GROUP PROJECT

TITLE:

PIPE NETWORK

FACULTY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT (FKAAB)

COURSE CODE BFC10403

COURSE NAME FLUID MECHANICS

1. MUHAMMAD HAIQAL RAFIQ BIN ROSLI AF190027

2. AIMAN HAKIMI BIN RAZALI AF190147

3. DANISH ZAIDAN BIN AZHAR AF190182

STUDENT NAME 4. MOHAMAD SHALIHIN BIN SAMSUDIN AF190126

5. WIDYAWATI BINTI MOHD ROBI CF180172

SECTION 6

GROUP 4

LECTURER NAME DR. NUR ADILA AB. AZIZ

 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENTS PAGE
1 1.0 DECLARATION 1

2 2.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY 2-3

3 3.0 CONCLUSION 4
4 4.0 REFERENCES 5
5 5.0 MINUTES OF MEETING 6-8
6 6.0 APPENDIX 9 - 10

ii
Task:

Analysis of discharge, Q is needed in every pipes for this water supply system in town A
(Figure 2) by using Hardy-Cross method with Darcy Weisbach equations as listed in
Table 1. The pipe diameter and length of pipe are stated in Figure 2. Meanwhile, Table 2
tabulates friction factor for pipe network according to pipeline and Table 3 lists inlet and
outlet discharge.
Figure 1. Pipe network in town A Figure 2. Schematic diagram of pipe network

Table 1. Friction factor for pipe network

Line P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
Friction 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003
factor, f
Line P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18
Friction 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003
factor, f

iii

Table 2. Equation for determining head losses

Darcy-Weisbach Hazen – William Manning

2 1.85
8fLQ 10.67LQ 10.29Ln2Q 2
hf  2 5 hf = hf =
 gD CHD4.87 D16.3
 Table 3. Inlet and outlet discharge at node based on group number

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Q inlet J, 90 L/s E, 100 L/s L, 90 L/s J, 90 L/s M, 100 L/s
Q outlet A, 30 L/s A, 30 L/s A, 20 L/s A, 30 L/s B, 20 L/s
G, 30 L/s G, 20 L/s K, 30 L/s G, 30 L/s K, 30 L/s
I, 30 L/s L, 30 L/s F, 40 L/s H, 30 L/s I, 50 L/s
F, 20 L/s
Loop 1, 2, 3 & 4 1, 2, 3 & 5 1, 2, 3 & 5 1, 2, 3 & 4 3, 4, 5 & 6

Iv

1.0 DECLARATION

Contributions of Group Members in this Project

Name Photo Specific tasks

 Muhammad 1) Compile and analysis the report for finalization.
Haiqal Rafiq 2) Divide the task among the group member.
Bin Rosli
3) Assist in calculation of the loop.
4) Lead every minute meeting.
5) Compile the whole report

Widyawati 1) Intro and theory presentation

Binti Mohd 2) Cover Page
Robi
3) Reference
4) Locating inlet and outlet

Danish 1) Conclusion for overall report

Zaidan Bin 2) Assist in calculation
Azhar
3) Update minute meeting
4) Proceed number of trials

Aiman Hakimi 1) Show all calculation in detail

Bin Razali 2) Standardize all units in S.I unit
3) Update minute meeting
4) Proceed number of trials

Mohamad 1) Collect all the link of websites and present

Shalihin Bin 2) Update minute meeting
Samsudin
3) Sketch all pipe networks
4) Appendix

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO PIPE NETWORKS

Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow rates and pressure
heads at the outflows points of the network. The flow rates and pressure heads must satisfy
the continuity and energy equations.
 Pipeline system used in water distribution, industrial application and in many
engineering systems may range from simple arrangement to extremely complex one.

• Problems regarding pipelines are usually tackled by the use of continuity and
energy equations.

• Major loses: The head loss due to friction, which is usually calculated using the
Darcy-Weisbach equation

• Minor losses are computed depending on the appropriate conditions.

Pipe Network

A water distribution system consists of complex interconnected pipes, service

reservoirs and/or pumps, which deliver water from the treatment plant to the consumer.
Water demand is highly variable, whereas supply is normally constant. Thus, the distribution
system must include storage elements, and must be capable of flexible operation. Pipe
network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow rates and pressure heads at the
outflows points of the network. The flow rate and pressure heads must satisfy the continuity
and energy equations.

The earliest systematic method of network analysis (Hardy-Cross Method) is known

as the head balance or closed loop method. This method is applicable to system in which
pipes form closed loops. The outflows from the system are generally assumed to occur at
the nodes junction. For a given pipe system with known outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is
an iterative procedure based on initially iterated flows in the pipes. At each junction these
flows must satisfy the continuity criterion, i.e. the algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipe
meeting at a junction, together with any external flows is zero.

2.1 THEORY
 The classical approach for solving these networks is to use the Hardy Cross method.
In this formulation, first you go through and create guess values for the flows in the network.
These initial guesses must satisfy the Kirchhoff laws (1). That is, if Q7 enters a junction and
Q6 and Q4 leave the same junction, then the initial guess must satisfy Q7 = Q6 + Q4. After
the initial guess is made, then, a loop is considered so that we can evaluate our second
condition. Given a starting node, we work our way around the loop in a clockwise fashion, as
illustrated by Loop 1. We add up the head losses according to the Darcy–Weisbach equation
for each pipe if Q is in the same direction as our loop like Q1, and subtract the head loss if
the flow is in the reverse direction, like Q4. In other words, we add the head losses around
the loop in the direction of the loop; depending on whether the flow is with or against the
loop, some pipes will have head losses and some will have head gains (negative losses).

To satisfy the Kirchhoff's second laws (2), we should end up with 0 about each loop
at the steady-state solution. If the actual sum of our head loss is not equal to 0, then we will
adjust all the flows in the loop by an amount given by the following formula, where a positive
adjustment is in the clockwise direction.

h kQ 2
Q  f

h f  n kQn1
Q

J. KROPE, D. DOBERSEK,
D. GORICANEC
Faculty of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering
University of Maribor
Smetanova ul. 17, 2000
Maribor
SL

KROPE, D. DOBERSEK, D.
GORICANEC
Faculty of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering
University of Maribor
Smetanova ul. 17, 2000
Maribor
SLOVE N
3.0 CONCLUSION

Hardy Cross simplified mathematical modelling of complex problems in structural and

hydraulic engineering long before the computer age. Moment distributions in indeterminate

concrete structures described with differential equations were too complex for the time
before

computers. Hardy Cross later applied these finding from structural analysis to balancing of

flow in pipe networks. He revolutionized how the profession addressed complicated

problems.

Today, in engineering practice, the modified Hardy Cross method proposed by Epp and
Fowler

is used rather than the original version of the Hardy Cross method. Methods proposed by

Hamam and Brameller, as well as by Wood and Charles and Wood and Rayes, are used in

common practice, too. Moreover, the node-oriented method proposed by Shamir and
Howard

is also based on the Hardy Cross method. Professional engineers use a different kind of

looped pipeline in professional software, but. even today, engineers invoke the name of
Hardy

Cross with awe. When petroleum and natural gas or civil engineers have to figure out what is

happening in looped piping systems, they inevitably turn to what is generally known as the

Hardy Cross method. The original Hardy Cross method is still extensively used for teaching

and learning purpose. Here, we introduced into the Hardy Cross method the multi-point

iterative approach instead of the Newton–Raphson iterative approach, but it does not affect

the number of required iterations to reach the final solution in our case. The view of Hardy

Cross was that engineers lived in the real world with real problems and that it was their job to

come up with answers to questions in design tasks, even if initial approximations were

involved. After Hardy Cross, the essential idea which he wished to present involves no
mathematical relations except the simplest arithmetic. For example, ruptures of pipes with

leakage can be detected using the Hardy Cross method because every single-point

disturbance affects the general distribution of flow and pressure. This paper has the purpose

of illustrating the very beginning of modelling of gas or water pipe networks. As noted by
Todini

and Rossman, many new models have been developed since the time of Hardy Cross.

4.0 REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross_method
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331095044_Hardy_Cross_Method_for_Pipe_
Networks
3. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/physics/flow-pipe-network-analysed-using-hardy-
cross-3197.php
4. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/40737(2004)360
5. https://core.ac.uk/reader/144012924
6. J. KROPE, D. DOBERSEK, D. GORICANEC, ‘Flow Pressure Analysis of Pipe Networks
with Linear Theory Method’, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of
Maribor, Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, SLOVENIA.

7. Mohsin Siddique, ‘Analysis of Water Supply Distribution Network’, www.slideshare.net

 5
5.0 MINUTE OF MEETING

MINUTE OF MEETING 1
TOPIC : TASK DIVIDING
DAY : TUESDAY
DATE : 2 JUNE 2020
TIME : 12.00 PM TO 3.00 PM
MEDIA : WHATSAPP GROUP

ATTENDANCE:

1. MUHAMMAD HAIQAL RAFIQ BIN ROSLI (Group Leader)

2. AIMAN HAKIMI BIN RAZALI
3. DANISH ZAIDAN BIN AZHAR
4. MOHAMAD SHALIHIN BIN SAMSUDIN
5. WIDYAWATI BINTI MOHD ROBI

NO SUBJECT ACTION BY

1.0 A group organisation was established. Group Muhammad Haiqal Rafiq

leader gave instructions of the project and divided
tasks among group members evenly.

2.0 Each group member agree about the task All the group members
dividing.
 6

MINUTE OF MEETING 2
TOPIC : DISCUSSION ABOUT BRIEFING VIDEO BY DR. ADILA
DAY : TUESDAY
DATE : 9 JUNE 2020
TIME : 11.00 AM TO 1.00 PM
MEDIA : WHATSAPP GROUP

ATTENDANCE:

1. MUHAMMAD HAIQAL RAFIQ BIN ROSLI (Group Leader)

2. AIMAN HAKIMI BIN RAZALI
3. DANISH ZAIDAN BIN AZHAR
4. MOHAMAD SHALIHIN BIN SAMSUDIN
5. WIDYAWATI BINTI MOHD ROBI

NO SUBJECT ACTION BY

1.0 Lecturer explained about each and every detail All the group members
briefly by video via Padlet. All the group members
held a discussion and understood.
 7

MINUTE OF MEETING 3
TOPIC : DISCUSSION ABOUT DRAWINGS AND CALCULATIONS
DAY : THURSDAY
DATE : 11 JUNE 2020
TIME : 12.00 PM TO 2.00 PM
MEDIA : WHATSAPP GROUP

ATTENDANCE:

1. MUHAMMAD HAIQAL RAFIQ BIN ROSLI (Group Leader)

2. AIMAN HAKIMI BIN RAZALI
3. DANISH ZAIDAN BIN AZHAR
4. MOHAMAD SHALIHIN BIN SAMSUDIN
5. WIDYAWATI BINTI MOHD ROBI

NO SUBJECT ACTION BY

1.0 Everyone presented their loop drawings and All the group members
briefly explained to other group member, so that
all the member understood.

2.0 Further discussions on project report completion All the group members
were carried out.
 8

6.0 APPENDIX

Figure 1: The inlet and outlet discharge location

 Means positive direction flowrate

Figure 2: The assumption direction of flowrate

Figure 3: The assumption and determination of the Q value

Means unshared pipe

 Means shared pipe

Figure 4: Shows the unshared and shared pipe

10