Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Timber Bridge Design

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Appendix TB - 12m Span, 4.5 m width Timber Bridge

Project:
Name of River:
Span: 12m Span, 4.5 m width TIMBER BRIDGE
Consultant: Louis Berger Group (BROKONSULT AB) in Association with SABA Engineering PLC
Designed by: J. Packelen 20/12/1999

TB.1 GENERAL

TB.1.1 Specifications

ERA Bridge Design Manual-2002

TB.1.2 Material Proporties

TB.1.2.1 Timber Class F17 Stress Grade 1 Strength Group S1

Working stress parallel to grain 17 Mpa

Modification Factor for Resistance F= Fo*Cf*Cm*Cd

Beams w*h=300*300 F= 17*1,0*1,0*1,0= 17 MPa

Deck Beams w*h=100*200 F= 17*1,0*1,0*1,0= 17 MPa

Deck Planks w*h=150*75 F= 17*1,3*1,0*1,0= 22,1 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity E= Eo*Cm

Flexural Design E= 5 000*1,0= 5 000 Mpa

Deformation Design E= 9 000*1,0= 9 000 Mpa

TB.1.2.2 Steel

Connector plates M270M fy= 250 Mpa

Dowels (reinforcement bars dia 20) fy= 400 Mpa

Wood Screws M16 4.6 fy= 400 Mpa

Modulus of Elasticity E= Eo*Cm

Flexural Design E= 200 000*1,0= 200 000 Mpa

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TB.2 LOADING

TB.2.1 Loads

Permanent Load

DC Dead Load Deck (0,2+0,075)*4,5*9,6 = 2,64*4,5 = 11,88 kN/m

Kerb 2*(0,3+0,2)*0,25*9,6 = 2,40 kN/m
Railing 2*(0,25*0,25+0,2*0,2*2,1/1,8)*9,6 = 2,10 kN/m
Beams 3*0,3*1,2*9,6 = 10,37 kN/m

Live Load

LL Vehicular Load

Deck Width = 4,5m thus one Design Lane

Multiple Presence Factor = 1,20 l = 5,31*72,5 = 385 mm (Truck)

l = 5,31*55 = 292 mm (Tandem)
Tire Contact Length l = 2,28*1,75*(1+0,33)*P = 5,31*P

IM Dynamic Load Allowance = 33 %

TB.2.1 Load Factors and Combination

The following shall be satisfied

Σµ∗γ∗Q < φ∗R

Load modifier µ= µd∗µr∗µl= 1,0*1,0*1,0 = 1,0

Load Combination

Strength-1 Factor γ

Dead Load DC 1.25

Vehicular Load LL 1.75

Dynamic Allowance IM 0,33*LL Truck & Tandem 1.75

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TB.3 FORCES

TB.3.1 Permanent load

Girder Load assuming deck slab supported by riged girders

Forces in deck and load on girders are analyzed for loads in 2.11 by continous girder program

Load on Exterior Girder = 6,99 kN/m Load on Interior Girder = 2,40 kN/m

TB.3.2 Live Load

Load distribution between girders

Load on exterior girder according to lever rule

Qe = P/3 + P*0,75/3,4 = 0,554P

Load on interior girder assuming deck slab supported by riged beams

Qi = a/(2*l)*(3-(a/l)^2)*P = 0,8/(2*1,7)*(3-(0,8/1,7)^2)*P = 0,654 P

where l = beam spacing and a = wheel load distance from outer supports

Exterior girders will be designed for the following Loads Factor Strength-1

q = 7,29+3,46 = 10,75 kN/m Dead Load 1.25 13.4

Q = 1,2*1,33*0,554*145 or 35 = 128 or 31 kN Truck Load 1.75 224 or 54

Q = 1,2*1,33*0,554*110 = 97 kN Tandem Load 1.75 170

q = 1,2*0,554*9,3 = 6,2 kN Lane Load 1.75 10.8

Interior girders will be designed for the following Loads

q = 1,81+3,46 = 5,27 kN/m Dead Load 1.25 6.6

Q = 1,2*1,33*0,654*145 or 35 = 151 or 37 kN Truck Load 1.75 265 or 64

Q = 1,2*1,33*0,654*110 = 115 kN Tandem Load 1.75 201

q = 1,2*0,654*9,3 = 7,3 kN Lane Load 1.75 12.8

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TB.4 GIRDERS

TB.4.1 System analyzis

The main girders are composed of sawn beams bundled by dowels (reinforcement bars)
driven through drilled vertical holes.
Beams including dowel forces are analyzed by computer program for plane frames
in order to simulete the slip between beams.
Forces in load combination Strength-1 are considered.
Truck or tandem loads are moved with increments of 1 m from support and outwards.
For maximum shear lane load appears from the first wheel and outwards.
The three main beams are designed identically and the interior beam forces are governing

Simulation of slip between beams due to deformations in dowel groups

The slip is about 2 mm for the dowel design load (P = 350 kN/m see Section 6)

For the verticals in the frame system thus the following stiff-ness criterium is valid

δ/2 = P*(L/2)^3/(3*E*I) = P*(L/2)^3/(3*E*B*D^3/12) = P/(2*E*B)*(L/D)^3

D/L = (P/(δ*E*B))^(1/3) = ( 0,34/(0,002*5000*0,3)^(1/3) = 0,5

where L = length of verticals B = width of vertical

D = fictious depth of verticals E = modulus of elasticity

TB.4.2 Dowel Forces from system analyzis

Node Bar Load Case V length Shear

Force / m
1 25 DL 35
Truck x=1,5 376
Total S-1 411 1.25 329

2 27 DL 48
Truck x=3,5 508
Total S-1 556 1.5 371

3 29 DL 35
Tandem x=5 389
Total S-1 424 1.5 283

4 31 DL 18
Tandem x=5 272
Total S-1 290 1.5 193

400
350 329
371
300
283
250 193
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4

Série1

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TB.5 DECK

TB.5.1 System

TB.5.2 Load

Deck loads are computed by continous beam program for unfactored loads

Dead load = 2.64 kPa factor = 1.25

Live Load Tandem 110/(0,5+0,5)/1,2 = 91.7 kPa * factor = 1,2*1,33*1,75 = 1,33*2,1

Lane 9,3/3= 3.1 kPa factor = 1,2*1,75 = 2.1

* 122 kPa including dynamic load allowance

The live tandem wheel load is assumed to be evenly distributed over the axle spacing by the planks

TB.5.3 Beam Forces from system analyzis

Design Deck Moment over inner beams

M = 1,25*0,1 + 2,1*19,6 = 41 kNm/m

Deck Beam Spacing 0,45 m W = (0,15/0,3)*0,2^2/6 = 0,0033 M^3

σ = M/W = 0,041*0,0033 = 12,4 Mpa

TB.6 DOWELS

TB.6.1 Dowel Dimensions

Dowels are made of ordinary dia 20 mm reinforcement bars

TB.6.2 Dowel Groups

Each dowel group is designed for the actual shear force according to system analyzis

TB.6.2.1 Design Dowel Force is

Rr = φ*Rn where Rn = 26*d^2*√2*√fy/180 Rr = 0,8*26*20^2*√400/90 = 17,5 kN

TB.6.2.2 Minimum Dowel Spacing

S = 7*d = 7*20 = 140 parallel to grain S = 4*d = 4*20 = 80 not parallel to grain

TB.6.2.3 Dowel Group Capacity

Group 1 Spacing 150 mm 3/0,15*17,5 = 350 kN/m

Group 2 Spacing 225 mm 3/0,225*17,5 = 233 kN/m

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