝑠
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 1+
𝜔𝑝
𝑔𝑚
𝜔𝑧 =
𝐶𝑔𝑑
1
𝜔𝐻 ≈ 𝜔𝑝 =
𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝐿′
1
𝑓𝐻 ≈
2𝜋 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑔𝑑 𝑅𝐿′