Carpentry: Jonathan Fajardo

Carpentry
MODULE
Carpentry
Prepared by:
JONATHAN FAJARDO
1|P a ge
Carpentry
Carpentry
This Module 2 is second part of the subject in Introduction to Industrial
Arts I. This module is intended for Bachelor in Technology and Livelihood
Education (BTLEd) major in Industrial Art and Home Economics. This is pre-
requisite to Industrial Art II, meaning to fail in this subject you cannot enrolled
the Introduction to Industrial Arts II.
II. DURATION : 14 hours (3 hrs. per week)
III. MODULE DESCRIPTION:
This module is composed of 6 lessons; it discusses the brief history of

carpentry and competencies of TESDA for Carpentry NC II, knowledge and
skills in fundamental of electronics like diagramming and demonstrate how to
use basic hand tools & test equipment. Safety and work habit is also given
emphasis.
This module is designed for beginners in the field of wood works. Topic is
presented and some examples were provided to be able understand easily.
To identify the learning outcome short assessment is included, and for further
deep understanding and appreciation of the lesson practical activity is
needed to accomplish.
IV. OBJECTIVES:
After studying this Module 2, the student should be able to:
1. Develop safe working habits while using wood working tools.
2. Become aware of careers within the wood working industry.
3. Identify, construct and test wood joints.
4. Identify the various species of wood along with their strengths and
weaknesses.
5. Calculate board foot
6. Apply various finishing products
2|P a ge
MODULE Carpentry
V. CONTENT :
MODULE : Carpentry
1. Tools, materials and safe working habits
2. Woodworking industry
3. Different types of wood joints
4. Wood species: Strengths and Weakness
5. Calculate board foot
6. Simple Carpentry Products
VI. REQUIREMENTS:
As evidence of attaining the above learning outcomes, the student is
required to do and submit the following during the indicated dates of the
term.
• Individual (board foot calculation activity)

• Types of Wood joints
• Book end
VII. GRADING SYSTEM:
Mid-Term and Final Examination 25%

Activities 20%
Projects 25%
Quizzes/Assignment 10%
Attendance/Class Participation 10%
Work Value 10%
TOTAL 100%
PRE TEST Carpentry

3|P a ge
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer and write the letter of your
answer on the space provided.
_____ 1. The “Technical Educational and Skills Development Act of 1994” is

Republic Act?
a. RA7796 b. RA. 7766 c. RA. 7786 d. RA.7756
_____2. It features a rubber or vinyl grip handle, solid hammer head, and claw
for removing nails.
a. claw hammer b. chisel c. ripsaw d. hacksaw
_____ 3. This qualification consists of competencies that a person must possess

to electronics skills.
a. Carpentry NC II b. EMS NC III c. CSS NC II d. EIM NC II
_____4. It is used to refine edges, and clean out mortices, cuts, and joints, as
well as for carving wood.
____ 5. It means any group of interrelated jobs or any occupation

a. skills b. work c. trade d. job
_____6. It is a fine-toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes.

_____ 7. This refers to the education process designed at post-secondary and

lower tertiary levels and officially recognized as non-degree
programs. This is an instrument used for measuring dc resistance.
a. technical education c. technical vocational
b. vocational technology d. non-formal education
_____8. This tool cuts along the grain.

_____ 9. It is the persons who direct the practice of skills towards immediate
improvement in some task;
a. trainors b. trainers c. employees d. none
_____10. It is a sawn Timber.

a. plumb-bob b. pull-push rule c. try square d. lumber
_____ 11. What is the code for this core competencies: Fabricate formworks?
a. CON712317 b. CON712318 c. CON712319 d. CON712320
_____12. It is used for measuring long distances.

PRE TEST Carpentry
4|P a ge
_____ 13. Practice career professionalism is a basic core, what is the code?
a. 5 00 311107 b. 5 00 311108 c. 5 00 311109 d. none
_____14. It is used to test the squareness of a stock.

_____ 15. This refers to a delivery of quality technical and vocational

education which requires training to be carried out alternatively in
two venues.
a. OJT b. Apprentice
c. DS/T d. Apprenticeship
II. IDENTIFICATION: Choose the best answer inside the box and write the
Butt Joint Acacia Raintree 63 bd. ft.
Biscuit Joint Bangkirai 23.33 bd. ft.
Dado Gmelina 1.83 bd. ft.
Lap wood joint Kamagong 120 bd. ft.
Tongue and Groove Molave 89.83 bd. ft.
____________________ 1. One of the simplest joints, this is simply putting the

ends of two pieces together.
____________________ 2. It is widespread in the Philippines and growing along

roads and rice fields. Cut with DENR permits, this
species is mainly used for turning bowls and gift items.
____________________ 3. 6” x 7” x 18‟ =
____________________ 4. A reinforced version of the butt joint.
____________________ 5. It is the Indonesian name for Yakal. It is also available

from Malaysia under the name of yellow Balau. It is
use for decking products. It is very durable.
____________________ 6. 5” x 4” x 14‟
____________________ 7. It is nothing more than a square-grooved slot on one

board where another board will fit.
5|P a ge
PRE TEST Carpentry
____________________ 8. It is one of the most widespread plantation species in

the Philippines. It is mainly used for indoor furniture and
for doors.
____________________ 9. 1” x 1” x 22‟
____________________ 10. This joint combine two pieces of wood by cutting

away half the thickness of the pieces.
____________________ 11. It is an endangered Philippine Ebony type, and apart

from few exceptions it is banned. FILTRA therefore, is
not offering this species, but offer alternatives for
similar looks in furniture and flooring.
____________________ 12. 8” x 15” x 12”
____________________ 13. Joining two boards square to one another along a

long edge, one can simply butt the joint together
and hold it with fasteners.
____________________ 14. It was earlier a traditional Philippine flooring and

furniture species, but it is an endangered species
and therefore not offered by FILTRA.
____________________ 15. 7” x 7” x 22”
6|P a ge
MODULE Carpentry
Lesson 1
Carpentry Tool, Materials and

Safe Working Habits
SAFETY FIRST!
Objectives:
After studying this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Identify carpentry tools and their uses
2. identify carpentry materials and their uses
3. Develop safe working habits in using wood working tools and

materials
7|P a ge
MODULE Tools and Materials
TOOLS AND MATERIALS USED IN CARPENTRY

Woodworking is an endless craft which requires skill and practice, but
which also relies on having the right tools. Traditional woodworkers prefer to
use mostly hand tools in their work, and it is entirely possible to carry out all
aspects of carpentry without ever touching a power tool.
TOOLS USES
Claw hammer - It features a rubber
or vinyl grip handle, solid hammer
head, and claw for removing nails.
The most common size for
woodwork is 20 ounce.
Chisel – It is used to refine edges,

and clean out mortices, cuts, and
joints, as well as for carving wood.
Cross-cut-saw – It cuts across grain.
Ripsaw – It cuts along the grain.
Hacksaw – It is a fine-toothed saw

used to cut metals and pipes
Plumb-bob – It is used for vertical

alignment
Pull-push-rule – It is used for

measuring long distances.
8|P a ge
Level bar – It is tool used in checking

vertical and horizontal position.
Try square – It is used to test the

squareness of a stock.
MATERIALS DESCRIPTIONS
Lumber – It is a sawn Timber.
Plywood – It is a thin cross laminated

sheet of wood.
Nails – It is made of metal used for

fastening woods.
Sand – It is fine gritty, substance

found in the shore and desert.
Gravel – It is coarse aggregate.
9|P a ge
Cement – It is a powdered
substance which when mixed with
water acts as binder of aggregate.
Hand Tools Safety Tips

Traditional woodworking uses a variety of apparently safe type of hand
tools like Hammers, torques, several types of hand saws, drillers, screwdrivers,
etc. Hand equipment seems to be safe; however, sometimes they provoke a
series of wounds. Truth be told, about a 10% of the woodworker’s payable
wounds has origin from hand tools related accidents and sometimes they
aggravate to serious wounds. Carpentry tools can provoke any kind of injuries
like the amputation, cuts, punctures and several others. These devices are
designed to cut or pinch wood, imagine what can be the repercussions on the
human flesh if safety procedures and certain safety norms are not kept in mind
while dealing with these potent of harming tools.
As they say, “Prevention is always better than Cure”. Hence taking

suitable precautions can avert major and minor accidents while dealing with
these tools.
A good idea is to elude these kinds of wounds. Here we provide you with
some basic safety tips which you must keep in mind while working with any
tool:
• Always wear your required safety equipment before operating the

tools.
10 | P a g e
• Make sure you wear proper attire before proceeding to operate the
tools.
• Make sure you disconnect the power while changing various parts of
the tool, example before a blade change.
• Always make sure you operate or hold the tools from flat edge rather
than the sharp edge.
• Avoid the consumption of toxics such as alcohol or drugs at work
place.
• Do not operate such devices that are not in proper working condition
or are out of order.
• Always use such tools which are as per your specifically designed work
piece.
• Do not operate broken or worn out devices, such as dull cutting
apparatuses, or screwdrivers with worn tips.
• Ensure your grip and balance is firmly secured while operating the
instruments.
• Always cut materials placing it at certain distance away from your
body.
• Avoid distractions.
11 | P a g e
SELFCHECK 1 Tools and Materials
CROSSWORD PUZZLE: Use the clues below to fill the crossword puzzle with
the correct Carpentry tools and materials.
12 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No.1 Tools and Materials
Let’s do this!
Activity No. 1 : Hand Tools Safety Tips
Materials : Pictures, Long bond paper and paste
Tools : Ruler
Let’s follow this!

this! Find and search the at least 4 pictures showing hand tools and
materials safety working tips/habits and paste the pictures in column A while
in column B, write an explanation/description.
Let’s evaluate this!

CRITERIA PERCENT (%) SCORE
SIMILARITY 50
QUALITY OF 20
WORK
TIME 10
WORKVALUE 20
TOTAL SCORE
Review Questions
1. What did you learned in this activity?
2. If you will be a future carpenter, what tips will you suggest for a
person to be safe in this industry?
13 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No.1 Tools and Materials
Let’s do this!
PICTURES OF SAFETY HABITS EXPLANATION/DESCRIPTION
14 | P a g e
MODULE Carpentry
Lesson 2
Competencies for Carpentry NC II
Objectives:
1. Understand the RA.7796
2. Familiar with the Training regulation CARPENTRY NC II.
3. Identify the unit of competencies for CARPENTRY NC II.
15 | P a g e
MODULE RA. 7796
Lesson 2
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7796 August 8, 1994

AN ACT CREATING THE TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS, STRUCTURE AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
SECTION 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Technical Educational and
Skills Development Act of 1994” or the “TESDA Act of 1994.”
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. — It is hereby declared the policy of the State

to provide relevant, accessible, high quality and efficient technical education
and skills development in support of the development of high quality Filipino
middle-level manpower responsive to and in accordance with Philippine
development goals and priorities.
The State shall encourage active participation of various concerned sectors,

particularly private enterprises, being direct participants in and immediate
beneficiaries of a trained and skilled work force, in providing technical
education and skills development opportunities.
SECTION 3. Statement of Goals and Objectives. — It is the goal and objective

of this Act to:
a) Promote and strengthen the quality of technical education and skills

development programs to attain international competitiveness.
b) Focus technical education and skills development on meeting the

changing demands for quality middle-level manpower;
c) Encourage critical and creative thinking by disseminating the scientific and

technical knowledge base of middle-level manpower development
programs;
d) Recognize and encourage the complementary roles of public and private

institutions in technical education and skills development and training systems;
and
e) Inculcate desirable values through the development of moral character

with emphasis on work ethic, self-discipline, self-reliance and nationalism.
16 | P a g e
MODULE RA. 7796
SECTION 4. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act:
a) “Skill” shall mean the acquired and practiced ability to carry out a task or
job;
b) “Skills Development” shall mean the process through which learners and
workers are systematically provided with learning opportunities to acquire or
upgrade, or both, their ability, knowledge and behavior pattern required as
qualifications for a job or range of jobs in a given occupational area;
c) “Technical Education” shall refer to the education process designed at
post-secondary and lower tertiary levels, officially recognized as non-degree
programs aimed at preparing technicians, para-professionals and other
categories of middle-level workers by providing them with a broad range of
general education, theoretical, scientific and technological studies, and
related job skills training;
d) “Trade” shall mean any group of interrelated jobs or any occupation which
is traditionally or officially recognized as craft or artisan in nature requiring
specific qualifications that can be acquired through work experience and/or
training;
e) “Middle-Level Manpower” refers to those :

1) who have acquired practical skills and knowledge through formal or
non-formal education and training equivalent to at least a secondary
education but preferably a post-secondary education with a corresponding
degree or diploma; or
2) skilled workers who have become highly competent in their trade or
craft as attested by industry.
f) “Private Enterprises” refers to an economic system under which property of
all kinds can be privately owned and in which individuals, alone or in
association with another, can embark on a business activity. This includes
industrial, agricultural, or agro-industrial establishments engaged in the
production, manufacturing, processing, repacking or assembly of goods
including service-oriented enterprises;
g) “Trainers” shall mean persons who direct the practice of skills towards
immediate improvement in some task;
h) “Trainors/trainers” shall mean persons who provide training to trainers aimed
at developing the latter’s capacities for imparting attitudes, knowledge, skills
and behavior patterns required for specific jobs, tasks, occupations or group
of related occupations;
17 | P a g e
MODULE RA. 7796
i) “Trainees” shall mean persons who are participants in a vocational,

administrative or technical training program for the purpose of acquiring and
developing job-related skills;
j) “Apprenticeship” training within employment with compulsory related

theoretical instructions involving a contract between an apprentice and an
employer on an approved apprenticeable occupation;
k) “Apprentice” is a person undergoing training for an approved

apprenticeable occupation during an established period assured by an
apprenticeship agreement; l) “Apprenticeship Agreement” is a contract
wherein a prospective employer binds himself to train the apprentice who in
turn accepts the terms of training for a recognized apprenticeable occupation
emphasizing the rights, duties and responsibilities of each party;
m) “Apprenticeable Occupation” is an occupation officially endorsed by a

tripartite body and approved for apprenticeship by the Authority;
n) “Learners” refer to persons hired as trainees in semi-skilled and other

industrial occupations which are non-apprenticeable. Learnership programs
must be approved by the Authority.
o) “User-Led” or “Market-Driven Strategy” refers to a strategy which promotes

strengthened linkages between educational/training institutions and industry
to ensure that appropriate skills and knowledge are provided by the
educational system;
p) “Dual System/Training” refers to a delivery of quality technical and

vocational education which requires training to be carried out alternatively in
two venues: In school and in the production plant. In-school training provides
the trainee the theoretical foundation, basic training, guidance and human
formation, while in-plant training develops his skills and proficiency in actual
work conditions as it continues to inculcate personal discipline and work
values;
q) “Levy Grant System” refers to a legal contribution from participating

employers who would be beneficiaries of the program (often as a percentage
of the payroll) which is subsequently turned over or rebated to enterprises
offering employee training programs.
18 | P a g e
MODULE TR - Carpentry NC II
TRAINING REGULATIONS FOR
CARPENTRY NC II
Section 1 CARPENTRY NC II QUALIFICATION
The CARPENTRY NC II Qualification consists of competencies that a

person must achieve that will enable him/her to perform fabrication,
installation and stripping of formworks, its components and supports.
This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of

Construction – Civil Works sub-sector as shown in Annex A.
The Units of Competency comprising this Qualification include the

following:
Code BASIC COMPETENCIES

Participate in workplace
5 00 311105
communication
5 00 311106 Work in team environment
5 00 311107 Practice career professionalism
Practice occupational health and
5 00 311108
safety procedures
Code COMMON COMPETENCIES

Prepare construction materials and
CON931201
tools
Observe procedures, specifications
CON311201
and manuals of instruction
Perform mensurations and
CON311203
calculations
CON311204 Maintain tools and equipment
19 | P a g e
Code CORE COMPETENCIES
CON712317 Prepare / Stake-out building lines
CON712318 Fabricate formworks
CON712319 Install formwork components
CON712320 Strip formwork components
CON712321 Install framing works
A person who has achieved this Qualification is competent to be:
• Rough Carpenter
https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Downloadables/TR%20-%20Carpentry%20NC%20II.pdf
20 | P a g e
Guide questions:
1. What is RA. 7796 and its purpose? Explain
2. Differentiate the basic, common and core competencies?
3. List down the competencies under the basic, common and core?
Common
Basic competencies Core Competencies
Competencies
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
21 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No. 2 TR - Carpentry NC II
Let’s do this!
Activity No. 2 : Carpentry NC II Competencies
Materials : Long bond paper and paste
Tools : Ruler

this! 1. Find and search pictures that describe the basic, common
and core competencies. Paste your picture in column A. Use separate paper
if needed.
PICTURE BASIC COMPETENCIES
Participate in workplace
communication
Work in team environment
Practice career
professionalism
Practice occupational health

and safety procedures
22 | P a g e
PICTURE COMMON COMPETENCIES
Prepare construction materials and

tools
Observe procedures, specifications

and manuals of instruction
Perform mensurations and

calculations
Maintain tools and equipment
PICTURE CORE COMPETENCIES
Prepare / Stake-out building lines
Fabricate formworks
Install formwork components
Strip formwork components
Install framing works
23 | P a g e
SELF-CHECK 2 TR - Carpentry NC II
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your

Republic Act?
a. RA7796 b. RA. 7766 c. RA. 7786 d. RA.7756
a. Carpentry NC II b. EPAS-NC II c. CS-NC II d. CT-NC II
a. 5 00 311107 b. 5 00 311108 c. 5 00 311109 d. none
_____ 8. This refers to persons hired, in semi-skilled and other industrial
occupations which are non-apprentice able.
a. student b. learners c. teachers d. worker
_____9. This common competency with Code CON311204 is ________________.
a. Prepare construction materials and tools
b. Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of instruction
c. Perform mensurations and calculations
d. Maintain tools and equipment
two venues.
24 | P a g e
MODULE Carpentry
Lesson 3
Different Types of Wood Joints
Objectives:
1. Know the different types of wood joints
2. Identify the uses of different types of wood joints
3. Draw different types of wood joints
25 | P a g e
MODULE Types of Wood Joints
Wood Joints
Advantages
• Give strength
• Long lasting
• Decorative
• Resist forces well
Disadvantages
• Time-consuming
• Require skill
• difficult to make
• Special tools needed
Types of Wood Joints
WOOD JOINTS DESCRIPTIONS
Butt Joint
• One of the simplest joints, this is
simply putting the ends of two
pieces together.
• It joins the end grain of one piece
to the long grain of another and the
two pieces are glued together.
• These joints typically only use glue
to hold the pieces together, so they
are weak and can be broken just
using your hands.
Biscuit Joint
• A reinforced version of the butt
joint.
• This joint uses a “biscuit” to
connect the two pieces.
• A biscuit is an oval-shaped piece
usually made with compressed
wood and is placed in
corresponding mortises.
• Glue is then used to secure the
pieces
26 | P a g e
Bridle Joint
• This joint is similar to a mortise and
tenon, but with more open holes in
the wood.
• The end of one piece of wood is
cut into a tenon shape and the
other piece of wood is cut into a
mortise, so that the two pieces that
can be fitted together to form a
corner.
• This joint can be used to create
legs or to help create frame pieces
when it’s being shaped.
• This is a strong joint with good
durability.
Dado (Joinery)
• A dado is nothing more than a
square-grooved slot on one board
where another board will fit.
• Similar to tongue and groove
joinery
• This is a commonly-used wood
joint for connecting plywood.
Dovetail Joint
• A form of box joint where the
fingers are locked together by
diagonal cuts.
• The strongest method for joining
two pieces of wood with the grain
going in the same direction.
27 | P a g e
Finger Joint
• Similar to the dovetail joint
• The finger joint also has a series of
pins along an edge that are
interlocked together using glue.
• The difference is that the finger
joint pins are straight instead of
angled.
• This joint isn’t as strong as the
dovetail, but it is fairly easy to make.
Lap Wood Joint

• The lap wood joint combines two
pieces of wood by cutting away
half the thickness of the pieces.
• This joint is typically used when the
two pieces have the same
thickness.
• The portion of wood cut away will
fit into the corresponding cutout on
the other piece.
Mortise and Tenon

• One of the strongest
• The mortise and tenon is used to
attach two pieces of wood at a 90-
degree angle.
• The mortise part of the joint is a
hole or cavity cut into one piece of
wood.
• The tenon is typically around ⅓
the thickness of the piece of wood.
28 | P a g e
Pocket Hole
• A strong joint that uses a pocket
hole that is cut into one piece of
wood with another pilot hole that
allows a screw to be driven into the
adjoining piece of wood.
Rabbet Joint
• The rabbet joint is simple and
straightforward.
• A cut is made into the end of a
piece of wood to create a “step.”
• This joint is in a variety of
woodworking projects.
Tongue and Groove

• Joining two boards square to one
another along a long edge, one
can simply butt the joint together
• The tongue and groove joint is
much stronger
• Provides more adjoining surface
areas, which is particularly useful.
29 | P a g e
SELF-CHECK 3 Types of Wood Joints
Let’s do this!
I. MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A (Name of the wood joints) to Column B
(picture of wood joints). Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided.
Column A Column B
__________ 1. Butt Joint A
B
__________ 2. Biscuit Joint
__________ 3. Bridle C
__________ 4. Dado D
__________ 5. Dovetail Joints E
__________6. Finger Joint F
__________ 7. Lap wood joint G
__________ 8. Mortise and Tenon H
__________ 9. Pocket Hole

I
__________ 10. Rabbet joint

J
30 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No. 3 Types of Wood Joints
Let’s do this!
Activity No. 3 : Types of Wood Joints
Materials Long bond paper
Tools : Pencil, Sign pen Eraser & Ruler

this!
Complete this
List down the following carpentry product where the following wood joints are being
used.
Wood Joints Used in what Carpentry Product
Butt joint
Biscuit Joint
Bridle Joint
Dado
Dovetail Joint
Finger Joint
Lap wood Joint
Mortise and Tenon
Pocket Hole
Rabbet Joint
Tongue and Groove
31 | P a g e
MODULE Carpentry
Lesson 4
Wood Species: Strengths and

Weaknesses
Understanding the many different types of wood and their uses can be very
helpful for choosing the best wood for your next project. Whether you are building
something out of wood or simply choosing wood furniture for your home, this list of
the many wood types will help make sure you choose wood you can be happy with!
Wood is available in many different shapes and sizes. Since wood comes from trees
and there are many different species of trees it is not surprising, we have such a
large variety of different woods to use for building.
This module teaches you to identify and properly select the wood species based
on their strengths and weaknesses.
Objectives:
1. Identify the different wood species

2. Select proper wood species for certain purpose
3. Demonstrate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of
different wood species
32 | P a g e
MODULE Wood Species
Wood Species
Wood Species DESCRIPTION
Acacia Mangium is a plantation
wood species available in FSC®
Certified Imported logs or sawn
and/or non-certified but still legal
and sustainable Philippine supply.
Used for flooring, indoor and
outdoor furniture.
Acacia Raintree (Roadside Acacia)
is widespread in the Philippines and
growing along roads and rice fields.
Cut with DENR permits, this species is
mainly used for turning bowls and
gift items.
Alder is available from North
America and Russia. A very popular
choice for furniture, as an often-
cheaper alternative to maple and
cherry.
Ash is grown in Europe as well as
North America. Ash is imported in
veneers and sawn timber for the
furniture industry and for decorative
panels.
Bangkirai is the Indonesian name for
Yakal. It is also available from
Malaysia under the name of yellow
Balau. It is use for decking products.
It is very durable.
Beech is widespread in Northern
Europe and is used for anything from
indoor furniture to flooring, doors
and joinery. Not suitable for outdoor
use.
Bintangor, or Callophylum as it is also
called, is an excellent species for
face venners, and also for general
joinery.
Birch wood from Northern Europe is
an excellent species for plywood,
and indoor furniture. It is import
mainly from Birch plywood, and
component parts.
33 | P a g e
MODULE Wood Species
Wood Species
Cherry is often a fashion species. It is
imported from Cherry as veneers
and sawn timber. Mainly used in the
furniture industry, and for kitchen
table tops.
Eucalyptus Cladocalyx is a yellowish
and very hard plantation species
(can be sourced as FSC® Certifed)
often used as replacement for Yakal
and similar hard and durable
species.
Falcata (Albizia) is a very fast grown
Philippine plantation species which is
mainly used for plywood core, and
exported in quite big quantity for
ply-board and packaging materials.
Gmelina is one of the most
widespread plantation species in the
Philippines. It is mainly used for
indoor furniture and for doors.
Eucalyptus grandis is a plantation
species grown mainly in South
America and Southern Africa.
Available in FSC® Certified Logs and
Sawn Timber upon request. It is used
for indoor as well as outdoor furniture
and also for windows and
mouldings.
Iroko is an African species which we
can get in FSC® Controlled Wood. It
is a very versatile species suited for
outdoor as well as indoor furniture,
flooring and joinery.
Jatoba is grown in Brazil, and is a
popular species for flooring in the
Philippines. This can be sourced as
FSC® Certified as well.
Kamagong is an endangered
Philippine Ebony type, and apart
from few exceptions it is banned.
FILTRA therefore, is not offering this
species, but offer alternatives for
34 | P a g e
MODULE Wood Species
Wood Species
Kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta) is a
plantation species grown mainly in
PNG. This species can be sourced as
either FSC® Certified or FSC®
Controlled Wood. Used for outdoor
furniture, jambs and general
mouldings.
Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) comes
from plantations in Southern Africa
and can be sourced as FSC®
Certified. Excellent for flooring and
decking products.
Keruing is well known in the
Philippines where it is called Apitong.
This heavy hardwood is mainly used
for truck-flooring, and outdoor
furniture. Contains natural oils which
can sometimes bleed when used
outdoors.
Khaya ivorensis is an African
Mahogany, which we can offer as
FSC® Controlled Wood. This species
is an excellent substitute for
Philippine Tanguile and widely used
for indoor and outdoor furniture.
Lenga is a plantation wood from
Chile, which is offer as FSC®
Certified. With a grain like Cherry,
and a color like Maple, it is a very
popular new choice for the furniture
industry. It can also be used for
doors.
Plantation Mahogany in the
Philippines can be Swietenia
Macrophylla, or Khaya Ivorensis
species. It is mostly 20-25 years of
growth and mainly used for indoor
furniture.
North American Maple and
European Sycamore are offer in
veneers and sawn timber. This is a
popular species for indoor furniture
and decorative panels.
35 | P a g e
MODULE Wood Species
Wood Species
Mengkulang, or Palapi as it is known
in Indonesia is very similar to Niangon
from Africa. We import this species
from Malaysia, and it is widely used
as a substitute for Lauan, mainly for
joinery.
Dark Red Meranti is a natural wood
species from Malaysia and
Indonesie. It is a Shorea species, and
almost identical to “Lauan”, or
Philippine Mahogany.
Merbau is also known as Kwila, or Ipil
in the Philippines. It is a hard species,
well suited for flooring and decking,
and also popular for joinery and
table tops.
Molave was earlier a traditional
Philippine flooring and furniture
species, but it is an endangered
species and therefore not offered by
FILTRA.
Narra is not available from the
Philippines, but is still possible to
import from Solomons and PNG,
where it is called Rosewood. As an
endangered species, FILTRA has
chosen not to carry this species in
our assortment, but offer several
sustainable alternatives.
Nyatoh, also known as Nato in the
Philippines, is imported from
Malaysia. It is an excellent wood for
joinery and furniture, and often
replaces the use of Lauan.
Oak is available from Europe and
USA. It is mainly import from white
oak sawn timber and veneers for
furniture production.
Okoume is grown mainly in Gabon
and Cameroon, and while it is used
primarily for plywood, it is
increasingly available as sawn
timber. Suitable for indoor furniture
and joinery.
36 | P a g e
MODULE Wood Species
Pine, and other softwoods are
available from Europe, North
America, Chile, New Zealand, and
Russia. – it is import mainly from
Douglas Fir, Hemlock, SPF, and
Caribbean pine.
Poplar is available from Europe and
North America. It is a popular
species for hidden parts of furniture,
and also for plywood production.
Light weight and color.
Rubber Wood was developed as a
replacement for beech, and is
popular as an affordable species for
indoor furniture, table tops, and gift
items.
Philippine Rosewood (Toog) is a
natural species which is currently no
longer being harvested. We still have
stocks available, cut prior to the
IFMA logging restrictions of 2011. It is
a very durable species, which FILTRA
has used for decking, flooring,
furniture, and gift items.
Sapelli is an African Mahogany type
which is very popular as veneers for
paneling and doors. It can be
source in FSC® Controlled Wood
Sawn Timbers.
Taun is the main joinery species
available in PNG, and is an
increasingly important species for
Philippine sawmills, joinery, and
furniture industries.
Teak is one of the best known
commercial wood species in the
world. Grown mainly in plantation,
but also available in natural form
from Burma, it is used for almost any
purpose. Excellent for outdoor and
marine purposes.
Walnut is imported from Europe as
well as North America. It is widely
used in high end furniture. We import
veneers as well as sawn timber.
37 | P a g e
SELF-CHECK 4 Wood Species
MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A (Name of the basic hand tools) to

Column B (Picture of the Hand tools. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided.
Column A Column B
__________ 1. Acacia Raintree A
__________ 2. Ash B
__________ 3. Gmelina
C
D
__________ 4. Kamagong
E
__________ 5. Keruing
F
__________6. Lenga
G
__________ 7. Molave
__________ 8. Narra
__________ 9. Pine
J
__________ 10. Teak
38 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No. 4 Wood Species
Let’s work on this

Activity No. 4 : Wood Species
Tools : Pencil, Sign pen Eraser & Ruler

this!
Complete this
Choose 10 wood species from the discussion. List down the following carpentry
product where the following wood species are being used.
Wood Species Used in what Carpentry Product
39 | P a g e
MODULE Calculate Board Foot
Lesson 5
Calculate
Board Foot
In this lesson you will learn all about the multi-tester such as; identifying the
parts and function of multi-tester; following the safety precautions in using the test
instruments; the Ohmmeter function; Voltmeter function and Milli-ammeter function.
So therefore it is important to learn about the VOM.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand the two systems of measurements
2. Convert one system to another, vice versa

3. Calculate board foot of lumber
40 | P a g e
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric
System. The English system originated in England also known as the U.S.
customary system of measurement while the Metric System was developed in
France and also known as the S. I. (International Standard).
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
ENGLISH METRIC
centimeter 1/ 100 meter

Inch (in. ) / (“ )
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
Foot ( ft ) / („ ) Decimeter 1/10 meter
Yard ( yd ) meter
MEASUREMENT READING
The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation

represents a measurement in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be
divided into 16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.
INCH reading
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
11 11
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
1 3 5 7 11
1 3
8 8 1 8
4
8 8 11
4 4
0 2 1
CENTIMETER and MILLIMETER reading

mm mm mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30
0 1 2 3
cm cm cm
41 | P a g e
UNITS OF MEASURE CONVERSION
English to English 1 foot = 12 inches
Metric to Metric 1 meter = 10 decimeter
1 dm = 10 centimeter
English to Metric 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 30. 48 cm
Metric to English 1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 meter = 39.37 inches
Sample Solutions in Conversion
A. Foot to inches
5 ft = _________ inches
Solution: Multiply 5ft by 12 inches / ft = 60 inches
B. Inch to feet
36 inches = ________ Feet
Solution: Divide 36 inches by 12 inches / feet = 3 feet
C. Centimeter to millimeter
33 cm = ________ millimeters
Solution: Multiply 33 cm by 10 mm / cm = 330mm
D. Inch to centimeter
5 inches = _______ centimeter
Solution: Multiply 5 inches by 2.54 cm / inch = 7.54 cm
42 | P a g e
CALCULATING BOARD FOOT OF LUMBER
The formula used in computing board foot is:
Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L

12
Where:
T = Thickness in inches
W = Width in inches
L = Length in feet
Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.
Example: Compute the board foot of a lumber whose dimension is 3” x 4” x

12”.
Step 1. Identify the given data.
Given: T = 3
W=4
L = 12
Step 2. Determine what is being asked
Find the bd. ft. = ?
Step 3. State the formula
Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L

12
Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.
Solution:
Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
= 3” x 4” x 12 “
12
= 144/12
= 12 Bd. Ft.
43 | P a g e
SELF-CHECK 5 Calculate Board Foot
I. ENUMERATION: Give the following:

1-2 Two systems of measurements
3-5 Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the Metric system
6-9 Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the English system
II. IDENTIFICATION: Give the reading of measurements.

2 5
1 3
0 4
6 7 8 9 10
30
0 1 2 3
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ___________
5. ___________
6. ___________ mm
7. ___________ cm
8. ___________ mm
9. ___________ mm
10. ___________ cm
III. Convert the following measurement to their unit equivalents
1. 8 meters = ____________ cm.
2. 2 meters = ____________ ft.
3. 12 feet = _______________ inches
4. 24 inches = __________ cm
5. 236.22 inches = _______meters
44 | P a g e
ACTIVITY No. 5 Wood Species
Let’s work on this

Activity No. 4 : Calculate Board Foot
Tools : Pencil and Calculator

this!
Complete this
Directions: Compute the number of board feet of lumber with the
following dimensions. SHOW YOUR COMPLETE SOLUTIONS. Use separate paper
if needed.
Dimensions Board Foot
1. 4” x 8” x 16‟
2. 2” x 3” x 11‟
3. 2” x 2” x 20‟
4. 4” x 14” x 10”
5. 5” x 5” x 19”
45 | P a g e
MODULE Carpentry Products
Lesson 6
Making Simple Carpentry Products
In this lesson you will learn all apply your gain knowledge in carpentry by
making a different simple carpentry product namely Bookend, Center table and
Medicine cabinet.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Know the step-by-step procedures of simple carpentry products

2. Produce a simple carpentry product
46 | P a g e
MODULE Bookend
SLIDING BOOKENDS FOR OPEN SHELVING

This project is sliding bookends for open shelving. These are a
quick and fun project that can be completed in a couple of hours.
Supplies
Scrap Wood – I used a 1×6 for this project cut into two 6″ sections.
Finishing Product – Paint, Stain, or Oil
Sandpaper
Brush or Rag
Tools
Saw to cut boards (miter, table, or circular)
Jigsaw
Sander
STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE
Measuring and Cutting

Depending on what size shelving
you have, determine the size
bookend you want. Choose to
use a scrap 1 x 6 for this project
cut to two 6″ pieces. A circular
saw worked great for this, but use
whatever saw you have to make
the cuts.
Used a straight edge to make

sure the line was straight before
cutting.
47 | P a g e
MODULE Bookend
SLIDING BOOKENDS FOR OPEN SHELVING
Next, measured the area needed

to cut out. Below is a diagram of
the dimensions. The inside
dimensions need to be cut
according to the thickness of the
shelf you are placing your
bookends on. I am using a 3/4″
thick shelf.
Then cut out the area with a

jigsaw. Using clamps are really
handy when cutting a board this
size. The less movement, the
easier and more precise the cut
is.
48 | P a g e
Here are the two sliding
bookends cut and ready for
sanding and finishing.
Sand the sliding bookends going

from a smaller grit to a larger grit
to make them smooth. Sanded
up to 220 grit for this project.
FINISHING
Since the shelving the sliding
bookends were going on was
very dark. Choose to keep them
light. Danish Oil is a great finisher
for keeping wood protected but
still natural looking. On this
project, used two coats allowing
the oil to soak in for 15 minutes
between coats. Using a brush is
the quickest and easiest way to
apply the Danish Oil.
Place them on the shelf and fill

up with your favorite books!!
49 | P a g e
MODULE Center Table
CENTER TABLE
This project is center table. These are a quick and fun project
that can be completed in a couple of hours.
Used a spruce 2x8 for the lumber.

First, cut off a section a bit longer
than twice the length of the legs.
Next, ripped this piece into two

down the middle.
Flattened one face of each half

on the jointer.
Glued the two pieces together to

form one thick piece.
Then squared up on the jointer

after the glue had dried. Then
ripped one board off of that on
the table saw, which will form
two of the apron rails.
50 | P a g e
MODULE Center Table
CENTER TABLE
The rest is just thicker than what I
needed for the legs. I cut it in half
lengthwise, and drew the outline
of the legs. I cut out the tapered
shape with my bandsaw.
Cleaned up the bandsaw cuts on

jointer. Note how the right hand is
hanging over the jointer fence.
Prefer to keep it there so that if
something unexpected happens,
my fingers won't reach down to
the cutter head.
Next, trimmed the tops of the

legs to the right size on the table
saw. Only the sides of the legs
facing each other are tapered.
Used the outside face as a
reference to accurately cut the
top untapered section of the legs
parallel.
Next, used my slot mortiser to cut

mortises into the legs.
Cut the mortises with a 5/16"

router bit (about 8 mm). Use the
sawblade cuts about a 0.100"
kerf, so had to offset two cuts by
5/16" + 0.1", or 0.412". The dial
indicator on quick-set tenon
jig makes this sort of setup pretty
quick and accurate.
51 | P a g e
MODULE Center Table
CENTER TABLE
Once set up, cut all the tenons

into the ends of my apron rails.
Trimmed the cheeks of the tenons

on the table saw. Note that the
tenon is offset from center.
Actually prefer to offset the
tenons from center - it makes it
easier to figure out which way
the piece of wood needs to go
on.
Trimmed the ends of the tenon

on the bandsaw.
Carved them slightly round, with

a carving knife, to fit into slot
mortises.
The finished mortise and tenon

joint.
52 | P a g e
MODULE Center Table
CENTER TABLE
Before you could assemble the
table, you need to finish up all
the parts.
The next step was to make a
cutout on the bottom edge of
the apron rails. Marked just one
of my pieces, cut that out with a
bandsaw, and used that to mark
the other pieces.
With all the cuts finished, you

could glue the table frame
together.
Glued two legs and one rail
together. Then make another
assembly like that with the other
two legs and let the glue dry.
Once the glue dried, glued the

remaining apron rails into a pair
of legs, then added the other
pair of legs. You had to glue two
joints at the same time for the last
part.
The assembled table frame.
53 | P a g e
MODULE Center Table
CENTER TABLE
Recycled some shelving to make
the top. The shelving was a bit
longer than needed, so first
trimmed it to length.
Place the top of the table before

varnishing it. It's usually easier to
varnish furniture in pieces.
Finish product.
54 | P a g e
MODULE Medicine Tablet
MEDICINE CABINET
This project is medicine cabinet. These are a quick and fun
project that can be completed in a couple of hours.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
-3/4″ x 2.5″ boards

–D-rings for hanging (x2)
-1 1/2″ nails or screws
-wood glue
-paint that matches your frame
–small hinges
-cabinet closure
-wood or MDF frame (a hollow plastic frame probably won’t work well
for this)
–jig saw or miter saw
First, you’ll want to cut 2 pieces

of wood that are the vertical
height of your photo frame. Then,
you’ll want at least 3 pieces of
wood that equal the horizontal
width of your frame when placed
between your 2 boards that you
just cut in the first step. If you cut
3 boards, you’ll have 2 shelves, so
depending on your frame size
and the height of what you want
to store, you can cut another
board to make a 3rd or 4th shelf.
55 | P a g e
MEDICINE CABINET
Paint your boards the same color

as the photo frame you are using
Sandwich your 3 horizontal

boards between the vertical ones
to create your top, bottom, and
shelf. Nail or screw your boards
into place using some wood glue
as well to attach them. If you
don’t want to see the nail or
screw heads, you can use a nail
setter (after the nail is in place) or
a countersink drill bit (pre-drill
with that before screwing in the
screw) to sink the heads of your
nails or screws into the wood.
That way, you can use wood filler
overtop and sand smooth when
dry. Just a bit of touchup paint
over the filler and the holes will
disappear!
Once your shelf is together, use

your hinges to attach your frame
to the side of the shelf in the
direction you want it to open.
56 | P a g e
MEDICINE CABINET
Close the frame door and attach

your closure so that the door can
be shut when not in use.
Attach 2 D-rings to the back of

the shelf sides 2″ from the top,
add your photo or print to the
frame, and your hidden medicine
cabinet is ready to hang!
Finished product.
57 | P a g e
POST TEST Carpentry
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer and write the letter of your

Republic Act?
a. RA7796 b. RA. 7766 c. RA. 7786 d. RA.7756
_____2. It features a rubber or vinyl grip handle, solid hammer head, and claw
for removing nails.

a. Carpentry NC II b. EMS NC III c. CSS NC II d. EIM NC II
_____4. It is used to refine edges, and clean out mortices, cuts, and joints, as
well as for carving wood.

_____6. It is a fine-toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes.


_____8. This tool cuts along the grain.

_____10. It is a sawn Timber.

_____12. It is used for measuring long distances.

58 | P a g e
POST TEST Carpentry
a. 5 00 311107 b. 5 00 311108 c. 5 00 311109 d. none
_____14. It is used to test the squareness of a stock.


two venues.
II. IDENTIFICATION: Choose the best answer inside the box and write the
Butt Joint Acacia Raintree 63 bd. ft.
Biscuit Joint Bangkirai 23.33 bd. ft.
Dado Gmelina 1.83 bd. ft.
Lap wood joint Kamagong 120 bd. ft.
Tongue and Groove Molave 89.83 bd. ft.
____________________ 1. One of the simplest joints, this is simply putting the

ends of two pieces together.
____________________ 2. It is widespread in the Philippines and growing along

roads and rice fields. Cut with DENR permits, this
species is mainly used for turning bowls and gift items.
____________________ 3. 6” x 7” x 18‟ =
____________________ 4. A reinforced version of the butt joint.
____________________ 5. It is the Indonesian name for Yakal. It is also available

from Malaysia under the name of yellow Balau. It is
use for decking products. It is very durable.
____________________ 6. 5” x 4” x 14‟
____________________ 7. It is nothing more than a square-grooved slot on one

board where another board will fit.
59 | P a g e
POST TEST Carpentry
____________________ 8. It is one of the most widespread plantation species in

the Philippines. It is mainly used for indoor furniture and
for doors.
____________________ 9. 1” x 1” x 22‟
____________________ 10. This joint combine two pieces of wood by cutting

away half the thickness of the pieces.
____________________ 11. It is an endangered Philippine Ebony type, and apart

from few exceptions it is banned. FILTRA therefore, is
not offering this species, but offer alternatives for
____________________ 12. 8” x 15” x 12”
____________________ 13. Joining two boards square to one another along a

long edge, one can simply butt the joint together
____________________ 14. It was earlier a traditional Philippine flooring and

furniture species, but it is an endangered species
and therefore not offered by FILTRA.
____________________ 15. 7” x 7” x 22”
60 | P a g e
References:
LESSON 1
https://millworkguide.com/carpentry-tools-and-their-uses/
https://toolsaroundthehouse.com/woodworking-tools-list/
https://pixabay.com/photos/claw-hammer-hammer-tool-2202195/
https://www.amazon.com/Putsch-One-Man-Crosscut-Saw/dp/B0033B6BJW/
https://www.yousta.com.au/product/intex-plasterx-drywall-rip-saw/
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/adjustable-hacksaw-frame-tubular-with-steel-
handle-6570954755.html
https://shopee.ph/Stanley-Magnetic-Level-Bar-48-43-556-i.78706403.2463127561
https://www.amazon.com/POWERTEC-80015-Hardwood-Premium-
Stainless/dp/B07N2P41CB
https://www.lesprom.com/en/news/Softwood_lumber_prices_in_North_America_stabilize
_even_as_inventories_remain_weak_94573/
http://ayrosohardware.com.ph/products.do?item_id=1024225764
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/m-sand-19847411291.html
https://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-make-a-gravel-shed-base
http://theclimateexaminer.ca/2017/02/01/solving-thorny-problem-cement-emissions/
LESSON 3
http://anitamcloudblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/all-types-of-wood-joints-pdf.html?m=1
LESSON 4
https://www.filtratimber.com/wood/wood-species/
LESSON 5
https://www.woodworkerssource.com/how-to-calculate-board-feet/board-foot-
calculator.html
https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Board-Feet
LESSON 6
https://thecraftedmaker.com/2018/09/sliding-bookends-for-open-shelving/
https://woodgears.ca/table/kids/
https://abeautifulmess.com/hidden-medicine-cabinet-diy/
61 | P a g e

Carpentry: Jonathan Fajardo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carpentry: Jonathan Fajardo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carpentry

II. DURATION : 14 hours (3 hrs. per week)

III. MODULE DESCRIPTION:

This module is composed of 6 lessons; it discusses the brief history of

After studying this Module 2, the student should be able to:

1. Develop safe working habits while using wood working tools.

2. Become aware of careers within the wood working industry.

3. Identify, construct and test wood joints.

5. Calculate board foot

6. Apply various finishing products

• Individual (board foot calculation activity)

VII. GRADING SYSTEM:

Mid-Term and Final Examination 25%

PRE TEST Carpentry

_____ 1. The “Technical Educational and Skills Development Act of 1994” is

_____ 3. This qualification consists of competencies that a person must possess

____ 5. It means any group of interrelated jobs or any occupation

_____6. It is a fine-toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes.

_____ 7. This refers to the education process designed at post-secondary and

_____8. This tool cuts along the grain.

_____10. It is a sawn Timber.

_____12. It is used for measuring long distances.

PRE TEST Carpentry

_____14. It is used to test the squareness of a stock.

_____ 15. This refers to a delivery of quality technical and vocational

Butt Joint Acacia Raintree 63 bd. ft.

Biscuit Joint Bangkirai 23.33 bd. ft.

Dado Gmelina 1.83 bd. ft.

Lap wood joint Kamagong 120 bd. ft.

Tongue and Groove Molave 89.83 bd. ft.

____________________ 1. One of the simplest joints, this is simply putting the

____________________ 2. It is widespread in the Philippines and growing along

____________________ 4. A reinforced version of the butt joint.

____________________ 5. It is the Indonesian name for Yakal. It is also available

____________________ 7. It is nothing more than a square-grooved slot on one

____________________ 8. It is one of the most widespread plantation species in

____________________ 10. This joint combine two pieces of wood by cutting

____________________ 11. It is an endangered Philippine Ebony type, and apart

____________________ 12. 8” x 15” x 12”

____________________ 13. Joining two boards square to one another along a

____________________ 14. It was earlier a traditional Philippine flooring and

____________________ 15. 7” x 7” x 22”

Carpentry Tool, Materials and

After studying this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Identify carpentry tools and their uses

2. identify carpentry materials and their uses

3. Develop safe working habits in using wood working tools and

TOOLS AND MATERIALS USED IN CARPENTRY

Chisel – It is used to refine edges,

Cross-cut-saw – It cuts across grain.

Ripsaw – It cuts along the grain.

Hacksaw – It is a fine-toothed saw

Plumb-bob – It is used for vertical

Pull-push-rule – It is used for

TOOLS AND MATERIALS USED IN CARPENTRY

Level bar – It is tool used in checking

Try square – It is used to test the

Lumber – It is a sawn Timber.

Plywood – It is a thin cross laminated

Nails – It is made of metal used for

Sand – It is fine gritty, substance

Gravel – It is coarse aggregate.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS USED IN CARPENTRY