IGC-2 Summary (BSTS)

NEBOSH IGC Summary - week 2
Element 1:- Workplace hazards & risk

control
Hazards to pedestrians
Slips, trips and falls (on same level)
Falls from height
Objects moving, flying or falling
Collisions with moving vehicles
Causes of slips, trips & falls (accidents on walkways or Staircases)

1- Old age
2- Sensory impairment e.g. Poor eyesight
3- Unsuitable foot wear
4-Slippery surface e.g. polished floor
5- Spillage e.g. oil on floor
6 During the floor cleaning
7- Poor lighting / limited vision because of the dust or fog
8- Uneven surface
9-moving from one kind of floor surface to another
10- Carrying heavy / large loads
11- Poor physical condition / ill health / consciousness problems
12- Rainy weather without suitable drainage system
13- Poor housekeeping / Obstacles on the walkway (e.g. protrusions)
14- Bad organisation or layout of the work place
15- Lack of attention / distractions
16- Alcohol & drugs
17- Fatigue & exhaustion
18- Loose / Untied shoe laces
19- Poor emergency procedures: people crowding, panicking & rushing
to evacuate
20- Not using the handrails
21- Not keeping 3 points of contact
22- Walking backwards e.g. banks man
23- Broken steps / different heights
24- Running, jumping & Horseplay
Working at height
Hazards of working at height
Fall of people Fall of
objects
Collapse
Overturn
Contact with overhead services
Precautions & Control measures:

- Avoid working at height by using long tools or machines
- Reduce height as much as possible
- Reduce duration & frequency of working at height
- it is
- Using proper working platform, carrying out pre use inspection &
regular maintenance
- PPE e.g. safety harness, fall arrestors & helmets with strap
- Edge protection & Safety net
- Ensure Safe access & egress to the work place
Precautions & Control measures of working on ANY roof:
The above precautions PLUS:

- Using crawl boards
- Locating & covering the lights on the roof (if any)
Hazards of ladders
Fall of people
Fall of objects
Collapse
Overturn
Precautions & Control measures:

- Ladder resting with both feet on a levelled firm floor
- Distance between the ladder & the wall in the ratio 1 : 4
- Rested & fixed against solid surface
- Suitable for the task, approved, inspected & in good condition
- Fixed & secured at the top
- 3 steps extra length at the top
- Only one person at a time
- Keeping 3 points of contact
- PPE e.g. gloves,safety shoes, coveralls & helmets with straps
- Clean firm non-slip steps
- Should only be used as a mean of access NOT as a working
platform
Independant tied Scaffold
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Control measures & precautions
- Designed, erected, inspected, altered & maintained by competent

certified people
- Should be suitable for the job & certified
- Inspected before each shift & after any accident, incident or
adverse weather conditions
- Avoid overloading or exceeding SWL
- Use of guard rails & toe boards
- Stop work in adverse weather conditions e.g. strong wind
- it is
- PPE e.g. helmets with strap & safety harness
Mobile Tower Scaffold
Hazards
Fall of people Fall of

objects
Collapse
Overturn
Precautions & control measures

Above precautions for independant tied scaffold PLUS:
- Positioned on firm ground

- Use of outriggers to broaden base & locking the wheels
- Braced & tied to permenant structure
- People and materials removed before moving
Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP)
Hazards
- Fall of people - Fall
of objects
- Collapse
- Overturn
- Contact with overhead services
- Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure or inbetween the
Scissors lift
Accidetns, Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by

Equipment failure
Unsuitable ground conditions
Defective or unused outriggers
Unsuitable MEWP or in bad condition (lack of maintenance)
Overloading
Struck by load or vehicles
Incompetent operator
Interference with controls by others
Strong wind / storms
Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

Suspended access cradle
Hazards
Fall of people
Fall of objects
Collapse
Overturn
Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure
Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold
Excavations
Main hazards
- Fall of people
- Fall of objects e.g. tools or fluids causing flooding
- Collapse of the excavation (Caving)
- Overturn of vehicles close to edge
- Contact with underground services (electrical cables, gas pipes,
sewage, telephone)
- Access and egress (being a confined space: Difficults access &
egress, Hazardous atmospheres -
Contamination (sewage, spores)
- Type of soil
- Removal of soil
- Undermining foundations
Precautions & control measures

Plan the job using location maps
Locate & avoid underground cables e.g. CAT (cable avoidance tools)
Issue permit to work
Safe digging procedures (follwoing SSOW)
Use competent workers - it is
PPE e.g. coveralls, helmets & safety shoes
Improving evironmental factors such as lighting & ventillation
Ensure safe access & egress
Demolition
Methods of Demolition
Hand-held tools
Machine
Chemical agents (Explosives)
Hazards of Demolition
Safety hazards:
Fall of People Fall of
objects
Premature collapse
Contact with underground & overhead services
Fire & Explosion
Electricity
Health hazards;
Gases, fumes and vapours
Asbestos
Lead Silica
Noise
Vibration
Ionising radiation
Biological hazards
Control measures & Precautions: Pre-

demolition surveys & area maps
Safe method of demolition & safe organized demolition sequence
Competent workers
Evacuating near buildings if needed
PPE e.g. helmets, reflective vest , steel toe safety shoes
Safe access & egress
Issue pertmit to work & other legislative documents
Site Precautions for children

- Fencing & barriers all around the site
- Security guards & patrols
- Monitoring the area with CCTV Cameras
- Warning signs & Posters
- Visit schools & provide information to the people in charge
- Take children to site on visits (arranging class trips to the site)
- Lock the vehicles & remove the keys
- Remove ladders & prevent access to scaffolds
- Lock away hazardous chemicals
- Cover holes & excavations
- Reduce heights of materials
Element 2: Transport hazards and

risk control
Hazards of vehicles including fork lift trucks (General)
- Overturning -
Overloading
- Loss of loads
- Collision with pedestrians, buildings or other vehicles
- Fire and Explosions
Additional hazards of electric - battery fork lifts

- Hydrogen gas released during battery charging
- Inhalation of fumes
- Corrosives leading to burns
- Electricity problems
- Manual handling of battery during recharging
- They are quiet (People may not hear them coming)
Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks

- To be parked in the designated parking area (on a levelled surface not
Blocking Walkways or exits)
- Switch off engine, lights, radio, etc...
- Remove the key & keep it with the responsible person / place. -
Put gears (controls) in neutral position.
- Apply the handbrake and the wheel chock to prevent rolling away
- Forks to be resting on the floor
- Mast slightly tilted forward
- Surround the forklift with cones & barriers to prevent trips over the
Forks.
Driver selection
Suitable age
Medical examination & Routine medical checks at regular intervals
Assessment after prolonged absences
Competence (KATE, Proper qualifying training & Refresher training)
Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

Precautions to prevent collision between vehicles and
pedestrians
Precautions to ensure safety of vehicles operation
- Setting & enforcement of site traffice rules, proper signs & Floor
marking
- Segregation between vehicular route & pedestrian route
- Suitable designated parking areas
- Proper environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & reduced
noise
- Avoid sharp or blind bends
- Vision panels in doors or transparent doors
- Sufficiently wide entrances, gateways & traffic routes
- Vision aids e.g. CCTV cameras or mirrors on vehicles & at blind
corners
- Setting speed limits for cars e.g. 20 km/h
- Designated marked crossing points for pedestrians
- FOPS
- R OP S
- PPE e.g. steel toe safety shoes & High visibility jackets
- Driver training & qualification
- Using ground guides in reversing (Signallers / Banks men)
- Avoid reversing if possible e.g. One-way systems, drive through
parking, circling the vehicles
- Reversing alarms (audible & visual)
- Refuges & Barriers in loading docks
Element 3:- Musculoskeletal

hazards & risk control
Ergonomics: The relation & interaction between the work & the worker;
how to fit the work to the worker.
In other words, Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and

devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive
abilities.
Causes of WRULDs
Repetitive movements of fingers, hands or arms
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or over reaching movements
Symptoms
Numbness & tingling in fingers
Pain in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
Examples for WRULDs

Tendonitis
Epicondylitis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Risk factors to consider

Force exerted
Duration & frequency of operation
Repetition of movement without rest or recovery time (frequent breaks)
Awkward Posture
Vulnerability e.g. smokers or existing medical condition
Constraints on space
Environment (low temperature)
Control measures: Improve or fix above plus:-

Automate or mechanise task
Use correct tools and equipment
Health effects of DSE use (Display Screen Equipment)
Upper limb disorders (WRULDs)

Eye and eyesight effects
Epilepsy
Facial dermatitis
Electro magnetic radiation effect on pregnant women
Fatigue, stress & Discomfort
Workstation requirements
Adequate lighting (general & local lighting)
Minimum noise
Suitable legroom
Suitable screen at eye level
Keyboard at suitable distance
Suitable software
Organized work surface
Footrest if necessary
Document holder if needed
Suitable work chair
Characters of the Suitable Seat

Good lumbar support
Comfortable material with good width and depth
Adjustable (Ability to adjust seat back and height)
Stable base (5 legs or 5 points of contact with the ground)
Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
Other control measures:

- Adequate breaks (regular & mini breaks)
- Eye sight testing & medical checkup
Manual Handling
Manual Handling Injuries
External: Cuts, bruises (Contusions), abrasions, Burns
Internal: Fractures, slipped disc (Disc prolapsed), Muscle Sprains,
Tendon tears, ligaments tears, joint dislocation, Hernia
Activities at risk
- Handling excessive loads
- Repetitive handling without adequate breaks or recovery time -
Prolonged handling of loads especially if including excessive:
Bending, stooping, twisting & over reaching
Factors affecting the manual handling:
Load
Weight, Size, Shape
Rigidity, Difficulty to grasp
Stability (centre of gravity)
Sharp edges
Hot / cold surface
Contents (hazardous or not)
Individual
Gender
Physical capability, energy, Stamina, Height, pregnancy or illness
Competence (Manual handling Training, physical abilities & experience)
PPE
Task
Number of boxes needed to be lifted
Duration & frequency of the job
Vertical & Horizontal distance where the load will be lifted to.
Job rotation / sufficient rest or recovery (breaks)
Team lifting
Any need for excessive pulling, pushing, twisting, bending & over-
reaching.
Environment
Constraints on posture / Space
Floor condition & type of floor surface
Level of housekeeping
Hot/Cold/ humid conditions or strong wind
Environmental factors e.g. Lighting
remember LITE
Hierarchy of control to reduce manual handling injuries:

- Avoid manual handling (automate or mechanise the job by using
forklifts, cranes, hoists or conveyors)
- Team lifting
- Mechanical aids e.g. trolley
- Dividing the load into smaller packages (less weight)
- Reduce duration & frequency of manual handling tasks
- PPE e.g. gloves & safety shoes
- it is (manual handling training , etc..)
- Follow safe system of work (safe handling technique)
Kinetic Handling Technique (safe way of lifting a box)

- Assess the load -
Check the route
- Get as Close as possible to the load with suitable feet position
- Ensure secure & firm grip with PPE
- Lift the load keeping the back straight & bending only the knees
- Keep the Load close to the body while walking
- Walk Smoothly avoiding jerky movements -
Put down the load then slide into position
Mechanical lifting equipment

- Forklifts
- Conveyors -
Cranes
- Hoists
CONVEYORS
Hazard Control measures & Precautions

Entanglement Guards, No loose clothing
Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards
Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Items jamming conveyor Adequate design, guards
Fall of objects Edge guards, barriers
Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure
Impact with objects Helmets
Noise Ear plugs
Manual handling Mechanical handling & it is
Electricity Maintenance & good selection
Hazards of CRANES
Fall of people
Fall of objects
Collapse
Overturn
Types of CRANES
Mobile Tower
Gantry
Overhead Gantry
Types of HOISTS
Chain hoist Goods
hoist
Patient hoist (rescue hoist)
Safe use of Cranes (Precautions for ANY safe mechanical lifting)

- Suitable certified crane
- Suitable certified, color coded lifting accessories & correct
slinging technique
- Competent crane operators & banks men using good means of
communications & agreed signals
- Suitable ground conditions (firm levelled surface)
- Use of outriggers
- Clear pathway avoiding any obstructions
- Avoiding overhead services such as power lines
- Segregation of working area by barriers & warning signs so one
could walk under the load
- Visual & Audible alarms to warn that lifting is taking place
- Load to be lifted vertically and to correct height & kept near
ground when travelling
- Ensure load is secured, balanced & guided by tag lines
- Avoid exceeding of the SWL
- Ensure Good visibility with adequate lighting & reduced nosie
- Ensure suitable weather conditions and stop the lifting operation
in adverse weather conditons e.g. strong wind
- PPE e.g. Gloves, steel toe safety shoes and reflective jackets
- When the load is placed on the ground; Release the tension first
to avoid load tackling
Element 4:- Work equipment

hazards & risk control
Suitability of the work equipment
- Initial integrity
- Purpose for use
- Place of use
Precautions for maintenance Work

- Issue permit to work if the job is high risk or non-routine as
example if the whole body or the whole arm of the worker will be
inside the machine
- Isolation of power source (disconnection & lock out tag out)
- Dissipation of stored energy e.g. release stored pressure,
earthing for electricity or leaving the hot surface to cool down
- Segregation of the work place by means of barriers & warning
signs Safe means of access
- Use suitable PPE e.g. safety shoes, coveralls and safety glasses
- Ensure that all workers doing the job are Competent enough
- Ensure safe environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting &
good ventilation
- Emergency procedures / SSOW
Mechanical Hazards of Machinery (ENTICE)

Entanglement
Traps (drawing in - crush / shear)
Impact
Contact (stab/puncture - cuts - abrasions - burns - etc.)
Ejection
Draw labelled diagram of each one
Entanglement
Traps (Drawing in)

Traps (Crush / shear) Imapct
Contact (puncture / stab) Contact (cuts)
Contact (abrasions) Ejection

Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Chemical / biological hazards
Ergonomics / Manual Handling
Electricity / Noise
Fire / Explosion
Vibration / Radiation / Ultra violet radiation
Temperature extremes
Dust and fumes
Office machinery: - Photocopier and document Shredder

Manufacturing / Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder
and Pedestal drill
Agricultural Machinery: - Cylinder mower & trimmer
Retail Machinery:- Waste Compactor & Checkout Conveyor
Construction Machinery:- Cement Mixer, Circular Saw & petrol
chainsaw
Machinery Hierarchy of Controls (FIAT)
Fixed guards
Interlocking guards, Adjustable guards & Automatic sweep guards.
Appliances (Holders / Push Sticks) & Protection devices (Trip device,
safety trip wire, photo electric cells, pressure sensitive mats and two
hand control system)
Training, Information, Instruction, and Supervision (it is) and PPE
Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier, kept at its place at all times, has no
moving parts, not linked to the machine controls and usually requires a
tool to remove it.
Advantages Disadvantages
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls
Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed
Visual inspection is enough Full access to dangerous parts
when removed
May protect against other hazards More difficult to remove: not
e.g. noise, dust, ejection of practical when frequent access
materials required
Tends to be left unfixed when
frequent access required
May hamper visibility
Interlocking Guard: - Linked to the machine controls so that the worker

can't gain access when the machine is in a dangerous condition ALSO
opening the guard causes the machine to become safe
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the
materials (frequent opening) machine
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay
defeated
Speeds up operations May fail to danger
Regular maintenance required
Adjustable Guards the length of the guard could be adjusted

(changed) according to the length of the material being used, two types
of this guard: 1) Manual (fixed) type and 2) Automatic type
Automatic Sweep Guard Where the guard pushes the worker away
from the danger zone
Protection Appliances:- such as holders & push sticks
Protection devices:- such as Trip device, safety trip wire, photo

electric system, pressure sensitive mat & two hand control device
iT is: on how the machine is operated safely, how & when to be

maintained, who is authorized to use it, etc.
PPE: such as
- coveralls for chemical splash & entanglement
- goggles for ejected material
- ear plugs for noise
- steel toe safety shoes for crush injuries
- hair nets for hair entanglement
GLOVES should be banned near rotating shafts

Element 5:- Electrical Safety

Hazards of Electricity Be SAFE
Burns
Sh o ck
Arcing
Fire
Explosions
• Burns
Internal burns to the body organs & external burns to the skin
3 degrees
Melting any worn metals e.g. watches or rings
• Sh o ck
electric shock (Electrocution)
Factors affecting / influencing severity of electrical shock

- Voltage
- Current (amperes)
- Time
- Conductivity or resistance of the body
- Current path through the body
- Nature of contact (grip or touch)
- Individual factors (age, general health condition, children with thin
skin)
Emergency action on finding someone in contact with electricity

- Isolate the supply if possible or move the person away from the
source of electricity using an insulating material e.g. wood
- Call for help -
Check ABC
- Apply CPR if needed
- Treat burns if any
- Remain with casualty till emergency services arrive
• Arcing
When electricity has sufficient potential to jump across insulating
material such as air
• Fire
Causes of Electrical Fires
Inadequate circuits
Overloading electrical circuits
Incorrect fuses
Damaged insulation
Loose connections
Using flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
Overheating of cables on coils
Inadequate ventilation for electrical equipment & cables
• Explosion
Ignition of gas
Secondary Effects of Electricity

Falls from height
Throw off (away from the source of electricity)
Unintentional movement of machine
Failure / De-activation of control measures & security systems
Loss of information
Tripping over cables
Loss of corporate reputation
Health effects of Electricity on the body

External burns to the skin
Internal burns to the body organs
Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)
Stopping of the heart (cardiac arrest)
Stopping of breathing (Respiratory paralysis)
Muscular contractions
Damage to nervous system
Precautions to ensure safety of portable electrical equipment

Ensure competence of workers : KATE
PPE e.g. insulating gloves & safety shoes
Avoid overloading circuits
Regular preventive maintenance for the electrical equipment
including thermographic tests
Safe correct routing of cables to avoid being ran over by vehicles,
dragged over rough surface, trapped in machinery or getting in
contact with chemicals or hot surface
Pre use visual inspection to ensure good insulation and that
wiring and casing are free from damage
Using approved suitable equipment & in good condition
Avoid home made or temporary connections
Always pull the plug NEVER the Lead & Avoid continous flexing
Use the suitable protective systems such as
Protective systems:
Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive

currents
Cheap and readily available Does not protect the
individual from shock
Protects equipment Slow to operate
Inaccurate
Unsuitable or wrong fuse
may be used
Easy to override
Could need tools to replace
Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same

function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although
slightly faster
Automatically switch or trip Does not protect the
under fault conditions individual from shock
No tools to reset
Not easy to override
No reset until fault cleared
Protects against overload
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means
providing a path to earth lower than the human body
May prevent indirect shock Specialist testing and
by providing a very low maintenance, professional
resistance path to earth installation
Readily identified Protection defeated if
removed
Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical

equipment from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that
the disconnection and separation is secure (Lock out & Tag out)
Safest option as it eliminates May isolate other equipment
electricity
May be physically locked off May be reconnected unless
locked off
Prevents live fault finding
Battery operated tools:- Using battery instead of electrical wires
Minimal risk during normal Limited battery capacity
u se
Range not restricted by Limited power output
cable
No trailing cable = No Precautions need to be
tripping hazards or followed during mains
overheating cables charging
Heavier
More expensive
Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system

the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
Available voltage difference Specialist equipment
is 55V ac - injury is highly required for 110 V
unlikely
Colour coded cabling Lead from supply to
system for easy recognition transformer at higher
voltages and will need
protection with a RCD
Residual Current Device (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into

the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a
preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply
Rapid and sensitive May isolate crucial
equipment if one RCD
covers a number of
distribution points, e.g.
freezers and computers
Difficult to defeat Mechanical device, which
could fail
Easy to use, test and reset Only protects against earth
leakage faults (no overload
protection)
Cannot be reset with a fault
on the circuit
Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of

insulation
Two layers of insulation Physical damage may
prevent user contact with defeat double insulation
any live parts
No earth required No earth provided in double
insulation extension leads,
therefore defeats protection
if used with equipment that
requires an earth
Element 6:- Fire safety

The fire triangle:-
Fuel (Combustible material)
Heat (Source of ignition)
Oxygen (air)
Causes of fire
Arson
Smoking & smokers' materials
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of flammable materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Hot work: welding, cutting, etc.
Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
PLUS causes of electrical fires page 19
Flash point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite
momentarily by an external source of ignition e.g. spark
Fire point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will sustain a flame
when ignited by an external source of ignition e.g. spark
Auto-Ignition (Self ignition):- The temperature at which gas & vapour

will ignite without any external source of ignition.
Methods of Heat Transfer
Direct burning:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact
and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.
Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a

materials at a distance from the fire.
Conduction: Heat travels within solid material from the hot part to
cooler part
Convection:- Hot air current rises up to replace cooler air , causing the
build up of hot and unburned gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to
spread from one room to another.
Classes of fire
A Carbonaceous material (Combustible solids)

EXAMPLE: Wood & paper
B Flammable liquids EXAMPLE: Alcohol & Petrol
C Flammable gases EXAMPLE: Butane, methane & propane
D Metals EXAMPLE: Aluminium & Magnesium
F Cooking oil EXAMPLE: Vegetable oil & animal fats
Electrical Classified according to the source of ignition rather than fuel

Source
Types of fire extinguishers
For class A Water, Dry powder or Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)
For class B Dry powder, AFFF or CO2
For class C Dry powder or CO2
For class D Special powder or dry sand
For class F Wet chemicals
For Electrical Dry powder or CO2
Wet Chemicals (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by

forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil.
In the UK the use of Halon gas is now prohibited except under certain
situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police
Precautions to prevent & control risk of fire AND to minimise the

risk to people in the event of fire
- Eliminate / reduce the amount of flammable materials

- Segregate fuel & ignition sources
- Good level of housekeeping to prevent accumulation of waste
paper
- Good security measures to prevent arson
- Safe storage of flammable material
- Compartmentation: dividing the building into isolated units
(compartments) by means of fire doors & fire walls so that any fire
in any of these units will be contained there & won't spread to the
rest of the building
- Proper regular maintenance for all types of equipment
- Electrical safety
- it is & following SSOW
- Suitable fire alarms & fire detectors.
- Fire marshals to guide the employees during the evacuation
- Suitable means of fire fighting such as water sprinklers, whose
reels and fire extinguishers
- Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances,
fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs
- Assembly points (Muster points)
- Regular drills & practices on evacuation
Precautions to ensure safe evacuation in the event of fire

- Adequate fire detection equipments e.g. smoke detectors
- Good means of raising alarms (visual & audible)
- Automatic contact with the emergency services & fire department
- Roll calls
- Safe evacuation plan.
- Special consideration for disabled people, pregnant women, etc.
- Regular drills & practices on evacuation
- Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances
fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs
- Muster point / assembly point (clearly identified & proper location)
- Closing the windows & fire doors after leaving
- Adequate fire fighting equipment such as: Fire extinguishers,
sprinklers, hose reels
- Fire marshals & fire wardens helping in the above
Element 7:- Chemical & biological

health hazards & risk control
Respiratory defences (Body defences against dust)
- The hair in the nose acting as a filter to purify the air from the dust
particles
- wetness of the nose (mucus) so the dust would stick to it & will be
trapped and will go no further inside the lung
- The change of direction to the larynx so the dust particles in the
air would stick to the nasal wall
- Sneezing and coughing which would expel the dust outside the
respiratory system
- Turbulent motion of the air in the nose and the centrifugal force
which will throw the dust to the sides sticking to the mucus
- The hair cells in the respiratory tract (Ciliary escalator) pushing
the dust upwards till it reach the throat where it could be removed
from the body
- The immunity system of the body: White Blood Cells (WBC) in the
alveoli
- Fibrosis of the lung: isolating the affected non-functioning part
from the rest of the healthy lung
- Tears and blinking of the eyes (not part of the respiratory
defences)
Digestive defences (Body defences against ingested substances)

- Digestive juices & enzymes, the useful bacteria and the strong
acid (HCL) which will destroy the harmful substances inside the
stomach.
- Vomiting & diarrhoea which get rid of the toxins and the harmful
substance out of the body.
- Smell & taste protecting the person from eating or drinking
harmful substances or bad food.
Skin defences
- Sweating: Cooling down the skin and killing harmful organisms
- Keratin: Forming the protective hard layer of the skin
- Melanin: responsible for the pigmentation of the skin, more
melanin makes the skin darker providing more protection from the
sun and ultra violet light
- Sebum: the oily substance secreted by the skin to prevent it from
dryness
- Hair: protecting and filtering the skin
- Sensory serves: the sense of touch in the skin
- Blisters, rash and inflammation to fight any infection of the skin
Other defences
- Tears & Blinking of the eye
- Pa i n
- Hormones e.g. Adrenalin
Types of Dermatitis:
1- Irritant / Contact
2- Allergic / Sensitive
Symptoms: - Irritation of the skin, Inflammation, Blisters, rash, swelling,

redness, hotness, Dryness and cracking of skin, and in severe cases:
Ulcers & infections
Protective measures against dermatitis (Precautions)

Eliminate the substance
Substitution by a less hazardous one
Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to the substance
Medical checkup for the workers
Good hygiene practices
PPE e.g. gloves and coveralls
Barrier creams
Extractor fans & LEV
it is
Dose-response relationship
All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison; The
right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.
Target Organs: The part / parts of the body which could be affected by
an external substance
Example: Inhalation of asbestos fibres will affect the lung causing

cancer (asbestosis) SO the target organ of the asbestos is the lung
Other examples: Mercury, Lead brain & nervous system

Ammonia eyes, skin & lungs
Organic solvents liver, skin & lungs
Also see examples page 34
Local effect: The effect of the substance happens at the same

point of contact
Systemic effect: The effect of the substance happens away from

the point of contact
Acute effect: Adverse health effects resulting from single or

short term exposure to a large dose of the harmful substance
producing an immediate or rapid effect, it is usually reversible.
EXAMPLE: Alcohol intoxication due to consuming large amount of
alcohol in short time.
Chronic effect: Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged

& repeated exposure to a small dose of the harmful substance
producing a gradual & latent effect which usually stays
unrecognized for several years, it is usually irreversible
EXAMPLE: Liver damage (cirrhosis) caused by consuming small
amount of Alcohol for many years.
Occupational Hygiene & Health hazards

1- Identification of health hazards
2- Measurement of health hazards
3- Assessment of health hazards
4- Control of health hazards
1- Identification of health hazards:
• Forms of chemical agents:

- Dust: Total inhalable & Respirable dust (0.5 - 7.0 micron)
- Fume
- Mist
- Smoke
- Vapour
• Forms of biological agents:

- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Viruses
Routes of entry into the body (chemical agents)

- Inhalation -
Ingestion
- Direct entry (open wounds)
- Injection
- Absorption
Classification of Hazardous Substances
Irritant: Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged

or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause
inflammation (Dermatitis)
Example: Petrol, cement, weak acids & alkalis
Corrosive: Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy

it by burning
Example: acids (sulphuric acid) and alkalis (caustic soda)
Harmful: Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrated the skin

may cause damage to health (cause diseases - ill health)
Example: Petrol, cement
Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH
Example: Arsenic
Very Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH even in low quantity
Example: Cyanide
Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that

may lead to cancer (malignant tumours)
Example: Asbestos
Mutagenic: Substances which cause changes to the chromosomes

(DNA / genetic material) leading to hereditary defects in the offspring of
the affected person.
Example: Bromine & Benzene
Teratogenic: Substances which cause harmful effects to the embryo

(baby) inside the uterus of the pregnant woman.
Example: Drugs & medications
Material Safety Data sheet (MSDS) = Information on hazard data sheet

1- Identification of the substance & Manufacturers' information
2- Composition & information on ingredients
3- Hazard identification
4- First aid measures
5- Fire fighting measures
6- Accidental release measures
7- Handling & Storage
8- Exposure control & Personal protection
9- Physical & Chemical properties
10- Stability & Reactivity
11- Toxicological information
12- Ecological information 13-
Disposal consideration
14- Transport information
15- Regulatory information
16- Other
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
• Long-term exposure limit (LTEL) 8 hour
• Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 15 minute
Limits are expressed in:

- ppm (parts per million) for gases and vapours
- mg/m3 for airborne particles such as dust and fume
2- Measurement of health hazards:
THREE survey techniques:-
1) Initial appraisal: Gathering information such as OEL, details of

the substances used, people affected, types of hazards, risks,
and precautions; from different sources such as MSDS, manuals,
experts, etc.
2) Basic survey:
Qualitative observations: Smoke tube & Dust lamp
Quantitative observations: Stain tube detector (Grab sampler)

Diagram of Chemical stain tube detector (Grab Sampler)
L o w co st Inaccurate
Takes little time Positioning of tube affects reading
Immediate result Only a snap shot
Little training needed Inefficient
Information during spillage Chemical use only
Good for coarse indication Substance specific
3) Full survey:
Direct reading instruments: such as Carbon dioxide gas

analyzer
Indirect reading instruments:

• Passive (by diffusion) such as radiation badge / film badge
• Active (powered by mechanical pump) such as H2S detector
3- Assessment of health hazards:
Risk assessment (5 STEPS AS USUAL)

4- Control of health hazards:
Eliminate: remove the substance, or avoid the activity or process e.g.

pressure jetting a blocked drain instead of using dissolving
chemicals
Reduce: reduce the risk by
- reducing the duration / frequency of exposure to the hazard

- substituting the material with a less hazardous one e.g. using
water based paint instead of solvent based paint OR using
granular material instead of powder
Isolate:
- Total Enclosure of the machine inside a glove box

- Worker to be isolated inside a ventilated control room
Control
- Engineering Control: LEV & adequate maintenance for equipment

- Administrative control: Change the work pattern or method, job
rotation, adequate breaks, good levels of Hygiene and
housekeeping & providing the needed it is
PPE:
- Respiratory protection such as breathing apparatus to protect
from chlorine or ammonia
- Hand & skin protection such as gloves to protect from detergents
or solvents
- Eye protection such as goggles to protect from corrosives or
ammonia
- Protective clothing such as chemical splash suits to protect from
acids & biological agents
- Barrier creams
Discipline
Labelled diagram of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
LEV becomes inefficient because of:-

- Failure of operators to use it properly
- Lack of proper maintenance -
Unauthorised modifications
- Incorrect settings
- Hood damaged or not well positioned
- Blocked / damaged ducts
- Full / damaged dust collection bags
- Blocked / damaged filter
- Wear & tear of fan blades
- Increased contaminant level
- Poor design of the LEV (inadequate capacity)
Checks / inspection: opposite of above

Examples of chemical agents (hazardous substances) & Target Organs
• Ammonia
Strongly corrosive alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour.
Affecting the skin, eyes & the lungs.
Leading to eye irritation, dermatitis, inflammation of the lungs and in the
large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs
(emphysema)
Eye protection and respiratory protection are essential.
• Asbestos
Affecting the lungs causing Asbestosis (Lung cancer)
• Carbon Dioxide CO2

Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air.
Affecting the lungs increasing the rate of respiration and high levels
depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even
death
• Carbon Monoxide CO
More toxic than CO2, Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas.
Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle
exhausts
Affecting the lungs & the blood casuing headache, drowsiness, flushed
"pink" appearance and ultimately asphyxiation and death
• Chlorine
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell.
Affecting the eyes & the respiratory system casuing severe irritation.
• Lead
A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
contaminated food or by breathing fumes or dust.
Affecting the brain & the nervous system casuing acute lead poisoning
Resulting in nausea, headaches, nervous problems and in severe cases
causing death.
• Organic Solvents
These dissolve other substances & are also used as cleaning &
degreasing agents. They are volatile & evaporate quickly at room
temperature so their vapours can be breathed easily.
Affecting the skin, nasal passages, throat, lungs, eyes, & the liver.
Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness & loss of consciousness
and in extreme cases leading to death.
• Isocyanates
Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray
painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.
Affecting the nasal passages, throat & the lungs leading to lung
Inflammation & asthma.
• Silica
Found in sand, granite & glass
Affecting the lungs as breathing silica could lead to serious lung
disease "silicosis"
• Dust
Affecting the respiratory system causing asthma, bronchitis,
emphysema and conditions such as asbestosis or Silicosis if the dust
contains asbestos or silica.
Dust Identification:
- Visual signs of dust in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes
- Results of monitoring using dust lamps or smoke tube
- Poor visibility or excessive tears & blinking of the eyes
- respiratory problems: coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty
- Maintenance problems e.g. abnormal blocking of filters
Control measures for dust:

- Elimination of dusty operation (outsourcing)
- Bringing pre-formed components
- Substitution e.g. granules or paste instead of powders
- Enclosure of the dusty operation or machines
- Extractor fans & Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
- Vaccuming instead of sweeping
- Damping down the dust by spraying water
- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to dust
- Reduce duration & frequency of the dusty operations
- Reduce number of workers exposed to dust
- Respiratory protective equipment e.g. dust mask
- Medical check up & Health survillance with medical treatment for
any health problem
- it is
Biological Agents
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)

Bacterial infection transmitted to humans by ingesting contaminated rat
urine.
The most common source is in construction sites, water sports, river
water, swimming pools, sewers, etc.
Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache),

Pneumonia, meningitis & Jaundice.
Fatal in 20% of the cases (Attacks the kidneys & liver)
Precautions & Control measures: pest control, covering damaged skin,

it is, good hygiene & housekeeping
Legionella (Legionnaire's disease)

Bacterial infection transmitted to humann by inhaling airborne bacteria
found in water sources such as air conditioning systems, cooling
towers, stagnant water etc.
Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache),

Pneumonia & difficulty in breathing Fatal
in 20% of the cases.
Those at greatest risk are smokers or old people with chest problems.
Precautions & Control measures: Temperature control and monitoring,

avoiding stagnation & avoiding "dead legs" in pipe work, biocide
treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.
Hepatitis A, B and C
Viral inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection transmitted
through ingesting food contaminated with faeces (hepatitis A)
Or by blood & body fluids (hepatitis B & C)
Symptoms: Inflammation of the liver, fever, nausea, malaise & jaundice.
Precautions & Control measures: Vaccination, disinfection, it is,

Avoiding sharp implements, Proper disposal of contaminated waste and
good hygiene practices.
Routes of entry into the body (Biological agents)

- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Direct entry (open wounds)
- Injection
Precautions for safe storage of waste

- Choosing a Suitable location
- Sufficient storage area
- Labelled & individual containers
- Ensure storage area is well secured
- Store different types of waste separately
- Never store incompatible waste together
- Select appropriate containers
- Keep quantities of waste to a minimum
- Protect waste from the elements
- Protection form adverse weather conditions
- Avoid contamination of general waste with hazardous materials
Element 8:- Physical & psychological

hazards
Noise: is any unwanted sound
Frequency:- Measuring the pitch / tone of the sound waves, measured

in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)
Human range is 20 Hz - 20 KHz
Intensity:- Measuring the loudness / amplitude of the sound waves

measured in decibel (dB)
Safe limit is 80 dB
Rule of 3
Every 3 dB increases means doubling the intensity i.e. 83 dB is double
the intensity of 80 dB
Health effects of noise

Acute Chronic
Stress, Irritability, nervousness ,
increased heart rate and insomnia
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
(Noise Induced Hearing Loss)
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Trauma e.g. Burst eardrum Presbycusis
Blast deafness
Factors affecting the risk from Noise

- Frequency in Hz
- Loudness in dB
- Duration & frequency of exposure to noise
- U se o f PPE
- Distance between the source of noise & the person exposed to it
- The nature of the place
Noise control measures / precautions
Source:
Eliminate or reduce the noise from the source by
- Improving the design of the machine
- Damping -
Isolation
- Proper maintenance
Path:
Prevent/reduce transmission of noise through air or structures by using
- Screens and barriers
- Enclosure
- Absorption
- Silencer
The Person:
- Increase the distance between the worker & the source of noise
- Reduce the duration & frequency of exposure to the noise
- it is
- PPE such as ear plugs & ear muffs
Hand-Arm Vibration
Health Effects
Acute: Numbness & Tingling in the hands and extremities

Chronic: - Permanent Numbness & Tingling
- Blanching of the fingers (Vibration White Fingers)
- Swollen painful joints
- Reduction in manual dexterity
- Reduction in the sensation of touch
Risk Factors
- Frequency of the vibrating tools ( in Hz)
- Force exerted
- Duration & frequency of exposure
- Low temperature
- Individual factors e.g. age & health condition
Control Measures for hand-arm vibration

- Automate or mechanise the job to elimination the use of vibrating
tools
- Select the suitable tool with low vibration
- Reduce the degree of vibration as much as possible
- Select ergonomically designed equipment
- Proper maintenance of equipment
- Reduce the force exerted & the strength of grip with work
equipment
- Reduce the duration of exposure to the vibration
- Health surveillance & treatment of any medical problem
- Use PPE such as Gloves and heated pads
- it is on the nature of risks
Work in Hot & Cold environment

Physiological effects of heat Stress (in foundries, glass works &
laundries)
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Raised heart rate
Headaches
Confusion & Loss of concentration
Vomiting
Fainting
Sun stroke & Heat stroke
Physiological effects of cold Stress (cold stores, food preparation

area, big freezers & open air during winter)
Lowered heart rate

Hypothermia
Shivering
Confusion & Loss of concentration
Frost bite
Increased risk of strains & sprains
Risk factors
- Body activity & health condition

- Type & amount of clothes
- Ambient temperature & weather conditions
- Source of heat / cold temperature
Control measures
- Acclimatisation
- Health surveillance & medical checkup
- Hot / cold drinks
- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure
- Temperature control
- PPE e.g. insulating clothes
- it is
Radiation
Non-Ionising
Type Use in Industry
Infrared Heating and brazing
Lasers Cutting, Bar code readers
Microwaves Food preparation, Signal transmission
Ultra-violet Welding
Radio waves Radar and communications
Health effects of non-ionizing radiation

B u rn s
Erythema (Reddening of the skin)
Cataract Arc eye
Retinal burn
Temporary sterility
Risk factors & Control measures of non-ionizing radiation:

• Duration & frequency of exposure
• Distance between the source & the worker
• Shielding
• it is
• Proper maintenance & inspection of equipment (source)
• PPE, e.g. eye protection
• Skin creams
Ionising Radiation
Type Use in Industry

Alpha Smoke detectors & anti static devices
Beta Thickness testing & sterilisation of material
Ga m m a Non-Destructive Testing & Radio therapy
X -R a y NDT & Radio diagnosis
Health effects of ionizing radiation
Acute health effects (high dose) Chronic health effects (small dose)
Erythema (Reddening of the skin) Carcinogenic effect (Cancer)
Radiation sickness (Nausea & Mutagenic effect (Hereditary defects)
Vomiting)
Hair loss Teratogenic effect
Diarrhoea Sterility , erythema & cataract
Death Death
May 2012 by Dr Osama Abdel-Wahab DR47241@yahoo.com Page 41

Risk factors & Control measures ofionizing radiation

- Distance between the radioactive material & the people
- Proper shielding (Lead or thick concrete)
- Using suitable PPE e.g. radiation suit
- Correct disposal of radioactive materials
- half life of the radioactive material
- Good hygiene practices
- it is
- Monitoring exposure using film badges & Geiger counters
Violence at work
Verbal abuse / threats AND Physical attacks
Internal AND external violence
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers , Health care professionals, Schools, Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money, Representing authority e.g. policemen &
enforcement officers
Control measures
- it is: on absorbing anger, how to recognise aggressive behaviour
& how to deal with it wisely
- Providing information on delays
- Proper queue management
- Welcoming environment & nice decor
- Checking visitors' credentials (IDs)
- Safe & secure design of workplace e.g. wide counters, coded
locked doors & physical barriers
- Security officers & CCTV cameras
- Good means of Communication & alarm systems
- Regular removal of cash from the workplace
- Avoid Lone working; safe precautions for lone workers -
Reporting, recording and investigating violent incidents
- Zero tolerance of aggressive behaviour
Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increased anxiety
Dizziness Reduced concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability & nervousness
Skin rash Panic attacks & Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Raised heart rate & Increased Reduced work output / performance
blood pressure
Diabetes Increased use of alcohol, drugs, pain
killers & tobacco
Heart disease Insomnia (Poor sleep patterns)
Stomach & mouth ulcers
Causes of stress:
1. Culture of the organisation: how it approaches work-related
stress, e.g. communication, consultation, staff support systems,
and working hours;
2. Demands: workload too high or too low, shift work and unsocial
hours, excessive overtime, and exposure to violence and bullying;
3. Control: how much control the person has in the way they do
their work, e.g. work planning, use of acquired skills, repetitive or
monotonous work;
4. Relationships between employees: physical violence, threats
or verbal abuse e.g. repeated shouting and swearing, malicious
gossip; unjustified picking of faults, prevention of career
development; sexual harassment; & discrimination due to gender,
race or disability;
5. Change: how organisational change is managed and
communicated in the organisation, e.g. new technology,
restructuring, redundancies, and unclear objectives;
6. Role: job insecurity, fear of redundancy, being unclear about
roles, responsibilities and expectations, conflicting roles, e.g. the
conflict of different job demands such as working for more than
one manager;
7. Individual: skills not matched to the task, inadequate training,
unclear job description, and fair and open feedback on the work
and role, illness, financial worries, family commitments; and
8. Environment: inadequate lighting, problems with glare, cramped
or untidy working conditions, security problems, extremes of
temperature and / or humidity, inadequate ventilation, draughty
conditions, high noise and vibration levels, inadequate welfare
facilities and poor weather conditions for those working outside.
Identification of Stress
Stress within the organisation may be identified by:
• informal observation & conversation with workers & supervisors;

• performance appraisal with an opportunity for open discussion of
problems;
• monitoring of attendance records and conducting 'return to work'
interviews;
• sickness absence / ill-health trends;
• reduced productivity of the employees
• High staff turnover.
GOOD LUCK
Please Turn Over

Examination rules & tips

- Each question MUST be answered on a separate page (sub-
sections of the same question should be answered in the same
page, ONLY a NEW question should be on a new separate page)
- The number of the question must be mentioned in the box at the
top of the page
- All answers must be Specific , complete & meaningful sentences
- The handwriting should be CLEAR enough
- Use the regular blue pen & in the drawings use a pencil
- In General: 8 mark question = 8 points answer, 6 mark = 6 points
etc.
- In General: the answer of 8 mark question should be about half a
side of A4 page and the answer of 20 mark question should be
about one side & half of A4 pages
- The exam starts at 9:00 am SHARP
- Bring your passport or ID
- The exam is 2 hours ; If your mother tongue is not English
(according to the nationality registered in the exam) you will be
given extra 30 minutes, so the exam will be 2 & half hours instead
of 2 hours but ONLY if you bring a non-technical bilingual
dictionary (regular book not electronic one)
- Nothing else is alowed as it's a closed book exam
Time of the exam is enough but just enough , don't waste your
time
Read the question 3 times carefully before starting the answer
If you run out of time , answer in the form of list
Don't cross any answer as there's no negative marking
As much as possible; Structure your answer into separate
headings e.g. external & internal / short term & long term etc.
Action Verbs in exam questions:
o Explain, Describe or Outline: Give a detailed word picture ;

Give a clear account of, or reasons for
o List / Identify / Give / state : Select & name: Provide without

explanation nor details
o Define: Provide a generally recognised or accepted definition

PLUS an appropriate example
o Sketch: Draw a labelled diagram (using a pencil)

IGC-2 Summary (BSTS)

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NEBOSH IGC Summary - week 2

Element 1:- Workplace hazards & risk

Causes of slips, trips & falls (accidents on walkways or Staircases)

Precautions & Control measures:

Precautions & Control measures of working on ANY roof:

The above precautions PLUS:

Precautions & Control measures:

Independant tied Scaffold

Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold

Control measures & precautions

- Designed, erected, inspected, altered & maintained by competent

Mobile Tower Scaffold

Fall of people Fall of

Precautions & control measures

- Positioned on firm ground

Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP)

Accidetns, Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

Suspended access cradle

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

Precautions & control measures

Control measures & Precautions: Pre-

Site Precautions for children

Element 2: Transport hazards and

Additional hazards of electric - battery fork lifts

Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks

Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

Element 3:- Musculoskeletal

In other words, Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and

Examples for WRULDs

Risk factors to consider

Control measures: Improve or fix above plus:-

Health effects of DSE use (Display Screen Equipment)

Upper limb disorders (WRULDs)

Characters of the Suitable Seat

Other control measures:

Factors affecting the manual handling:

Hierarchy of control to reduce manual handling injuries:

Kinetic Handling Technique (safe way of lifting a box)

Mechanical lifting equipment

Hazard Control measures & Precautions

Safe use of Cranes (Precautions for ANY safe mechanical lifting)

Element 4:- Work equipment

Precautions for maintenance Work

Mechanical Hazards of Machinery (ENTICE)

Draw labelled diagram of each one

Traps (Drawing in)

Traps (Crush / shear) Imapct

Contact (puncture / stab) Contact (cuts)

Contact (abrasions) Ejection

Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Office machinery: - Photocopier and document Shredder

Machinery Hierarchy of Controls (FIAT)

Interlocking Guard: - Linked to the machine controls so that the worker

Adjustable Guards the length of the guard could be adjusted

Protection Appliances:- such as holders & push sticks

Protection devices:- such as Trip device, safety trip wire, photo

iT is: on how the machine is operated safely, how & when to be

GLOVES should be banned near rotating shafts

Element 5:- Electrical Safety

Factors affecting / influencing severity of electrical shock

Emergency action on finding someone in contact with electricity

Secondary Effects of Electricity