Metamaterials: Theory,

Analysis and Design

Dr. Saughar Jarchi

IKIU
Email: saugharjarchi@gmail.com
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Realization of negative effective permittivity

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Consider an artificial medium including a

periodic array of thin parallel conducting wires.

Applying quasi-static conditions, an analytical model is derived

Epsilon negative metamaterial (ENG)

5 𝒛=𝒅
𝟐𝒓𝟎

𝒂 𝒛=𝟎
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𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 → 𝑎, 𝑑, 𝑟0 ≪ λ0

 Dr. Saughar Jarchi

Assume the voltage between z=0 and z=d equals U,

Electric current Iw flows in each wire.

𝑈 = 𝐸𝑧 𝑑
𝑈 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑑𝐼𝑤
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𝑈 = 𝐸𝑧 𝑑 L: total inductance (including mutual coupling

between wires) of one wire per unit length
𝑈 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑑𝐼𝑤

𝐸𝑧 𝑑 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑑𝐼𝑤 𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑤

Our purpose is finding ε

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𝑫 = 𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝑷

𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆: 𝑷 = 𝑞𝒅 𝑷 = 𝑧𝑞𝑑

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𝑷 = 𝑧𝑞𝑑
𝑑𝑞 𝐽 𝐽
𝐽= = 𝑗𝜔𝑞 → 𝑞 = 𝑷=𝑧 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 → 𝑑 = 1 𝐼𝑤
𝐽 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2
𝑎

−𝐸𝑧 𝑧 𝐼𝑤 /𝑎2 𝐼𝑤 1
𝑷= 2 2 𝑷=𝑧
𝑗𝜔
𝑑=𝑧 2
𝑎 𝑗𝜔
𝜔 𝐿𝑎
𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑤
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−𝐸𝑧 𝑧
𝑷= 2 2
𝜔 𝐿𝑎
𝑫 = 𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝑷 = 𝝐𝑬

𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝑷 𝜖0 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑃𝑧 1
𝜖= = = 𝜖0 1 −
𝑬 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 𝜖0 𝜔 2 𝐿𝑎2

L: total inductance (including mutual coupling

between wires) of one wire per unit length
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𝜖0 𝑬 + 𝑷 𝜖0 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑃𝑧 1
𝜖= = = 𝜖0 1 −
𝑬 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 𝜖0 𝜔 2 𝐿𝑎2

Calculation of L

L: total inductance (including mutual coupling

between wires) of one wire per unit length

We should calculate magnetic flux per 1-m segment of the wire.

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Due to symmetry, magnetic flux is zero

at the middle point between wires.

𝟐𝒓𝟎

𝑧 𝑦
𝑥

𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑥=𝑎
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𝑯. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
𝑐

𝐼𝑤 1 1
𝐻𝑦 = −
2𝜋 𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥
𝑧=1 𝑥=𝑎/2
𝜇0 𝐼𝑤 1 1
ψ= 𝑩. 𝑑𝑺 = 𝜇0 𝐻𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
𝑧=0 𝑥=𝑟0

𝜇0 𝐼𝑤 𝑎/2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑤 𝑎2
ψ= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑟0 = 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0
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𝜇0 𝐼𝑤 𝑎/2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑤 𝑎2
ψ= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑟0 = 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0

ψ 𝜇0 𝑎2
𝐿= = 𝑙𝑛
𝐼𝑤 2𝜋 4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0

1 2𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1− 2 2
= 𝜖0 1 − 2
𝜖0 𝜔 𝐿𝑎 𝑎
𝜖0 𝜇0 𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0
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2𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 − 2
𝑎
𝜖0 𝜇0 𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0

2𝜋/𝐾
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1−
𝜔2
Similar to loss-less Drude model
𝑎 2
𝐾 = 𝜖0 𝜇0 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0

𝜔𝑝2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙: 𝜖 = 𝜖0 1− 2
𝜔
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The result is obtained for ideally conducting wires:

1 𝜇0 𝑎2
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1− 𝐿= 𝑙𝑛
𝜖0 𝜔 2 𝐿𝑎2 2𝜋 4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0
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If the wires are described by effective surface impedance Zs:

𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑤 𝑍𝑠
𝑍𝑠 = ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐸𝑡 = 𝑍𝑠 𝐽𝑠 = 𝑍𝑠 = 𝐼𝑤
𝐽𝑠 2𝜋𝑟0 2𝜋𝑟0

𝑍𝑠
𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑤 → 𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝐼𝑤
2𝜋𝑟0

1
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 +
𝑍𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝑎2 𝑗𝜔𝐿 +
2𝜋𝑟0
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If the wires are described by effective surface impedance Zs:

1
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 +
𝑍𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝑎2 𝑗𝜔𝐿 +
2𝜋𝑟0

𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇0 𝜖0 , 𝜂 = 𝜇0 /𝜖0

2𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 − 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑍𝑠
𝑘𝑎 2 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑗𝑘𝑎
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0 𝑟0 𝜂
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2𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 −
2 𝑙𝑛 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑍𝑠
𝑘𝑎 − 𝑗𝑘𝑎
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0 𝑟0 𝜂

For lossy wires (skin depth much smaller than the wire diameter):

1 + 𝑗 𝜔𝜇0
𝑍𝑠 = 𝜎: 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
2 𝜎

𝑍𝑠 𝑟0 𝑎2
Losses can be neglected if: ≪ 𝑘𝑎 𝑙𝑛
𝜂 𝑎 4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0
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At very low frequencies the skin effect can be
neglected, and 𝒁𝒔 / 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟎 should be replaced by the
static resistance of wire per unit length 𝟏/ 𝜎𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟎

1 𝑙 1 𝑍𝑠
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 2 = 𝜌𝑆 2 → 2𝜋𝑟
𝜎𝜋𝑟0 𝜎𝜋𝑟0 0

2𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 − 2
𝑎 𝑎2 1
𝑘𝑎 2 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑗2𝑘 2
4𝑟0 𝑎 − 𝑟0 𝑟0 𝜎𝜂
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More advanced designs can be obtained by loading wires by
reactive impedances.
For example if the wires periodically cut (and perhaps bulk
capacitances C are inserted into every cut):

1
𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑤 → 𝐸𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝐼𝑤
𝑗𝜔𝐶

1 𝐶
𝜖 = 𝜖0 1 + = 𝜖0 1+
1 𝜖0 𝑎2 1 − 𝜔 2 𝐿𝐶
𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝑎2 𝑗𝜔𝐿 +
𝑗𝜔𝐶