METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
- So that we can understand more the
movement of people.
Metaphors:
 Substitutes of something to describe a
phenomenon, etc.
 Figure of speech (strategy we use to have
deeper understanding of concept/idea in
globalization)
Trends: Course/movement of change and/or
development.
o Ex. Fashion (Gothic, Glam, Fancy) - a
collection of idea or description of a
particular time or place.
o What's trending in the Philippines is
applied in the PH only.
o It doesn't stay the same.
o Ex. Foods
 PH = Jollibee becoming more
popular in other country.
 India = their delicacies also
becoming more pop.
PH and US Relationship:
- We take more of their culture than they do
of us.
TRENDING TODAY
 DIGITIZATION
o tech/gadgets/innovations
o Telehealth and online class (during
pandemic)
 ONLINE BUSINESSES AND SELLING
o Grab Food, Shopee, Lazada –
marketplace of niche.
o We see different platforms that
caters specific activities (mostly
economic activity)
o Way to uplift our economy locally
and nationally.
 WEARING OF FACEMASK AND FACE
SHIELD.
 REMOTE WORK
o or the online work; happening even
before.
o Fluid offices
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 Change in organization and
system = change in type and
description of work that we hire
 working remotely for the company
= separation from the usual setup
of offices (office workspace)
 Home office set up increases
Ex. freelancers; working at the

comfort of their home
 AFFECTED OUR MENTAL HEALTH
 ADJUSTMENT IN ISOLATION
o Because of lockdown, it limited
people from
gatherings/meetings/travelling which
affected them hardly. Still adjusting.
In these trends, there are definite explanation.
- These are examples of extended presence
Extended presence
 Changes in behavior that we see.
 There's negative and positive effect.
 Ex. Online classes
o - difficulty in lessons/retaining
information
o + No travelling; less expenses.
 Ex. Scam victim (before pandemic)
o Increases
Movement of goods becomes faster and lighter
Today.
Digitization may either turn things into Liquid or Gas
state.
Backbone of Digitization: Internet service (router,
wires)
PROBLEMS OF DIGITIZATION
1. Digital illiteracy - lack of proper info in use
of IoT
o results in: cyber threats (viruses,
hacking) = Risk
o Spread of fake news
o Scam victim
o In Philippines, we cannot totally rely
in digitization.
 There's still need of
 MANUAL work.
 Due to lack of access to people; Because there are
technology.
2. Money 4.0 - crypto currencies, financial
digital transactions
o (pay Maya, gcash)
o Nassim Taleb and James Cascio
spread this trend.

SOLID (Solidarity)
 People, things, information and place that
“harden” overtime and therefore have a
limited mobility.
o Limited Mobility – affects the
movement of people
 Poverty - no means to buy
anything.
 Disease - limited the
movement of people;
lockdowns, no meetings,
gatherings, or transactions
 Lack of education- hindrance;
limits what you can do.
 Persistence of barrier that prevents
movement.
o Barriers – man-made walls
 Ex. Berlin wall; The Wall via
Trump in Mexico
 Trump - Hate influx of
Mexican people to US; racist
 Remains largely in place
o Great Wall of China
o Mount Everest
o Suez Canal
 1&3 - manmade; very hefty;
hard to move; form one place
to another
 Although they are solid in
state; they were able to help
in the movement of people,
things, and information (from
the earliest point of time until
today)
 Help the state of
globalization
 Best examples of Solid: Books, tablets, and
walls, etc.
o Books - manmade technology
(Because learning is a form of
technology)
 remains largely to a lot

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 people who still prefer  Today: Email (Gas)
books more than e-  Transportation - one of the things that made
book, fan of author, movement easier
hobby is collecting  Ex. Car, train, planes
books.  Most of the things that we see today are in
o Tablets - earliest form: clay; liquid form.
today: iPad; they are solid  Ex. Stocks, currency
structures
o In order to make this; there's GAS (Gaseousness)
a need of  Hyper mobility of people, things, information
collaboration/processes. and plans in the global age.
Digitization
o are
- Most people of astate.
in the liquid lot of things
LIQUID (Liquidity)
 Much of the information now are available
 Increasing ease of movement of virtually instantly around the world.
PEOPLE, things, information, and places  Wafts through the air in the form of signals
in the global age. beamed of satellites
 Everywhere we turn, more things are  Conceived by Karl Marx
becoming increasingly liquefied o Able to put our ideologies to
including ourselves. eradicate capitalism; acc to him,
 Scientific fact: Solid tends to melt. everything solid tends to melt into
o That's what happen in Globalization thin air
o Sending letters  Gaseous state will not be possible without
 Messengers (would travel internet.
for months) (Solid) o Ex. Social media, remote work,
 Then: Snail  Digital economy - online stocks,
Mail/Telegraph (Liquid) transactions, businesses.
o Ex. etoro, colfinancial o Ex. Migration
 Their relationship is more of INTEGRATION  CONTINUOUS FLOWS
o Integration - the ease of flow or o Pass or travel through surface
movement. or substance.
o no pause; no stopping
LIQUID FLOWS o People represents continuous
 Flows are integral to liquidity. flows and criminal activities like
o Because the liquid flow is hacking.
DYNAMIC. Not bounded by politics
o There can be RECIPROCATION o Ex. By foot; camel; despite being
 According to Appadurai (1990) Flows are separated by plateau, movement
another key concept in thinking about of people cannot be stopped.
globalization. o Today: ships, trains, planes
 Liquid flows easily, far more than solids. 1ST FRANCHISE OF MCDO IN
 To see how the movement goes from one MOSCOW RUSSIA (1990)
place to another
 Showcase of US capitalism
LIQUID PHENOMENA  Example of Liquid Flow
 do not hold their shape, it fixes neither  Perestroika
SPACE nor TIME. o Pagluluwag ng economy sa Russia.
 SPATIAL FLOW o A lot of businesses were able
to offshore in Russia
Interconnected Flows
 Global flows do not occur in isolation
Relating to or occupying space
o from one-many different flows
relating to time.
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 interconnect at various points in time. o Indian ocean can flow in bodies of
water whether small or big because
they are interconnected

 Interconnected Shipping - transporting from

one place to another using water
systems/bodies of water.
o Some were involved with illegal
activities (smuggling)

Multi-dimensional flows
 All sorts of things flow in every conceivable
direction among all other points in the world.
 It could be reciprocating flow like give and
take and vice versa. And have point of
comparison.
 Reciprocate happens when Russian culture
to US culture embraces it like introducing
Russian delicacies (Russia to US)
 Multidirectional: North, South, East, and
West
o Best example: McDonalds (many
franchised in diff. countries)
o When US introduced their food, they
are also introduced with many
cultures in return.
 Encompass CULTURE
 Gastroeconomic

Conflicting Flows
 The transplanetary process can also conflict
with one another (and with much else).
o The flow of ideas creates conflicts
o Ex. Terrorist group; war
 Conflicting: o US and Al Qaeda- shows how
destructive conflict is like 9/11 World trade
twin towers.
o Social conflict

Reverse Flows
 Process flowing in one direction and back
on their source (and much else).
 Back and forth movement
 Ex. Pollution and Mining
o if a person does not take care of this
env, it can have reverse effect/ direct
effect to us.
 Reverse: of culture.
o Sharing of culture- tourist interact o Pollution- because it can be exported
with local there is reverse exchange commonly, and best example is air

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 pollution that backflows or
boomerang effect. ▪ Ex. Factories
Aside from the conceptual distinctions discussed
prior, we can also use the description HEAVY,
LIGHT and WEIGHTLESS to describe change that
involves movement.
COMMUNITY – a group of individual’s
characteristics, status, and culture.
 Financial Status equate your status as a
whole.
o Money = will make you have
superior place in society.
o Distinction of progress and changes
that we see in the society.
 Skills of observation and assessment.
o To categorize each of the material
things that we see even the process
o Ex. Bureaucratic processes
HEAVY
 Characterized by that which is difficult to
move.
 Also applies to the effort or kind of work
done before the creation of advanced
technologies.
 All the activities and innovations pre-modern
era are HEAVY.
 Heavy makes things faster and expedite
things and does not hinder things.
o Transportation and technology made
all sorts of industrial products
smaller and LIGHTER and is easier
to transport
Heavy Society
 Present in 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution
 Best example for 1 & 2 is innovation that
time.
 1st IR heavy machines – Spinning Jenny,
Looms, etc.
SOME ARE ACTUALLY PRODUCED
INTENTIONALLY AND UNINTENTIONALLY
BY GLOBAL FORCED
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Helps us to build/trade.
Trade = exchange of goods; work;
specialty
 Despite being heavy, it was the
GOOD SOURCE OF progress.
 The applied effort you made.
 Ex. Effort in making textile – a lot of
process
 Heavy structure that became lighter today =
CARPENTRY.
 Ex. Dining table making
 Those things that are massive inside or
processes that are hard to do before =
 Because of TRANSPORTATION
and TECHNOLOGY, they made all
sorts of industrial products smaller
and LIGHTER to transport.
 Easier transport
 2000s
 Ex. Internet
HEAVY STRUCTURES THAT EXPEDITE
HOLDOVERS FROM PRE-GLOBAL WORLD
o This was made or invented during
earlier times to expedite our
activities. Examples:
 Machineries (sewing
machines)
 Systems (beaurucratic
system)
 Transportation (PNR, cars)
 Buildings (churches, Vatican
library, museums
o Heavy that we have before until now
o BUT DOES NOT limit our
movement;
o It helps us speed up processes and
movement we have right now.
o Buildings (archi); Systems (process);
Material things
 Example: UST (oldest
school/structure) – old school
but produces people that can
help the society.
 Example: Manual System –
like in the PH; Bribery
System; Criminal activities;
Prostitution;
o System of maintenance- effort of
people specializing in specific fields.
o Intentionally built:
  Walls: Ex. The Wall (between
US & Mexico) – this could
help people in North and
South for better economy
process
 Airports/Paliparan/Plane
 Pilots
 Aeronautical Engrs
 Traffic controllers
 Railroad Systems
 PNR; LRT; MRT
THERE ARE ALSO
AWKWARD CONNECTIONS – has limitation
on movement.
a. Ex. Offices that use manual works
NO CONNECTIONS – blockage or hindrance
of movements
a. North Korea – they intentionally stop
media coverage about their country.
b. Pandemic caused to stop
movement; curfew
FRICTIONS – restrictions of movement
a. Russia and USA – restricted
relationship
b. Policies and laws that each country
have.
 These connections might stop connections
to other things or country but still there is
other ways to connect with others. With the
help or assistance that can help expedite
movement
LIGHT
 The ease of movement
 Global microstructures are light compared
to bureaucratic systems. (Cetina, 2005)
 It depends on head of the org and they can
freely add rules and regulations to be done
efficiently.
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 Global Microstructures – are systems of
integration that is global in structure but small in
size; Every country/continent has
representation of groups so they can perform
easily;
o Use: (1) make information to
disseminate, (2) For protecting based on
their own principle and patterns
o Examples: Financial market (stocks and
trades; bank) and Global Terrorists
Group
o Global in scope but micro in structure.
DIFFERENCE OF FINANCIAL MARKET AND
TERRORIST GROUPS
 Broker to investor relationship, there is a
middle man while terrorist group like Al
Qaeda there is mediator between the head
(Osama Bin Laden) and people who
terrorizes the country.
SIMILARITY:
 They share the same playful complex
system, like policies changing regularly.
o unpredictable, wide connectivity.
 They are asymmetrical and dynamic (they
know how to manage expectations and fulfill
tasks)
o Asymmetric – not in synch; but they
were able to enact on those plans
and actions very well.
 You will never expect.
 Ex. 9-11 incident
o Wide connectivity – their powers
cannot be traced; they have it
everywhere.
 They have their own set of principles and
patterns
Examples
 China invents paper instead on writing on a
clay tablet, financial markets (currency
trades peso to dollars), global terrorist
groups
 Most of our transactions nowadays are
gaseous already. (because of internet)
 WEIGHTLESS
 Clearly moves far more easily (even
globally) than which is either heavy or light.
 We are considered as weightless society.
 All things that are invented today are
compact.
 Things that move far easily than light
structure.
o (email to messenger message real
time)
o Cassettes to Spotify (music from
heavy to weightless)
 Characteristics of Weightless
o Portable and Compact
 Key Feature
o The invention and spread of
connectivity
i. Internet
ii. Smartphone
iii. Laptop