Magnetically Coupled

Circuits

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Magnetically Coupled Circuit
Chapter 13
13.1 What is a transformer?
13.2 Mutual Inductance
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
13.4 Linear Transformers
13.5 Ideal Transformers
13.6 Ideal Autotransformers
13.6 Applications
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 Introduction
• The circuits we have considered so far may be regarded as
conductively coupled, because one loop affects the
neighboring loop through current conduction

• When two loops with or without contacts between them

affect each other through the magnetic field generated by
one of them, they are said to be magnetically coupled

• The transformer is an electrical device designed on the

basis of the concept of magnetic coupling

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 Introduction
• The transformer uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer
energy from one circuit to another

• Transformers are used in power systems for stepping up or

stepping down ac voltages or currents

• They are used in electronic circuits such as radio and

television receivers for such purposes as impedance
matching, isolating one part of a circuit from another, and
again for stepping up or down ac voltages and currents

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 Introduction
• In electromagnetics, electric circuit analysis is applied at low
frequencies

• The principles of electromagnetics (EM) are applied in various

allied disciplines, such as electric machines, electromechanical
energy conversion, radar meteorology, remote sensing, satellite
communications, bioelectromagnetics, electromagnetic
interference and compatibility, plasmas, and fiber optics

• EM devices include electric motors and generators, transformers,

electromagnets, magnetic levitation, antennas, radars,
microwave ovens, microwave dishes, superconductors, and
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electrocardiograms
 13.1 What is a transformer? (1)

• It is an electrical device designed on the

basis of the concept of magnetic coupling
• It uses magnetically coupled coils to
transfer energy from one circuit to another
• It is the key circuit elements for stepping
up or stepping down ac voltages or
currents, impedance matching, isolation,
etc.

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 13.2 Mutual Inductance (1)
• Let us first consider a single inductor, a coil with 𝑁 turns. When
current 𝑖 flows through the coil, a magnetic flux 𝛷 is produced
around it

• According to Faraday’s law, the voltage 𝑣 induced in the coil is

proportional to the number of turns 𝑁 and the time rate of change
of the magnetic flux 𝛷; that is,

• But the flux 𝛷 is produced by current 𝑖 so that any change in 𝛷 is

caused by a change in the current

• The inductance 𝐿 is commonly called self-inductance, because it

relates the voltage induced in a coil by a time-varying current in 7
the same coil.
 13.2 Mutual Inductance (1)
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux
caused by a time-varying current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby
inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
• Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a
voltage across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H)

di2
v1  M 12
di 1 dt
v 2  M 21
dt 8
M 21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1.
 13.2 Mutual Inductance (2)
• To determine the polarity of mutual voltage, the dot
convention is applied in circuit analysis
• By this convention, a dot is placed in the circuit at one end
of each of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the
direction of the magnetic flux if current enters that dotted
terminal of the coil
• If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the
reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the second coil is
positive at the dotted terminal of the second coil

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Illustration of the dot convention.
 13.2 Mutual Inductance (3)
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the
polarity of the mutual voltage; (a) series-aiding connection,
(b) series-opposing connection.

L  L1  L2  2M L  L1  L2  2M
(series- aiding connection) (series- opposing connection)

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13.2 Mutual Inductance (4)

Time-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils.

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Frequency-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils
 13.2 Mutual Inductance (5)
Example 1

Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the

circuit shown below.

Ans: I1  13.01  49.39A; I2  2.9114.04A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 14
 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
• The energy stored in an inductor is given by

• at 𝑖2 = 0, the power in coil 1 is

• and the energy stored in the circuit at 𝑖1 = 𝐼1 is

(1)

• If 𝑖2 > 0 and 𝑖1 = 𝐼1 , the power in the coils is

 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)

• the energy stored in the circuit is

(2)

• The total energy stored in the coils when

both 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 have reached constant
values is
From (1) and (2)

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 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
• The coupling coefficient, 𝑘, is a measure of the
magnetic coupling between two coils; 0≤k≤1.

M  k L1L2

• The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is

given by
1 2 1 2
w  L1i1  L2i2  Mi1i2
2 2
The positive sign is selected for the mutual term if both currents enter
or leave the dotted terminals of the coils; the negative sign is
selected otherwise.
 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (2)
Example 2
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling
coefficient. Calculate the energy stored in the coupled
inductors at time t = 1s if v=60cos(4t +30°) V.

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