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CULTURAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL IMPLICATIONS ON TRIBAL ARCHITECTURE

OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Research · January 2019

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CULTURAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL IMPLICATIONS ON
TRIBAL ARCHITECTURE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

DISSERTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
2019-2020

Submitted by:

Pradumn Bajaj
160BARCHI071/SSAA/B.Arch./16

Guide: Neha Mallick, Assistant Professor

Coordinator: Radha Dayal, Associate Professor

SUSHANT SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE

ANSAL UNIVERSITY, GURGAON, INDIA
 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This Dissertation is submitted by PRADUMN BAJAJ, student of Fourth Year B. Arch. Session 2019-
2020, at Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon, as partial requirement for the Five Year
B. Arch. Degree course of Ansal University, Gurgaon.

Originality of the information and opinion expressed in the Dissertation are of the author and do
not reflect those of the guide, the coordinator or the institution.

Signature of Guide
Signature of the Student:
Name: NEHA MALLICK
Roll No.: 160BARCHI071
Date:
Name: PRADUMN BAJAJ

Signature of Coordinator

Name: RADHA DAYAL

Date:

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Acknowledgments

On the very onset of this paper, I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation
towards the people who have helped me this endeavour in the past few months. It has
been a period of intensive learning for me and I would like to reflect on the people who
have supported me and helped me throughout

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide, Miss Neha
Mallick, done continuous support and guidance towards my dissertation. Her patience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge have greatly helped me write my paper.
I was fortunate enough to have her as my guide. I would also like to thank our
coordinator Radha Dayal, I owe her a great deal of gratitude for all the useful insights on
how to go about the paper throughout and constantly dealing with our queries and
doubts. I owe my special thanks to the institutions that have helped my get their plans
and being so helpful with the whole process of data collection.

I finally take this opportunity to deeply acknowledge the cooperation and support given
to me by my parents, my elder sister Malwika, my bother in law Shail and also to my
friends.

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ABSTRACT

India is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of cultural diversity, and the
largest concentration lies in North-Eastern part of India. The rich heritage therein is
exemplified throughout from the ethnicity, tradition, livelihood, and also by the
architectural typologies. Several distinct architectural features are seen in tribes of
Arunachal Pradesh, which differ by climate, geological condition, and deep-rooted
traditions. They evolved in course of time and were majorly built by the inhabitants
themselves, without any formal training in construction. These houses, built with locally
available materials, were sensitive to the existing environment and took into
consideration the constraints imposed by the climate.

There are 26 tribes out of those, Monpa, Adi, and Apatani are renowned for their peculiar
lifestyle which has resulted in a sustainable built envelope and spatial organization. The
paper will analyze and study the architectural pattern in these tribes through their case
studies. The study is an effort undertaken to understand the relationship between the
geographical and architectural pattern of these tribes through various factors.

Keyword: Vernacular Architecture, Geographical Setting, Socio-Culture, Tribes.

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LIST OF TABLES/ FIGURES/ ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure no. 2.1: District map of Arunachal Pradesh, Source: Government of Arunchal
Pradesh http://www.arunachalipr.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/IPR_2019.pdf
Figure no. 2.2: Timeline of History of Arunachal Pradesh, Source: Author
Figure no. 2.3: Northeast Frontier Tracts, 1919,Source: History of Arunachal Pradesh
(Bose ,1997)
Figure no. 2.4: Northeast Frontier Tracts, 1947, Source: History of Arunachal Pradesh
(Bose ,1997)
Figure no. 2.5: Map showing altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh, Source: Planning Commssion
government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development Report.
Figure no. 2.6: Map showing rainfall per annum (cm) in Arunachal Pradesh, Source:
Planning Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development
Report.
Figure no. 2.5: Map showing land cover of Arunachal Pradesh, Source: Planning
Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development Report.
Figure no. 2.6: District wise distribution map of Arunachal Pradesh, 2015, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.1: Position of Pasighat, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.2: Agriculture field of Adis,
Source: https://maptia.com/martaprzybyl/stories/adi-tribe
Figure no. 3.3: Contour map of Pasighat region, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.4: Settlment planning of Adi tribe at Boying village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.5: Kebang at boying village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.6: Adi Settlement at boying village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.7: Typical plan of Adi house (A), Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture
Figure no. 3.8: framework of platform, Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture
Figure no. 3.9: Loft between roof and ceiling, Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture
Figure no. 3.10: Plan of the house (B), Source: Author
Figure no. 3.11: SECTION A A’, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.12: Plinth of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.13: Entrance space of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.14: bedroom of the house, Source: Author

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Figure no. 3.15: kitchen area of the house, Source: Author

Figure no. 3.16: living area of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.17: Kumsung, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.18: Wooden Joinery details of platform, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.19: Joinery details of bamboo, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.20: Roofing details, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.21: Position of Ziro valley ,Source: Author
Figure no. 3.22: Paddy field in Ziro, Source: http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/
Figure no. 3.23: Apatani Women praying to their god Donyi-Polo,
Source:http://arunachaltourism.in/general.htm
Figure no. 3.24: Apatani settlement at Hari village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.25: Ziro valley settlement, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.26: Contour map of Ziro region, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.27: Settlment planning of Apatanii tribe at Hari village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.28: typical plan of Apatani house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.29: typical elevation of Apatani house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.30: Plan of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.31: Section B B’, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.32: plinth, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.33: Pathway leading towards the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.34: Attic, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.35: First part of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.36: living room of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.37: Entrance veranda, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.38: Wooden Joinery details, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.39: Position of Tawang, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.40: Agriculture field of Monpa,
Source:https://www.britannica.com/place/Arunachal-Pradesh/People
Figure no. 3.41: Tawang monastery,
Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/tawang-festival-book-
your-tickets-to-this-astounding-cultural-feast/as66331075.cms
Figure no. 3.42: Contour map of Tawang region, Source: Author

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Figure no. 3.43: Settlement planning of Monpa tribe at Seru village, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.44: Floor plans of the house, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.45: Section C C’, Source: Author
Figure no. 3.46: Ground floor of the house, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.47: Sleeping space of the house, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.48: First floor of the house, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.49: Fire place, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.50: Tsom, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.51: Ladder inside house, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 3.52: front part of the house, Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Figure no. 4.1: Map showing area of influence with river courses, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.2 Settlement pattern in high altitude region, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.3 Settlement pattern in mid altitude region, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.4 Settlement pattern in low altitude region, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.5: Apatani house, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.6: Adi house, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.7: Section of Monpa house with less steep roof, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.8: Section of Monpa house with steeper roof, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.9: Recently constructed Monpa house, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.10: Recently constructed Apatani house, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.11: Recently constructed Adi house, Source: Author
Figure no. 4.12: Comparative analysis of three tribes, Source: Author

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bonafide Certificate................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………....................................…………...ii

Abstract………………………………………………………………..…………....................................…….…..…iii

List of Tables / Figures / Illustrations …............................................................................iv-vi

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……1-2

Chapter 2: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………3-11

2.1 Vernacular architecture…………………………………………………………………………….…….3

2.2 Why Arunachal Pradesh?………………….…………………………………………………….……4-5
2.3 History………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…...5-7
2.4 Geographical setting………………………………………………………………………….……...8-10
2.5 Tribes………………………………………………………………………………………………….……10-11

Chapter 3: Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh……………………………………………………………….……12-37

3.1 Why Adi, Apatani and Monpa tribe?..............................................................12

3.2 Adi Tribe…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12-22

3.2.1 Background…………………………………..…………………………………….….12-14
3.2.2 Architecture of Adi tribe…………….…………………………………………..14-17
3.2.3 Case Study of Adi tribe…………………..……………………………………….17-22

3.3 Apatani Tribe………………………… ………………………………………………………………..23-30

3.3.1 Background…………………………………..…………………………………….….23-24
3.3.2 Architecture of Apatani tribe…………….…………………….……………..25-27
3.3.3 Case Study of Apatani tribe…………………..………………….…………….27-30

3.4 Case Study of Monpa tribe…………………..…………………………………..……..……….31-37

3.4.1 Background……………………………………………………………………..……..31-33
3.4.2 Architecture of Monpa tribe………………………………………..…………33-34
3.4.3 Case study of Monpa tribe:…………………………………………………….35-37

Chapter 4: Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………….……………38-43

Chapter 5: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…….44

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Chapter 1

The AIM of this study is to understand and analyse the relationship between different
geographical and architectural pattern of Arunachal Pradesh.

Apart from this, the study would also cover the following OBJECTIVES:

1. To analyse the historical context of Arunachal Pradesh

2. To analyse the geographical and climatic condition
3. To analyse the different types of settlements at different altitudes.
4. To analyse the impact of socio culture on architecture.
5. To analyse the use of material and its technique of construction.

Scope and limitation:

1. The study will only focus on the state of Arunachal Pradesh and its architecture.
2. The research will include architectural pattern of only three tribes i.e., Adi,
Apatani and Monpa tribe.
3. The user group of the research is limited to the people of Arunachal Pradesh.

Methodology:

 Identification of various architectural and geographical patterns in Arunachal

Pradesh.
 Collection of information about Arunachal Pradesh which includes historical
context, geographical setting and tribes of the State.
 Mapping of different tribes across the state based on district division.
 Selection of three tribes based on three different geographical setting.
 Conducting site visit to two settlements (mid and low altitude settlements) and
Interviewing with local people with the help of translator and collecting
information from site.
 Interviewing with people of high altitude region and collection of data from
different sources.

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 Understanding the context of regions and analysing their settlement pattern by

contour mapping and settlement pattern.
 Analysing the case study and understanding the relationship between
architectural and geographical pattern through various parameters such as
Geographical setting, settlement Planning, construction techniques and use of
materials.
 Organization of various data analysed and collected between the tribes in the
form of a table.

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Chapter 2

Introduction
2.1 Vernacular Architecture
Vernacular architecture is the style which undertakes the need of not only the residents
but also the surrounding environment. “The architectural language of the people” with its
ethnic, regional and local dialects: the product of “non-experts” (Oliver, 2006). Vernacular
architecture is the identity of people who live and built in them. It is constructed
according to the availability of material and the performance of that material in that
environment and climatic conditions. It is driven by cultural and social impacts of people.
The structures are designed by people according to their everyday activities and social
and cultural values.

Vernacular architecture has evolved through time. People use same construction
techniques and material as used by their predecessor, but they change or evolve some
techniques of construction, planning and material according to their need. Some people
have started using concrete instead of their local materials since concrete is long lasting
and give more stability to the structure.

India has such diversity in climatic condition and socio culture across the country that
every region has its own type of vernacular architecture. A mixture of cultures, dynasties
and kingdoms defined the architecture of India (Sarkar, 2015). Vernacular architecture of
north is different from what people practice in south because in south people built their
houses to reduce the heat gain and provides more shading due to warm and humid
climate whereas in north side buildings remain heated throughout the year because of
cold climatic condition. Every state in India has different socio cultural practices. In
northeast, though local people use same material for construction but the architecture is
different across the state and tribe. Different tribes practice different cultures which
drives the architecture of region. People built according to their need, lifestyle and
geographical condition of the region. People in Arunachal Pradesh live in hilly terrains and
thus built their houses on stilts where as in Assam people lives on plains and receives less
rainfall so their houses are not built on stilts.

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2.2 Why Arunachal Pradesh?

As compared to other States in India, Arunachal Pradesh has varied geographical

elevation as well as cultural differences across the state. Area near Tawang experience
cold climate throughout the year because of its high altitude as compare to area near Ziro
and Pasighat experience moderate climate and receives high rainfall throughout the year.
The vernacular architecture which has developed throughout the time has its own distinct
characteristics, built by the locals themselves with locally available materials. They are
sensitive to the micro climatic condition and natural calamities. There are 25 major tribes
in Arunachal Pradesh which has different social values (Balasubramanian, 2017). The
architecture is different across every tribe.

Figure no. 2.1: District map of Arunachal Pradesh

Source: http://www.arunachalipr.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IPR_2019.pdf

Arunachal Pradesh is located in northeast India; it holds the most north-eastern position
among the other states in the north-east region of India. The state is known as “Land of
the Rising Sun”, “It is also known as the ‘Orchid State of India’ or the ‘Paradise of the
Botanists’. (Sharma and Usha, 2005)

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Arunachal Pradesh is one of the richest and most diverse regions in Asia with 82 distinct
languages (Balasubramanian, 2017). Lifestyle of indigenous people differs from one
another due to diverse habitation pattern and also for variation in their culture, custom
and tradition etc.

It shares its border with the state of Assam and Nagaland and also shares international
border with Bhutan, China and Myanmar. People in Arunachal Pradesh maintains their
different living condition in different parts of the state which makes it one of the most
vibrant states of Northeast India.

2.3 History

Figure no. 2.2: Timeline of History of Arunachal Pradesh

Source: Author

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10th to 12th century

The archaeological sites in Arunachal Pradesh show its connection with Indian civilization
and culture. The Bhishmankanagar Fort at the foot of the mountains, between the
Dikrang and the Dibang rivers yielded evidence of the wheel-turned pottery and
description of classical fort architecture in Kautilya dating back probably to 10 th century
A.D. The ruins of fort at Bhalukpung on the bank of the river Bhoreli in the Kameng
district has been linked with Assam history of pala period or the late Salastambha (10 th
and 12th century A.D.).The temple complex at Malinithan was constructed of huge carved
stones in contrast with other archaeological ruins in the state which were made up of
baked or mud bricks. The ruins of Malinithan make connection with the temple
architecture in Orissa. (Chowdhury, 1990)

13th to 18th century

The Ahom rulers (13th to 19th century) had their influenced on the foothills of the state
and had incorporated various ethnic from state to its kingdoms. People on the foothills
speak Assamese and had mutual trade friendliness from the People of Brahmaputra
valley. (Chowdhury, 1990)

The connection of tribesmen with the archaeological remains was only minimal but tribes
shows close historical links with the adjacent regions. The influence of Tibet and Bhutan is
strongly marked in the Monpa textiles and ornaments, architecture and iconography
(Verrier Elwin, 2012). There is visible impact of Buddhist culture in the settlements of
higher regions as for past many centuries the Tibetan traders crossed the boarders and
traded in this region and settled down. The 17 th and 18th centuries saw the rise of
Buddhist culture in western and eastern flanks of Arunachal Pradesh. (Dutta, 2010)

19th to 21st century

The socio-cultural panorama of the region is going through some changes; tribal people
were breaking away from their simple tribal isolation into wider integration of Indian
nation. (Balasubramanian, 2017).

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During British rule, Sir Henry McMahon proposed boundaries of Outer and inner Tibet
(Ref. to fig. no. 2.3). In Shimla Conference, McMahon drew up the 890km McMahon Line
as the border between India and China in Shimla. British policy for this area was isolation
and limited the interaction with forces of civilization. Shredukpens, Nishis and Adis come
across from McMahon line and settled over different territories displacing the tribes who
were already settled there (Bose, 1997). The middle region has comparatively less
connection with both Tibetan and Assamese culture, the tribes in this region lives in
extremely primitive conditions.

The state went through a lot of administrative shades throughout the years. In 1954,
NEFA, North-East Frontier Agency is administered by the ministry of External Affairs of
India and the Governor of Assam was the acting as agent to the President. NEFA is a
special category under the Constitution of India, where the land and forest rights of the
tribal people are fully protected by special laws. The official focus here was on
encouraging the tribal people to limit the introduction of too many outsiders (Verrier
Elwin, 2012).

Figure no. 2.3: Northeast Frontier Tracts, 1919

Source: Bose, M. (1997). History of Arunachal Pradesh

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Figure no. 2.4: Northeast Frontier Tracts, 1947
Source: Bose, M. (1997). History of Arunachal Pradesh
 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

2.4 Geographical Setting:

The territory of Arunachal Pradesh is located in between latitude and longitude of 28.21
ºN, 94.72º E. Most part of the Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayan range and
hence the resultant climate varies with change in elevation. Mountain peaks shows a
great variation from 6400 metres to 1829 metres (Dutta, 2010). The steepness of the hills
prevented or affected the natural communication between the tribes which in turn
helped in giving rise to growth of different dialects across the State. The climatic
condition of the state is highly influenced by the undulating hilly nature of the terrain.
Areas that are at a very high elevation i.e. in the Upper Himalaya close to the Tibetan
border have an alpine or tundra climate. Regions falling in, Middle Himalayas, experience
a temperate climate. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation are humid, with
subtropical climate where hot summers and mild winters are observed. (India trail, 2015)

Arunachal Pradesh received heavy rainfall throughout the year from 2000 to 5000 mm
rainfall annually. (Dhar , Nandargi, 2004) Sometimes heavy rainfall at higher altitude of
state causes flood in the plains or foothills during summer or rainy season. The vegetation
of the state also varies with the change in altitude across the state. The lower elevation
region is cover with deciduous forest with patches of evergreen tropical vegetation and
the higher elevation is covered with sub-tropical evergreen forest.

People grow different flora in different regions based on their needs and requirements.
Apatani, Adi, Nishing ,Mishmis etc. (tribes at lower altitude) cultivates bamboo and cane
(for houses), cotton (for fabric) and rice (for food) whereas Monpa and Sherdukpens
(tribes at higher altitude) cultivates timbre (for houses), wool (for fabric) and orchids (for
decoration). The suspensions bridges across rivers are built with bamboo and cane.
Banana leaves or thatches are used as roofing their houses. (Balasubramanian, 2017)

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Figure no. 2.5: Map showing altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh

Source: Planning Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development Report.

Figure no. 2.6: Map showing rainfall per annum (cm) in Arunachal Pradesh
Source: Planning Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development Report.

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Figure no. 2.5: Map showing land cover of Arunachal Pradesh

Source: Planning Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development Report.

2.5 Tribes:

Arunachal Pradesh is a home to many tribes and sub-tribes and minor tribes with rich
cultural heritage. As the state has received waves of migration from different directions in
different groups, the tribal communities have achieved their heterogeneous character. As
they remained in isolation for several centuries and did not allow outside interference in
their way of life, all of them developed their separate and independent cultural identity.

According to Parul Dutta, tribes of Arunachal Pradesh are divided into different groups
based on their socio-political religious affinities, material culture and pattern of culture.
Based on Socio-political-religious affinities tribes are divided into three groups, the first
group includes Monpa, Sherdukpens, Membas, Khambas, Khamtis and Singphos, who
follow Buddhism or practice Buddhist culture. The second group consists of tribes such as
Akas, Khowas, Mijis, Sulungs, Nyishis, Apatanis, Hill Miris, Tagins, Galo Adis, Mishmis,
Tangsas etc. , The religion of this group can be termed as animistic-naturalistic. They
worship natural objects and ancestors. The third group comprises of the Noctes, and the
Wanchoo, they are known for their association with the practice of headhunting.

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Based on material culture tribes are divided into three groups, the first group includes
Monpas, Sherdukpens, Membas and Khambas, they practice terrace cultivation and they
build their houses with stone and wood. Their dress is mainly made from wool. The
second group consists of Nyishi, Hill Miris, Adis, Galo,Mishmi, Nocte, Wancho, Tangsa
etc., they practice shifting cultivation and hunting except among the Apatanis who
practise mainly wet-rice cultivation, they live in pile-dwellings made of bamboo and
leaves and their dress are made from cotton or from natural products. The third group
consists of the Khamptis and the Singphos. They practise wet rice cultivation
(Dutta,2010).

Figure no. 2.6: District wise distribution map of Arunachal Pradesh, 2015
Source: Author

Every district in Arunachal Pradesh has its own culture significance and values. They are
carved out based on the territorial distribution of ethnic and linguistic groups of tribes
and some districts are named after the river system such as Subansiri, Lohit, Tirap and
Siang (Chowdhury, 1990) (Ref. to fig. no. 2.6). Districts are carved in such a way so that
the cultural identity of every tribe will remain intact and there is no intrusion from other
tribes.

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Chapter 3

Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh

3.1 Why Adi, Apatani and Monpa tribe?
Arunachal Pradesh is mainly divided into three altitudes regions i.e., High, Mid and Low
and every region is inhabited by various tribes. The settlement and socio-cultural pattern
in the state changes with the change in topographical conditions. As compared to other
tribes Monpa, Apatani and Adi who stay in high, mid and low altitudes respectively, have
a peculiar lifestyle. These three tribes practice different architectural pattern which
maybe because of the different geographical settings and cultural practices.

3.2 Adi tribe:

3.2.1 Background:
Adi, also known as Abor, are the dominant people of the Siang region. It is a major
language of Arunachal Pradesh and consists of several dialects. They are divided into two
main divisions- the first group is headed by Gallongs and includes Ramos, Bokars, etc.,
and occupies the territory between the Subansiri and the Siang river and the other group
is headed by Padam-Miyongs and includes Pasis, panggis, boris, etc. and inhabited in the
rest of the valley of Siang. (Joshi, 2010)

Geographical Setting:
The Siang Frontier Division (during NEFA) is the home of a different section of Adis. East
Siang, West Siang, Siang and Upper Siang (Currently) are the main homeland of Adis. The
settlements of Adi are found along with the courses of rivers, Siang, Yamne and the
Siyem. (Shm, Roy, 2006).

Tsang-Po flows through Tibet and enters the Indian Territory where it is known as Siang
(among Adis), it flows through the mountain ranges of Arunachal Pradesh and is joined by
many tributaries such as Dibang and Lohit rivers before entering to the plains of Pasighat
(Shm, Roy, 2006). Most villages around Pasighat area are inhabited by Adi community;
this area has some influence on their food, language, and use of material from the
adjoining area of Assam.

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The location of these villages near the water body helps them to solve the problem of
drinking water, washing, and fishing and from the attacks. Adi people select gentle slopes
nearby river as the most appropriate site for establishing villages.

Figure no. 3.1: Position of Pasighat

Source : Author

Socio-culture:
Occupation:

The Adis are agriculturist, though majority of

them practice terrace rice cultivation and wet rice
cultivation, the method of cultivation is largely
determined by geographical factors such as the lie
of land and the rainfall of region in past, Adi
people has trade relation with Tibet, they
exchanged raw hides, chillies with rock salt, Figure no. 3.2: Agriculture field of Adis
Tibetan swords, etc. in the form of barter system Source:https://maptia.com/martaprzybyl

as currency. (Shm, Roy, 2006). /stories/adi-tribe

Mithun is still considered as the most important domestic animal in the socio-economic
life of these people, in the past, a man’s wealth was estimated by the possession of a
number of Mithun he has. People visit Aalo and Pasighat (administrative centers) in lower
foothills to sell and purchase goods from shops. (Shm, Roy, 2006).

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The trade links within Adi tribe with neighbouring places have helped them to break the
cultural barrier which is created due to the topographical constraints of the region.

Family size:

Adis generally stay in the nuclear family. In the past, the eldest son of the house goes for
war and the youngest son gets every right of the property. The middle son can’t stay with
his brother and he has to build his own house later. But nowadays, there is equal
distribution among the family members.

Politics:

The administrative structure of Adis is essentially democratic. The structure of

administration is very simple and effective; every village has its independent unit by itself.
It has a council of elders knows as Ghams, which exercises the highest legal and judicial
power. This is known as Kebang. The Kebang directs all activities according to the law and
customs and it punishes those who don’t follow them and watches over the welfare and
well-being of the village community. (Joshi, 2010) The ratio of Gham per village
household is 1:4.

Religion:

Most of the Adi people were worshippers of Donyi Polo (Donyi- Sun God and Polo –Moon
Goddess). There is a worship place of Donyi Polo in every village. But due to influence
from other tribes, many Adis are converting into Christians.

3.2.2 Architecture of Adi tribe:

Settlement planning:

Adi village is usually planned according to the geographical condition; it starts from the
nucleus of huts at the highest part of the hill to a growing number of houses at lower
levels nearby river or around the hill. The entire area of the village is divided among clans.
The area of each clan land is occupied by the family members of that particular clan.
Different clans create their colonies and plan their houses in a row. (Shm, Roy, 2006).

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Community spaces such as dere, Moshup(bachelor dormitory), kebang, Schools, temples,

etc. are constructed by the villagers in a commonplace owned by the village within the
settlement area, in most villages these spaces are built at the center of the village (Joshi,
2010). (Ref.to fig.no. 3.4).Adi people construct structures to keep animals and Granaries
(kumsung). Kumsung is covered from all sides with a single door in the front. While
constructing kumsung wooden planks are placed fixed to cover the whole platform and
walls. The walls and floors are made from bamboo, while the posts are made of timber.
Kumsung apart from storing grains it is also used to keep valuable items.

Figure no. 3.3: Contour map of Pasighat region

Source: Author

A B

Figure no. 3.4: Settlment planning of Adi tribe at Boying village

Source: Author
A- Location of house B- Location of house Location of community
based on Source (Shm, based on site visit spaces
Roy, 2006)
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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.5: Kebang at boying village Figure no. 3.6: Adi Settlement at boying village
Source: Author Source: Author

Typical design of Adi house:

A typical Adi house is a bamboo structure strengthened with wood, and it is secured with
cane strings. Kebang has to allow the allowance of construction of a new house, then the
work is done on a community basis, all the villagers keep themselves free from work and
contribute in constructing the house. (Shm, Roy, 2006).

Figure no. 3.7: Typical plan of Adi house (A)

Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture

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Materials such as bamboo, timber, cane, thatch, etc. are collected from the nearby forest
area. Different varieties of bamboo are used for different purposes, thick large bamboos
make a post, thinner kinds severe as purlins. Cane is used to tying the pieces of bamboo
and timber together. Different species of grass, straws, and leaves such as banana and
toko palm are used for thatching. Men do the heavier part of the work such as cutting
down trees and carrying wood to the site whereas women do the lighter part such as
carrying thatching material or weaving of walls. (Roy, 1996)
The platform of the house is fixed with wooden poles and timber (Giang), the height of
the central row of wooden pole and Giang is the maximum from the platform. All the
poles are tied with ropes made with bamboo. One long bamboo (lodang) is fixed
horizontally on the vertical pole, and in the same way, other bamboo poles are fixed on
either side of the poles. Long rows of split bamboos are tied parallel to the lodang. (Roy,
1996)
The pitch of the roof in Adi house is made high so that it helps in draining rainwater. The
roof slopes down to the platform to protect the walls from natural calamities. Bamboo
poles are tied horizontally from one end to the other to give additional support to the
roof. Split bamboos are used to cover a part of the ceiling for storing paddy, fruits, and
other articles. The roof is thatched with dried leaves that are tied to the frame through
bamboo strips. (Roy, 1996)

Figure no. 3.8: framework of platform Figure no. 3.9: Loft between roof and ceiling
Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture Source: Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture

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3.2.3 Case study of Adi tribe:

Location: Boying village, Pasighat
Name of the owner : Opet Dai
Family size: 5 membaers (1 male, 4 female)
House is approximately 3 years old.
Material used: Bamboo (taboom, dibang) , timber (giang, mohuk), cane , toko palm leaves

A A’

Figure no. 3.10: Plan of the house (B)

Source: Author

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Figure no. 3.11: SECTION A A’

Source: Author

Abang
Kitkung

Figure no. 3.12: Plinth of the house
Source: Author
Plinth: Abang is use for entering to the
tunga. The height of the staircase is
approximately 900mm. Kitkung is use
for storage of wood.
Figure no. 3.13: Entrance space of the house
Source: Author
Tunga (Entrance Veranda) :The space is
use by family members as outdoor
sitting space and for drying grains.

Kitkung

Figure no. 3.14: bedroom of the house Figure no. 3.15: kitchen area of the house

Source: Author Source: Author

Bedroom: They have 2 bedrooms in the Kitkung is for washing utensil and
house one is for children and the other adjacent to kitkung there is space for
keeping utensils.
is for husband and wife.

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Atak peu

Murum

Figure no. 3.16: living area of the house Figure no. 3.17: Kumsung
Source: Author Source: Author

Living area: Murum is the main fire There is separate space (outside

place of the house which is use as house) for storing granaries and

kitchen. The area around the murum is valuables known as kumsung. They

use as hall. built it outside because of the danger

of fire.

Construction Details:

The plinth is raised above the Abang(staircase) is also made using

ground using timer post. The timber. The floor of tunga is made from
wood (dibang) use for main post bamboo. First horizontal poles of
is very strong and long lasting. bamboo are placed and above that strips
of bamboo of are place and are tied to
make the floor.

Figure no. 3.18: Wooden Joinery details of platform

Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Mohuk

Giang

Giang which is the main post of the Members are interlocked at

structure can last upto 300 years and junction and are tied using
mohuk which supports the giang from ropes. Horizontal bamboo poles
the platform of the house can last are used for additional support
upto 15 years. to the structure.

Flooring is done by placing split Bamboo flooring in the house

bamboo on top of horizontal
members and the load is transferred
to the ground through vertical
members.
Figure no. 3.19: Joinery details of bamboo
Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

The roof is thatched using toko palm Cane is use to make wall (tarja) and
leaves and horizontal bamboo members partitions of the house. They are tied
are used for support. and interlocked.

The ventilation of smoke happens Bamboo poles are tied together with
through the door or from the space strings at an certain angle to create
between wall and the roof. the desired slope of the roof.

Toko Leaves are placed in such a

Dry toko palm leaf is used for
way that one bundle is fixed in
thatching of the roof.
between two different bundle of
leaves.

Figure no. 3.20: Roofing details

Source: Author

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3.3 Apatani Tribe:

3.3.1 Background
The Apatani who locally is also known as Tanii, is a tribal group of people living in the Ziro
valley, in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. Amongst all the tribes that
are native of this region, Apatani’s are the only non-nomadic tribe in nature.

Geographical Setting:
One of their oral accounts speaks of their migration from the extreme north of Subansiri
and Siang areas following the rivers of Kurung and Kumey. Similar to Adi people they also
settled along the river course. They settled around the headquarters of Lower Subansiri
district, Ziro. (Bose, 1997)

Figure no. 3.21: Position of Ziro valley

Source: Author

Socio-culture:

Occupation:

The Apatanis are agriculturists. Tribe practices the wet rice cultivation, choosing to
permanently settle rather than live a nomadic lifestyle that comes with slash-and-burn
type cultivation. This type of cultivation is unique to the Apatanis. Taking the

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

sustainability of their fields a step further, the tribe also harvests fish in the wet fields
alongside rice. This instantly doubles the food production of their fields. Increasing their
food production even further, The Apatanis also cultivate within their fields a unique type
of salt called tapyo, Prepared from the ashes of certain plants. (Jaluka, 2015)
While the majority of the tribe practices agriculture, the others are engaged in poultry,
hunting, they rear Mithuns (Bos frontalis) cattle, pig, goats, and fishing. To balance with
the changing world, some have chosen to other professional fields. The Apatani women
are skillful weavers. They also go to the nearby market to sell goods. Basket weaving or
Basketry is the popular handicraft amongst them, practiced by both men and women folk
of this tribe. (Jaluka, 2015)

Family size:
Apatanis generally stay in a nuclear family with few exceptions where the elders continue
to stay together with the new generation.

Religion:
Most of the Apatanis are nature worshippers. They believe every object in the universe
possess divine power and represent gods or deities. All the Apatani’s worshipped the
Donyi-Polo. The worship of Donyi-Polo was started by Abotani, the sole ancestor of all
Apatani. (Blackburn, 2008) Similar to Adi tribe due to the influence from other tribe they
are converting into Christians.

Figure no. 3.22: Paddy field in Ziro Figure no. 3.23: Apatani Women praying to

Source: http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ their god Donyi-Polo

Source:http://arunachaltourism.in/general.htm

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3.3.2 Architecture of Apatani tribe:

Settlement planning:

Apatani’s like all other tribes believed in living together. Since Apatani’s live in a middle
altitude region their planning is in a row. They follow the row housing system. The walls
of the adjacent house are attached. The planning of a house is done in a continuous
pattern in a row until or unless there is a breakage like a road or any other obstacle in
between. (Ref. to fig. no.3.27).

Figure no. 3.24: Apatani settlement at Hari village

Figure no. 3.25: Ziro valley settlement
Source: Author
Source: Author

Figure no. 3.26: Contour map of Ziro region.

Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.27: Settlment planning of Apatanii tribe at Hari village

Source: Author

A- Location of house B- Location of house

based on Source (Shm, based on site visit
Roy, 2006)

Typical design of Apatani house:

The plan is divided into two parts, the first part of the house is used as storage space, hen
coop, hen pounding. The second part of the house is the main living area, where almost
all the activities are done like cooking, sleeping, resting, changing, chit-chatting,
household work, practicing handicraft, weaving. (Kolkman, Blackburn, 2014)

Figure no. 3.28: typical plan of Apatani house

Source: Author

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The houses are on slits and are called ‘Chang Ghar’. The
height of the stilts varies from 0.75 – 1.5 m and is given:
 For cleanliness
 Space I used as a pig pit
 Protection from dampness

Figure no. 3.29: typical elevation

of Apatani house
Source: Author
3.3.3 Case study of Apatani Tribe
Location: Hari village, Ziro
Name of the owner: Rotu Sunya
Family size: 2 members (1 male, 1 female)
House is approximately 100 years old.
Material used: Bamboo (beeje) , timber (giang, mohuk), cane , toko palm leaves

B’

Figure no. 3.30: Plan of the house

Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.31: Section B B’

Source: Author

Siiran

Figure no. 3.32: plinth
Source: Author
Plinth: Height: 1.5 m
This space below the plinth, is used
for the disposal of waste. Siiran
(wood) is for structural supports.
Figure no. 3.33: Pathway leading towards the house
Source: Author
Ude Abya (wooden stair case of the
house): Length of staircase 1.2 m

Figure no. 3.35: First part of the house

Figure no. 3.34: Attic
Source: Author
Source: Author
Storage space: Attic and front Byachi (First part of the house):
Storage space, hen coop, hen
part of the house is used. pounding.

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Living space
Fire place

Figure no. 3.36: living room of the house Figure no. 3.37: Entrance veranda
Source: Author Source: Author

Living Area: Almost all the activities are Byago Sembya (Entrance veranda):
done like cooking, Sleeping, resting, Width 2m. It is used for drying
changing, chit-chatting, household work, padding, weaving and basketing.
practicing handicraft, sewing.

Construction details:

Netting Pattern is used for The ventilation happens via

the creating walls. It is made bamboo doors and the spaces
using cane. between the bamboos supports
and in between the wall and roof.

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Flooring technique Flooring is done using

bamboo strips.
.

Bamboo is interlocked with Bamboo joinery detail

each other using ropes.

Figure no. 3.38: Wooden Joinery details

Source: Author

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3.4 Monpa Tribe:

3.4.1 Background:
The Monpas are of Mongoloid descent. Though they came from Tibet, they have similar
characters in terms of customs, language, agricultural practices, and methods of building
houses with the people of Bhutan. Shar Mon Yul (the term used by Tibetans for an area
covering Bhutan, eastern Nepal, north Bengal, Sikkim and west kameng and Tawang)
means the Land of Monpas; Shar stands for the east, Mon is used to address people living
in the cis-Himalayan region and Yul means country.(Lama, 1999).

Geographical Setting:
Monpa inhabits in the Dirang administrative area, in the north of bomdila, in the
south-western part of West kameng district and the entire Tawang district. (Dhar, 2005)
Unlike Apatanis they don’t settle in valleys, they inhabit in low to very altitudes. The
selection of the village site depends on the ease of drinking water and the availability of
agricultural land.

Figure no. 3.39: Position of Tawang

Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Socio-culture:
Occupation:
Monpas had a subsistence economy due to geographical barriers. They practice
agriculture, animal husbandry and they did trade with the people of Tibet, Bhutan, and
Assam. Agriculture is the primary occupation of Monpas. They practice both wet and dry
terrace cultivation. They use animals for plowing the land. They have a traditional system
known as lakpar, where friends and relatives help each other during the peak of the
cultivation season. (Lama, 1999).
Monpas doesn’t distinguish between a man’s or woman’s work. but generally work which
requires more physical strength such as clearing forest or plowing the field is done by
men while women do spinning or weaving of the fabric, also they get involved in
agriculture by doing the sowing.

Family size:
Monpa stays in nuclear as well as in a joint family. They are generally 9-10 members (in a
joint family) or 5-6 members (in the nuclear family). The property is either divided equally
among the sons or in some places the eldest son gets the major portion while in some
places the youngest son.

Politics:
In past, the village administration were run by Tsorgen or Tsobla (Office of headman) with
the help of Gomi (headmen), Gomis were slected by the people themselves for a period
of one year. Recently, Gaon Budas (village headmen) came to be appointed in villages by
government.(Lama ,1999).

Religion:
In west kameng and Tawang district, both Monpas and Shredukpens tribe practice
Buddhism. Buddhist tribe has a definite place of worship known as a monastery (gompa).
Monasteries have dormitories, residential buildings, halls, libraries, etc. for Monks to
study and stay. (Dhar, 2005) . People also built a small puja room (Cha room) inside their
houses on the top floor for worship.

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.40: Agriculture field of Monpa
Source:https://www.britannica.com/place/
Arunachal-Pradesh/People
Figure no. 3.41: Tawang monastery
Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tr
avel/destinations/tawang-festival-book-your-
tickets-to-this-astounding-cultural-
feast/as66331075.cms

3.4.2 Architecture of Monpa tribe:

Settlement planning:
The selection of the village site depends on the ease of drinking water and the availability
of agricultural land. Villages are divided into different divisions for ease of performing
village activities. Big villages are divided into kachung, middle-sized villages are divided
into toth(upper), bar(middle) and meth(low). They have maang khyem (community hall)
where villagers meet and discuss any dispute or affairs within the village. Monpa villages
are well connected with pathways. (Dhar, 2005) Monpa villages (yui) are situated on a
slope of hills usually consist of few houses. (Dhar, 2005) Unlike Adi and Apatani, their
houses are not planned; they built their houses with ease of physiographical condition of
the land. (Ref. to fig. no. 43).

Figure no. 3.42: Contour map of Tawang region.

Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.43: Settlment planning of Monpa tribe at Seru village

Source: Author

A- Location of house based on

secondary source ( Kaezax Kholie)

Typical design of Monpa house:

Other tribes in Arunachal Pradesh built their houses on the ground floor but Monpa
houses (khyem) are of two or three stories high and are made of wood, stone, and mud.
They are generally rectangular and the number of floors built depends on the economic
status of the family.
Foundation is made up of stone and mud, while doors, windows, floorings, and ladders
are made up of timber. In the past they don’t use nails during construction they tied using
bamboo strings or they use joineries for interlocking timber together. (Kolkman,
Blackburn, 2014)

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

3.4.3 Case study of Monpa tribe:

Location: Seru village, Tawang

Family size: 4 membaers (2 male, 2 female)
Material used: timber, sand, stone, bamboo.

C C’ C C’ C C’

Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor

Figure no. 3.44: Floor plans of the house

Source: Author

Figure no. 3.45: Section C C’

Source: Author

35

Figure no. 3.46: Ground floor of the house
Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Sarong, it’s a hall which is used for
storing potatoes, radishes and
other vegetables. Sometimes it’s
also for shelters for animals during
winter season.
Figure no. 3.48: First floor of the house
Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
Neng, the room in the first floor is
use by family for cooking and other
purposes such as keeping utensils,
valuables etc.
Pradumn Bajaj | 2019
Figure no. 3.47: Sleeping space of the house
Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
There is no separate room for
family members to sleep; one side
of the space is use for sleeping.
Figure no. 3.49: Fire place
Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie
The fire place is located at the
centre of the neng, and the space
around the fire place is use for
eating.
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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 3.50: Tsom Figure no. 3.51: Ladder inside house
Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie

Top floor of the house as place for
worship, tsom has idols of lord
Bhudda and other deities. Small
part of the space is also use to
store grains.
Staircase was made of timber and
was placed on side of the floor
space.

Monpa’s prayer flag

Figure no. 3.52: front part of the house

Source: Ms. Kaezax Kholie

There are very few windows in the house and roof

has gentle slope and it is supported by a number
of wooden pillars. Due to influence of modern
construction technique the GI roofing sheet is
used.
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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Chapter 4
Analysis

The architectural pattern in Arunachal Pradesh changes with the change in geographical
condition, different tribes settled around different regions in Arunachal Pradesh based on
their needs and everyday requirements. Arunachal Pradesh is mainly divided into three
altitudes regions i.e., High, Mid and Low. Every region is inhabited by various tribes. Adi
and Apatani tribes who stays in low and mid-altitude regions respectively have similar
architectural pattern due to relatable topographical conditions but Monpa people who
stay in high altitude region has a very unique pattern of architecture than rest of tribes in
Arunachal Pradesh. Many factors govern the architectural pattern of a tribe such as Socio-
cultural factor, Geographical factor, Settlement planning, Construction technique, and
Material. These factors help us to analyse and compare the architecture pattern between
the tribes.

Socio-cultural factors
 Agriculture is the main occupation practice by Monpa, Adi and Apatani, it is due to
the fact that these people settled around places that have good fertile land for
agriculture as they wanted to engage in trade with people in Tibet, Bhutan, and
Assam. Ziro and Pasighat are low altitude regions, thus people in these areas
practice framing on plains whereas in Tawang people practice terrace framing due
to the variation in topographical conditions.
 Adi and Apatani settled around the flow of river courses, Apatani settled in Ziro
valley so that they get protection from mountains during war whereas Adi settled
in gentle slopes nearby the river so that there is the availability of water and
protection from attack at the same time.
 Majority of people in Tawang practice Buddhist religion due to influence from the
Tibet region. Their politics and household activities are influenced by Buddhist
culture. Every household in Tawang has a place for worship inside their houses as
compared to the Adi tribe where people have one common place for worship in
the whole village.

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

 Earlier people used to practice a barter system for exchanging goods and services
from each other which also leads to decide the wealth of a person depending on
the number of Mithun or yaks one has with him.
 The three tribes have one thing in common i.e., they keep their animals with
them, either it is for eating or for framing. Adi keeps their animals outside their
houses but Monpa and Apatani keep their animals inside their houses. Apatani
people utilize the area below their houses for keeping animals and Monpa keeps
their animals on the ground floor during winter.

Figure no. 4.1: Map showing area of influence with river courses
Source: Author
Planning
 In hilly areas these tribes built their houses in the nucleus due to high variation in
topographical conditions, they construct their houses where ever there is an ease
of construction. In a low lying area, the topographical condition improves thus
people preferred to construct in these regions as they near to river banks.
 Monpa generally built their houses on hills and plan their village on a slope so that
there is no problem of water clogging in the village, As compared to Apatani
people who prefer constructing houses in plains and adjacent to each other. Adi
people construct houses based on the geographical conditions, houses in a village
are scattered if it's situated in hill whereas they are built adjacent to each other

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

compounds if they are situated in plains, different clans settled around different
regions based on their requirements.
 Adi people have a separate space for sitting or for drying grains which is adjacent
to their houses so that they can meet people outside their houses without inviting
them inside, it is done so that to protect women and children from outsiders. To
protect grains from the fire they store their grains outside their house. Whereas
Monpa and Apatani people store grains inside their houses, Apatani keeps their
grains at the front part of the house and Monpa people store them on the ground
as well as on the top floor of their
houses.

Figure no. 4.2 Settlement pattern in Figure no. 4.3 Settlement pattern in
High altitude region mid altitude region
Source: Author Source: Author

Figure no. 4.4 Settlement pattern in

Low altitude region
Source: Author
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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Construction techniques

 Adi and Apatani don’t have any windows in their houses because they stay all day
long at their farms and thus there is a threat of robbery. The only source of
ventilation in Apatani houses is through doors or from space between roof and
wall and in Adi houses through space between rafters.
 The structure of the roof is different across the three tribes; it is due to the
different climatic conditions of these regions. Tawang which has 915mm annual
rainfall but faces high snowfall during winters has a less steep roof as compared to
houses in Ziro valley and Pasighat area which has 2005 mm and 3848 mm annual
rainfall respectively and thus roof profile is much steeper.
 Adi and Apatani though have similar roof profile but the way they built their roofs
is different, Adi built their roof such that it covers from all the 4 sides of the house.
The roof comes down almost to the platform from the two sides and from other
two sides it is used to protect the walls from rains.
 In Twang people prefer less steep roof because of insulation. In Afghanistan the
houses found in regions with cold winters, particularly in the mountains, are
invariably flat roofed (Szabo, barfield, 1991) High pitched roof will increase the
height of the room and will make it difficult to warm the room since warm collects
above on the room.

Figure no. 4.5: Apatani house Figure no. 4.6: Adi house
Source: Author Source: Author

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

Figure no. 4.7: Section of Monpa house Figure no. 4.8: Section of Monpa
with less steep roof house with steeper roof
Source: Author Source: Author

Materials

 Monpa people use timber for construction whereas Adi and Apatani people use
Bamboo for construction both of these materials are locally available in their
regions and thus they save the cost of material.
 In Tawang people uses stone and clay to build the foundation and walls of their
houses so that houses are strong enough to bear the strong lateral forces of
winds. They use timber for the above floors and use pure wooden joinery detail.
 In Ziro and Pasighat people uses bamboo string to join two pieces of bamboo
together and cane for walls. The floor is made of bamboo splits in Ziro and it is
made of cane in Adi tribe. The pattern of weaving cane is influenced by the Assam
region.
 Though bamboo joinery used in Ziro and Pasighat regions is almost similar but the
Strength of bamboo used in Pasighat region is more than used in Ziro area, it is
done because Pasighat receives heavier rainfall throughout the year, so that to
protect the house from rain the structure of the roof is made using strong bamboo
(diabng) which gives strength to the roof.
 But nowadays people has started using new materials for construction, it is done
so that the structure could last for more number of days, and to provide more

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 Pradumn Bajaj | 2019

structural strength to the structure. People have started using RCC and dyna
roofing to provide stability to the structure. Though people built similar spaces
inside their new houses but due to change in material the essence of tribal culture
in these tribes is slowly fading away with time.

Figure no. 4.9: Recently constructed Monpa house Figure no. 4.10: Recently constructed
Source: Author Apatani house
Source: Author

Figure no. 4.11: Recently constructed Adi house

Source: Author

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Chapter 5
Conclusion

Traditional Architecture using the indigenous, vernacular materials and construction

techniques not only keeps our traditions alive but also contributes to the economy and
environment. Social and Cultural values play an important in defining the architecture of a
region. Vernacular architecture helps in creating the identity of a tribe. Arunachal Pradesh
is such a state in India that has a distinct variety of tribes and mountain ranges. Most of
the tribes are immigrants from Myanmar, Bhutan, and China. Every tribe in Arunachal
Pradesh has its own cultural identity, it is because in past there was no communication
between the tribes due to topographical constraints which affected the social and cultural
values and thus it helps in the proliferation of a tribe. In 1989 Arunachal Pradesh was
divided into eight new districts (Balasubramanian, 2017), the division of district is done in
such a way that the identity of a tribe should remain intact in a region or territory so that
to preserve the cultural diversity within the state.
The pattern of houses is decided by geographical factors such as rainfall, climate, and the
topographical condition and by socio-cultural factors such as framing, religion, and
politics. Monpa, Apatani and Adi tribe settles in High, mid and low altitude respectively
due to which the three tribes have a distinct architectural pattern. Rainfall decides the
roof profile of the house, availability of local material decides the construction technique
to be used while constructing the house, village politics decides the location of the house
while river courses decides the location of villages, all these factors linked with each other
and thus decides the architecture of the tribe and a region. The weaving pattern of walls
in mid and low altitude house are similar as they are influenced by Assam houses.

The architecture pattern of these tribes has started losing its significance and identity
because of the change in material cultural. The research can be further taken to explore
on the material aspect so that to preserve the cultural identity of tribes, research should
explore how these local materials can be implanted with the new techniques and
technology and how these technology strengthen the vernacular techniques of
construction.

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Glossary of terms:

Aai giiri: pig pit (Apatani tribe)

Abang: Straircase (Adi tribe)
Adi: Adi, also known as Abor, are the dominant people of the Siang region. It is a major
language of Arunachal Pradesh and consists of several dialects.
Aeap: Back door of the house (Adi tribe)
Apatani: The Apatani who locally are also known as Tanii, are a tribal group of people
living in the Ziro valley, in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.
Ashipertik: Space for storing water (Adi tribe)
Atak peu: Main hall of the house (Adi tribe)
Attic: Storage space (Apatani tribe)
Byachi: First part of the house (Apatani tribe)
Byago Sembya: Entrance veranda (Apatani tribe)
Chang ghar: Houses which are built on stilts.
Darreke: Fire Place (Apatani tribe)
Donyi Polo: It is the designation given to the indigenous religions, of Arunachal Pradesh, in
north-eastern India. The name "Donyi-Polo" means "Sun-Moon".
Dunko: Space is used for sitting and to take meals (Adi tribe)
Gaon Budas: Village headmen (Monpa tribe)
Ghams: Council of elders which exercise administrative power in a village in Adi tribe.
Giang : Vertical Bamboo pole (Adi tribe)
Gurang: Outside sitting space (Adi tribe)
Kebang: it is village administrative body which exercises the highest legal and judicial
power
Kitkung: Space below the house which is use for storing wood (Adi tribe)
Kodang: space is used for washing utensils. (Adi tribe)
Kumsung : space for storing grains. (Adi tribe)
Kunhe pue: Space for lady of the house and children to sleep in (Adi tribe)
Langea Kodang: Space for keeping dead bodies (Adi tribe)
Lodang: Horizontal Bamboo pole (Adi tribe)
Mithun: Bos frontalis

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Monpa: The Monpas are of Mongoloid descent. Shar Mon Yul means the Land of Monpas;
Shar stands for east, Mon is used to address people living in cis-Himalayan region and Yul
means country.
Moshup: bachelor dormitory in adi tribe
Murum: Fire place (Adi tribe)
Nekan: Toilet (Apatani tribe)
Neng: Room on the first floor of the house. (Monpa tribe)
Ramik: Space is use for cooking (Adi tribe)
Ratumatal: Space is use for storing fruits or other items. (Adi tribe)
Regum: Toilet (Adi tribe)
Sunge Kenyung: Space for preparation of rice (Adi tribe)
Tapyo: cultivation of land with a unique type of salt.
Tsom: Prayer space (Monpa tribe)
Tsorgen: Office of the village headmen (Monpa tribe)
Tunga: Space is use for outdoor sitting space (Adi tribe)
Ude Abya: Wooden stair case of the house (Apatani tribe)
Uko Sembya: Rare verandah (Apatani tribe)

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Bibliography:

Chapter 2:

Books:

Oliver, P. (2006). Built to Meet Needs. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Sarkar, K. (2015). INDIAN VERNACULAR PLANNING. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning,
2(1).

Balasubramanian, A.. (2017). Arunachal Pradesh-At a Glance.

Sharma, S. and Sharma, U. (2005). Discovery of north-east India. Mittal Publications.

Chowdhury, J. (1990). The tribal culture and history of Arunachal Pradesh. Delhi: Daya
Pub. House.

Elwin, V. (n.d.). A philosophy for NEFA. 6th ed. itanagar: government of Arunachal
Pradesh.

Bose, M. (1997). History of Arunachal Pradesh. 1st ed. New Delhi: Concept.

dutta, p. (2010). Arunachal Pradesh: an overview. 5th ed. Itanagar: government of

Arunachal Pradesh.

Online Sources:

Planning Commssion government of India (2019). Arunachal Pradesh Development

Report. [online] New delhi: government of india. Available at:
http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr/sdr_ap1909.pdf [Accessed 24 Aug.
2019].

Trail, I. (2015). Arunachal Pradesh. [Blog] Arunachal Pradesh – The Land of the Rising Sun.
Available at: http://indiatrail.org/arunachal-pradesh/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2019].

Arunachalipr.gov.in. (2019). [online] Available at: http://www.arunachalipr.gov.in/wp-

content/uploads/2019/01/IPR_2019.pdf [Accessed 7 Sep. 2019].

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Journals:

Dhar, O. and Nandargi, S. (2004). Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh
Himalayas. Weather, 59(6), pp.155-157.

Sarma, R. (2012). Intangible Cultural Heritages of Arunachal Pradesh. Antrocom Online

Journal of Anthropology, 8(2).

Chapter 3:

Books:

Joshi, H. (2010). Arunachal Pradesh past and present. 1st ed. new delhi: mittal
publication.

Shm, R. and Roy, S. (2006). Adi Tribes Of Arunachal Pradesh. 1st ed. New Delhi: BR
Publishing Corporation.

ROY, S. (1966). Aspects of Padam-Minyong culture. Shillong, North-East Frontier Agency.

Jaluka, M. (2015). Apatani- Tribal Architecture. Ahmedabad: Earthscapes Consultancy Pvt.

Ltd.

Blackburn, S. (2008). Tribal Transitions: Cultural Innovation in Aruachal Pradesh, India

Kolkman, R. and Blackburn, S. (2014). Tribal architecture in Northeast India. Boston: Brill.

Lama, T. (1999). The Monpas of Tawang: a profile. Itanagar: Himalayan Publishers on

behalf of Tawang District Youth Welfare Society, Arunachal Pradesh.

DHAR, B. (2005). Arunachal Pradesh, the Monpas of Tawang in transition. Guwahati,

Geophil Pub. House.

Cboudhury, S. (1996). GAZETTEER OF INDIA ,ARUNACHAL PRADESH,EAST KAMENG WEST

KAMENG AND TAWANG DISTRICTS. shillong: State Editor (Gazetteers), Gazetteers
Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh,.

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hutia, p. (2006). ETHNOZOOLOGICAL STUDY OF NYISHI, MONPA AND APATANI TRIBES OF

ARUNACHAL PRADESH. undergraduate. CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES NORTH-
EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY.

Chapter 4:

Books:

Szabo, A., Barfield, T. and Sekler, E. (1991). Afghanistan: An atlas of indigenous domestic
architecture. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Oliver, P. (2006). Built to Meet Needs. Oxford: Architectural Press.

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Tribes
Parameters
Adi Apatani Monpa
Altitude (from sea level) 155 m 1700 m 2700 m
Rainfall(average annual rainfall) 3898 mm 2005 mm 915 mm
Geographical factors Soil/Land cover Open forest Cultivated land Open forest
Climate Alpine climate Temperate climate Humid with subtropical climate
Rivers Dibang and Lohit Subansiri Chu and Nyamjang
It is also built on a slope and
construction of house depends on the
Village pattern It is built on a sloping land and near river banks. It is built on a plain land and it is planned in rows
ease of physiographical condition of
land

House layout

House pattern
On the ground floor of the house
Storage space Outside house At the front part of house(near entrance)
(near entrance)

It is placed at the centre of the living space and It is placed at the centre of the living
It is placed at the centre of the living space and the
Kitchen the space around fire place is used for multiple space and the space around fire place
space around fire place is for multiple purposes.
purposes. is for multiple purposes.

Sometimes separate room is made

Bedroom There is separete space for bedroom One corner of the living hall is used as bedroom and sometimes corner of living hall is
used.

Materials Bamboo, cane, toko leaves Bamboo and cane Sand, stone, tiles, timber

Fenestration Only doors are present Only doors are present Doors and small windows are present
Construction Technique
It is done using strong bamboo which is then It is done using bamboo which is then covered by It is done using timber which is then
Roofing
covered by toko palm leaves tin covered by tiles.

Adi people built their houses on Stilt and cover Monpa people Built their houses on
their houses from all four sides using roof, slopes and use stone and clay for the
Apatani people plan their houses in rows and
because these areas receives heavy rainfall and foundation. Thick walls are built so
because of that their village entire village gets
thus need protection throughout the year. To that the inside temperature of the
Inference maintain their roof and walls covering they
burnt if one of the house catches fire, but due to
house is warm. Foundation of the
communinty participation the entire village is
maintain it in evrery 7 year. they harvest bamboo house is stronger than mid and low
rebuilt using the same local material in 7-8 days.
in their forest and use them which last around region houses because of the sesmic
100 years for main structrual elements. activites in this region.

Figure no. 4.12: Comparative analysis of three tribes

Source: Author