c`v_©weÁvb

BDwbU-12
PjZwor
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

f~wgKv (Introduction)
Avgiv w¯’i Zwor Aa¨v‡q †R‡bwQ, w¯’i Zwor e¯‘‡Z Ave× _v‡K| d‡j Gi kw³ _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| cwievnx w`‡q Pjgvb Zwor Øviv KvR m¤úvw`Z nq| Pjgvb Zwor‡K Avgiv PjZwor ewj| ZvB PjZwor
w`‡q Avgiv KvR K‡i _vwK| AvaywbK mf¨Zvi g~j PvweKvwV n‡jv PjZwor| weÁv‡bi GB Pig DrKl©Zvi hy‡M
PjZwor e¨envi Qvov Avgiv RxebhvÎv Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwi bv| PjZwor Avgv‡`i evwZ R¡vjvq, cvLv †Nvvivq, Kj
KviLvbvi PvKv †Nvivq, ZvQvov †Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †gvevBj, wd«R, wnUvi, I‡fb, Kw¤úDUvi, Gwm
BZ¨vw` cÖvq mKj hš¿ Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i PjZwo‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb| GgbwK †cøb, Mvox, evm, K…wÎg DcMÖn, i‡KU
BZ¨vw` cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ PjZwor cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨ fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j †Kv_vq PjZwo‡Zi e¨envi bvB Zv
Luy‡R †ei Kiv GLb KóKi| gvby‡li Rxe‡b myL-¯^”Q‡›` f‡i w`‡Z weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q PjZwor| G
Aa¨v‡q Avgiv PjZwor m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| PjZwor wKfv‡e m„wó Ges mÂvwjZ Kiv nq, wewfbœ cÖKvi eZ©bx e¨envi
K‡i PjZwor‡K wbqš¿b K‡i Kv‡Ri D‡cv‡hvMx Kiv hvq| wKfv‡e evmv evwo‡Z Dc‡hvMx Zwor eZ©bx ˆZix K‡i
evwZ R¡vjv‡bv, d¨vb †Nviv‡bv, wUwf-wd«R BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bv hvq|

cvV 1 t Zwor cÖevn (Electricity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1.Zwor cÖevn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. w¯’i Zwor †_‡K Pj Zwor m„wó eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. cwievnx, Acwievnx I Aa©cwievnx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.1.1 Zwor cÖevn (Electricity)

Avgiv c~‡e©i Aa¨v‡q †`‡LwQ †h hLb e¯‘‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi evowZ ev NvUwZ bvB A_©vr hLb e¯‘wU AvwnZ
bq ZLb Zvi wefe k~b¨| †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Avavb Øviv AvwnZ n‡j ev †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zvi
wefe e„w× cvq|
Avgiv Av‡iv †`‡LwQ †h, `ywU e¯‘‡Z mgvb cwigvb Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡jI Df‡qi wefe mgvb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Avav‡bi cwigvb QvovI e¯‘i AvK„wZ, Ab¨ e¯‘i Dcw¯’wZ BZ¨vw`i Dci wefe wbf©i K‡i| hv‡nvK, hw` `ywU e¯‘
wfbœ wef‡e _v‡K Ges e¯‘`ywU‡K †Kv‡bv cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Kiv nq Zvn‡j wK NU‡e?
Avgiv AvcvZZ `ywU ai‡Yi wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvwi,
(1) nq †ekx Avav‡bi e¯‘ †_‡K Kg Avav‡bi e¯‘‡Z Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡e|
(2) bZzev D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb ‡h, cvwb, AwaK D”PZv †_‡K wb¤œ D”PZvi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq, cvwbi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
†hgb cvnv‡oi eid Mjv cvwb b`x w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z c‡o| mgy‡`ª GZ cvwb _vKv m‡Ë¡I b`x w`‡q
cvnv‡o D‡Vbv| GKB fv‡e Zvc, D”P ZvcgvÎv †_‡K wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq, Zv‡ci cwigv‡Yi Dci
wbf©i K‡i bv| wVK †Zgwb Avavb, D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq, Avav‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i

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K‡i bv| G‡KB Avgiv PjZwor ewj| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û ‡h †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q †h cwigvY Avavb
cÖevn nq Zv‡K Zwor cÖevn e‡j| Zwor cÖevn‡K I w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| hw` ‡h †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i cwievnxi ga¨
w`‡q t †m‡K‡Û Q cwigvY Avavb cÖevwnZ nq Z‡e Zwor cÖevn,
Q
I … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (12.1)
t
Zwor cÖev‡ni GKK Kzj¤^ = A¨vw¤úqvi| G‡K A w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
‡m‡KÛ

B‡jKUªb B‡jKUªb
cÖev‡ni B‡jKUªb cÖevn cÖev‡ni B‡jKUªb cÖevn
cwievnx w`K n‡”Q bv cwievnx
w`K n‡”Q bv

wb¤œ wef‡e D”P wef‡e mgwefe wb¤œ wef‡e D”P wef‡e mgwefe
AvwnZ AvwnZ AvwnZ AvwnZ
K L K L
wPÎ 12.1 wPÎ 12.2

12.1.2 Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K (Direction of the Current)

Avgiv Rvwb †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¯‘‡Z hZ Avavb †`qv n‡e Zvi wefe ZZ e„w× cv‡e| myZivs GKB AvKv‡ii `ywU
e¯‘‡Z GKB RvZxq (abvZ¥K A_ev FYvZ¥K) mggv‡bi Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j e¯‘ `wyU‡Z mgvb wefe m„wó n‡e| wKš‘
wfbœ gv‡bi Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j e¯‘ `wyU‡Z wfbœ gv‡bi wefe m„wó n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq e¯‘ `ywU‡K †Kv‡bv cwievnx w`‡q
hy³ Ki‡j D”P wefe †_‡K wbgœ wef‡ei w`‡K Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡Z _vK‡e (wPÎ 12.1 K)| hZÿY wefe cv_©K¨
_vK‡e ZZÿY Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡e| e¯‘ `ywUi wefe mgvb n‡j Avavb cÖevn eÜ n‡q hv‡e (wPÎ 12.1 L)| hw`
GKwU e¯‘‡K abvZ¥K Avav‡b Ges AciwU‡K FYvZ¥K Avav‡b AvwnZ K‡i e¯‘ `ywU‡K †Kv‡bv cwievnx w`‡q hy³
Ki‡j FYvZ¥K Avav‡b AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K B‡jKUªb abvZ¥K Avav‡b AvwnZ e¯‘i w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q ci¯úi‡K
cÖkwgZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡e (wPÎ 12.2 K)| wPÎ 12.2 K-‡Z abvZ¥K Avav‡bi †P‡q FYvZ¥K Avav‡bi cwigvY †ekx
_vKvq ci¯úi‡K cÖmwgZ Kivi ci AwZwi³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv e¯‘ `ywU‡Z mgfv‡e ew›UZ n‡q hv‡e (wPÎ 12.2 L)|
Avgiv c„w_exi wefe‡K k~b¨ a‡i wbB| d‡j †Kv‡bv e¯‘ hw` FY AvavbMÖ¯Í nq A_©vr B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ N‡U Z‡e
Zvi wefe c„w_exi mv‡c‡ÿ FYvZ¥K| Avevi †Kv‡bv e¯‘ hw` ab AvavbMÖ¯Í nq A_©vr B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ N‡U Z‡e
Zvi wefe c„w_exi mv‡c‡ÿ abvZ¥K| Avgiv c~‡e©i BDwbU †_‡K †R‡bwQ †h, †Kv‡bv e¯‘ AvwnZ nevi KviY n‡jv
nq e¯‘‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi e„w× N‡U‡Q bZyev NvUwZ N‡U‡Q| GLv‡b †cÖvU‡bi †Kv‡bv Av`vb cÖ`vb nqbv| Aci w`‡K
cÖ_v Abymv‡i Avgiv abvZ¥K gvb‡K D”P Ges FYvZ¥K gvb‡K wbgœ a‡i _vwK| Zvn‡j, GKwU FY AvavbMÖ¯Í e¯‘
Ges AciwU ab AvavbMÖ¯Í e¯‘‡K cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j FY AvavbMÖ¯Í e¯‘ ‡_‡K B‡jKUªb ab AvavbMÖ¯Í e¯‘‡Z
mÂvwjZ n‡e hZÿY bv e¯‘ `ywUi wefe mgvb n‡”Q| A_©vr B‡jKUªb wbgœ wefe †_‡K D”P wef‡ei w`‡K mÂvwjZ
n‡”Q| B‡jKUªb Avwe¯‹vi nevi cªvq 200 eQi c~‡e© PjZwor Avwe¯‹vi n‡q‡Q| ZLb †_‡KB weÁvbx‡`i aviYv wQj
†h Zwor D”P wefe †_‡K wbgœ wef‡ei w`‡K mÂvwjZ nq| †mB aviYvi wfwË †_‡KB PjZwo‡Zi mKj ZË¡ e¨vL¨v
Kiv nq| ZvB Zwor cÖev‡ni cÖPwjZ w`K aiv nq D”PZi wefe †_‡K wbgœZi wef‡ei w`‡K| hLb Zwor †Kv‡li
`yB cvZ‡K cwievnx Zvi Øviv mshy³ Kiv nq ZLb Zwor cÖev‡ni cÖPwjZ w`K abvZ¥K cvZ †_‡K FYvZ¥K cv‡Zi
w`‡K aiv nq| wKš‘ †h‡nZz Zwor cÖevwnZ nq FYvZ¥K Avavb A_©vr B‡jKUª‡bi cÖev‡ni Rb¨ Kv‡RB Zwor cÖev‡ni
cÖK…Z w`K ev B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni w`K n‡e wbgœZi wefe †_‡K D”PZi wef‡ei w`‡K| A_©vr Zwor †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î

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FYvZ¥K cvZ †_‡K aYvZ¥K cv‡Zi w`‡K| d‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni cÖK…Z w`K cÖPwjZ w`‡Ki wecixZ| 12.3 wP‡Î
cwievn‡K B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni w`K I Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

Avgiv Rvbjvg †h, hZÿY cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe B‡jKUªb cwievnx
cv_©K¨ eRvq _vK‡e ZZÿY cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor
cÖevwnZ n‡e| cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe mgvb A_©vr Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K
wefe cv_©K¨ k~b¨ n‡j Zwor cÖevn eÜ n‡q hv‡e| hw`
†Kv‡bv cÖwµqvq cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe AcwiewZ©Z B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni w`K
ivLv hvq Zvn‡j Avgiv wbiew”Qbœ Zwor cÖevn †c‡Z wPÎ 12.3
cvwi| cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ AbeiZ kw³ †hvMvb †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| GB kw³ †hvMvb
†`q Zwor †Kvl, e¨vUvix, †Rbv‡iUi BZ¨vw`| Zwor †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK kw³, ‡Rbv‡iU‡i hvwš¿K kw³ GB wefe
cv_©K¨ eRvq iv‡L|

12.1.3 cwievnx, Acwievnx I Aa©cwievnx (Conductor, Bad conductor or Insulator and Semiconductor)
Avgiv c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq cwievnx kãwU e¨envi K‡iwQ| Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z c`v‡_©i Av‡iv `ywU Acwievnx I
Aa©cwievnx kã Av‡Q| hw`I Avgiv GB k㸇jvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ ZeyI Giv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wK A_© enb K‡i Zv Avgiv
Rvb‡ev|

1| cwievnx t ‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb mn‡R cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i †m me c`v_©‡K cwievnx e‡j, †hgb-iæcv,
Zvgv, †jvnv BZ¨vw`| g~jZt mKj avZe c`v_©B cwievnx| cwievnx c`v‡_© Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j Avavb¸‡jv †Kv‡bv
RvqMvq Ave× bv ‡_‡K mg¯Í cwievnx‡Z Qwo‡q c‡i| ZvB `ywU AvwnZ e¯‘‡K †Kv‡bv cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j
mn‡RB Avavb GK e¯‘ †_‡K Aci e¯‘‡Z mÂvwjZ n‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i| cwievnx Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb
K‡i bv ej‡jB P‡j| cwievnx c`v_©‡K Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb Kivi ÿgZv e„w× cvq|

2| Acwievnx t ‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv †m me c`v_©‡K Acwievnx e‡j, †hgb-KvP,
KvV, cøvw÷K BZ¨vw`| g~jZt cÖvq mKj AavZe c`v_©B Acwievnx| Acwievnx c`v‡_© Avavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j Avavb
†Kv_vI mÂvwjZ bv n‡q Acwievnx c`v‡_©i †h ¯’v‡b Avavb cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m ¯’v‡bB Ave× _v‡K| ZvB `ywU AvwnZ
e¯‘‡K †Kv‡bv Acwievnx w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j Avavb GK e¯‘ †_‡K Aci e¯‘‡Z mÂvwjZ nq bv, d‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni
m„wó K‡i bv| Acwievnx Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb K‡i|

3| Aa©cwievnx t wKQy wKQy c`v_© Av‡Q †hgb- Rv‡g©wbqvg, wmwjKb, hv‡`i Zwor cwienb ÿgZv cwievnx Ges
Acwievnx c`v‡_©i gvSvgvwS A_©vr hvi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zv cwievnxi †P‡q A‡bK Kg, wKš‘
Acwievnxi †P‡q †ekx G‡`i‡K Aa©cwievnx e‡j| cwievnx Ges Aa© cwievnxi g‡a¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ n‡jv,
cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni ÿgZv n«vm cvq, wKš‘ Aa©cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni
ÿgZv e…w× cvq| Gi A_© n‡jv ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j cwievnxi †iva e„w× cvq Avi Aa©cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
Zwor cÖevn t cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û ‡h †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q †h cwigvY Avavb cÖevn nq Zv‡K Zwor
cÖevn e‡j|
cwievnx t ‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb mn‡R cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i †m me c`v_©‡K cwievnx e‡j| cwievnx
c`v_©‡K Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb Kivi ÿgZv e„w× cvq|

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Acwievnx t ‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv †m me c`v_©‡K Acwievnx e‡j|

Aa©cwievnx t ‡h c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn cwievnxi †P‡q A‡bK Kg wKš‘ Acwievnxi †P‡q †ekx G‡`i‡K
Aa©cwievnx e‡j| ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Aa©cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k () wPý w`b|
1. `ywU AvwnZ e¯‘‡K cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j-
i. B‡jKUªb wb¤œ wefe †_‡K D”P wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
ii. B‡jKUªb ab Avav‡b AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K FY Avav‡b AvwnZ e¯‘i w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
iii. Zwor cÖevn D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii. M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2. ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. cwievnx‡Z Zwor cÖevn nq bv|
L. cwievnx‡Z Zvc w`‡q Zwor cÖevn e„w× cvq|
M. Acwievnx Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb K‡i bv|
N. ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ Aa©cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq|

3. `ywU PvwR©Z mshy³ e¯‘i g‡a¨ PvR© cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv Zv‡`i-
K. PvR© mgvb nq L. wefe mgvb nq
M. aviKZ¡ mgvb nq N. mwÂZ kw³ mgvb nq

cvV 2 t Zwor eZ©bx (Electric Circuit)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1.Zwor eZ©bx cÖevn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zwor eZ©bx‡Z e¨eüZ Zworhš¿ I DcKiYmg~‡ni cÖZxK A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Zwor eZ©bx‡Z Zwor hš¿ I DcKiYmg~‡ni †kªwY I mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
12.2.1 Zwor eZ©bx (Electric Circuit)
Avgiv mevB Rvwb, †gvevBj‡K PvR© †`qvi mgq wKsev wUwf, wd«R, †iwWI, d¨vb BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡Z n‡j
we`y¨r jvB‡bi mv‡_ Zvi (cwievnx) w`‡q hy³ Ki‡Z nq| GB Zvi w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡q hš¿¸‡jv‡K
Pvjbv K‡i| g~j welq n‡jv, Zvgvi Zvi w`‡q ms‡hvM K‡i Zwor cÖev‡ni GKwU c_ K‡i w`B| Zwor
cÖevn Pjvi m¤ú~Y© c_‡K Zwor eZ©bx e‡j| hLb †Kvl ev e¨Uvixi `yB cÖv‡šÍ GK ev GKvwaK †iva, Zwor hš¿ ev
DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq ZLb GKwU Zwor eZ©bx ˆZwi nq|

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12.2.2 Zwor eZ©bxi wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi cÖZxK (Symbols of different elemants used in eletric circuit) t
Zwor eZ©bxi wPÎ AsKb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi †h cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi wPÎ bx‡P †`qv n‡jv|
bvg cÖZxK ‡h Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq
cwievnx/cwievnx wewfbœ DcKiY hy³ Kivi Rb¨
Zvi
mshy³ cwievnx cwievnx Zv‡i ms‡hvM Av‡Q †evSv‡bvi Rb¨
Zvi
ms‡hvMnxb cwievnx Zv‡i ms‡hvM bvB †evSv‡bvi Rb¨
cwievnx Zvi
Pvwe ev myBP ev Zwor cÖevn Pvjy ev eÜ Kivi Rb¨
Kgy¨‡UUi Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
‡Kvl + - Zwo”PvjK kw³i Drm cvevi Rb¨
e¨vUvix †ekx Zwo”PvjK kw³ cvevi Rb¨ GKvwaK †Kv‡li mgevq
‡iva Zwor cÖev‡n evav ‡`evi Rb¨
cwieZ©bkxj †iva eZ©bx‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †iva cwieZ©b Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Zwor cÖevn
wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨
wiI‡q‡÷U Zwor cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kiv Ges wefe wefvR‡bi Rb¨
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi G ev eZ©bxi †Kv‡bv kvLvq Zwor cÖev‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ eZ©bx‡Z
G †kªwY mgev‡q hy³ Ki‡Z nq
eZ©bxi †Kv‡bv kvLvi †iva ev Zwor h‡š¿i `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨
+ + - cwigv‡ci Rb¨| hvi wefe cv_©K¨ gvc‡Z n‡e Zvi mgvšÍivj mgev‡q
V - ev
‡fvëwgUvi V hy³ Ki‡Z nq| Gi abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi ab cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Ges Gi
FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi FY cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
(†fvëwgUvi D”P †iva wewkó nq|)
eZ©bxi †Kv‡bv kvLvi †iva ev Zwor h‡š¿i wfZi w`‡q Zwor cÖevn
+ + - cwigv‡ci Rb¨ hvi Zwor cÖevn gvc‡Z n‡e Zvi mv‡_ †kªwY mgev‡q
A - ev
A¨vgwgUvi A hy³ Ki‡Z nq| Gi abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi ab cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Ges Gi
FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi FY cvÖ‡šÍi w`‡K hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
(A¨vgwgUvi wb¤œ †iva wewkó nq|)
wdDR wdDR GKwU miæ I wb¤œ Mjbvs‡Ki Zvi| ZviwU mieivn jvB‡bi
†kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k jvMv‡bv nq| eZ©bx‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ Zwor cÖevn
n‡j ZviwU DËß n‡q M‡j wM‡q eZ©bx wew”Qbœ K‡i †`q|
+ -
12.4 wP‡Î GKwU Zwor eZ©bx †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| I R A
eZ©bxwU‡Z Pvwe K ‡K eÜ Ki‡jB e¨vUvix B Gi abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ †_‡K Zwor cÖevn Pvwe + -
AwZµg K‡i †iva R I A¨vgwgUvi A Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q e¨vUvix B Gi K B
FYvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍ Avm‡e| A¨vgwgUvi A Gi ab cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi abvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Ges wPÎ 12.4
FY cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi FYvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K hy³ Av‡Q|

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

12.2.3 eZ©bx ms‡hvM (Circuit Connection)

Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, eZ©bx‡Z Zwor Dr‡mi `yB cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ GK ev GKvwaK DcKiY ms‡hvM K‡i eZ©bx ˆZwi Kiv
nq| eZ©bxi DcKiY¸‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ cÖavbZt `yB fv‡e hy³ Kiv hvq| GB ms‡hvM¸‡jv n‡jv
1. †kªwY ms‡hvM (Series connection) Ges
2. mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM (Parallel connection)|
1. †kªwY ms‡hvM t hw` †iva I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jv‡K (†hgbt Pvwe, M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi, A¨vgwgUvi BZ¨vw`)
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ggb cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Kiv nq †hb GKwUi ci GKwU ch©vqµ‡g hy³ _v‡K A_©vr cÖ_gwUi †kl
cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ wØZxqwUi cÖ_g cÖvšÍ, wØZxqwUi †kl cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ Z…ZxqwUi cÖ_g cÖvšÍ GB fv‡e µgvš^‡q mshy³ _v‡K
Z‡e GB ms‡hvM‡K †kªwY ms‡hvM e‡j| †h‡nZz †kªwY ms‡hv‡M hy³ mKj DcKiY¸‡jvi GKwU gvÎ Zwor cÖev‡ni
c_ ‰Zix K‡i †m‡nZz mKj DcKiY¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q mgvb cwigvY Zwor cÖevn nq| wKš‘ DcKiY¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
`yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
bx‡P `ywU †iva I GKwU A¨vgwgUv‡ii †kªwY ms‡hvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv (wPÎ 12.5K)|
wP‡Î jÿ¨ Kiæb R1 ‡iv‡ai Wvb cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ R2 †iv‡ai evg cÖvšÍ hy³ Av‡Q + -
I
Ges R2 ‡iv‡ai Wvb cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ A A¨vgwgUv‡ii evg cÖvšÍ hy³| †h‡nZz Zwor R1 R2 A
cÖev‡ni c_ GKwU, ZvB mKj DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q GKB I cwigvY Zwor c«evn wPÎ 12.5K
n‡”Q| R1 I R2 Gi gvb wfbœ n‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ wfbœ n‡e|
2. mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM t hw` †iva I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jv‡K (†hgbt M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi, †fvëwgUvi BZ¨vw`)
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ggb fv‡e hy³ Kiv nq †hb cÖ‡Z¨KwUi GK cÖvšÍ¸‡jv GKwU mvaviY we›`y‡Z Ges Aci cÖvšÍ¸‡jv
Aci GKwU mvaviY we›`y‡Z hy³ _v‡K Z‡e GB cÖKvi ms‡hvM‡K mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM e‡j|
†h‡nZz mgvšÍivj ms‡hv‡M hy³ mKj DcKiY¸‡jv `yB cÖvšÍ `ywU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z hy³ nq †m‡nZz mKj DcKiY¸‡jvi
`yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ mgvb _vK‡e| wfbœ wfbœ DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ cwigvY Zwor cÖevn n‡e|
+ -

12.5L wP‡Î `ywU †iva I GKwU ‡fvëwgUv‡ii mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Iv V
P I1 I1
Q
wP‡Î jÿ¨ Kiæb †fvëwgUvi, R1 I R2 †iv‡ai evg cÖvšÍ GK‡Î P we›`y‡Z Ges Wvb
R1 I
cÖvšÍ GK‡Î Q we›`y‡Z hy³ Av‡Q| †h‡nZz †iva `ywU mgvšÍivj mgev‡q hy³ †m‡nZz I2 I2
G‡`i `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ mgvb| GB mgev‡q P ms‡hvM we›`y‡Z I Zwor cÖevn
I2 R
G‡m R1 I R2 †iv‡ai ga¨ w`‡q h_vµ‡g I1 I I2 As‡k wef³ n‡q‡Q Ges Q ms‡hvM 2
wPÎ 12.5L
we›`y‡Z G‡m Avevi I Zwor cÖevn n‡q‡Q|
GQvovI Av‡iv GKwU ms‡hvM Av‡Q| hw` †Kv‡bv eZ©bx‡Z wfbœ wfbœ DcKi‡Yi wKQy Ask †kªwY mgev‡q Ges wKQy
Ask mgvšÍivj mgev‡q mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K wgkª ms‡hvM e‡j|
12.6 wP‡Î GKwU wgkª ms‡hv‡Mi wPÎ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
+ -

V
+ -
I I1 R1 I R3 I R4 A

‡kªwY mgevq
I2 R2

mgvšÍivj mgevq
‡kªwY mgevq
wPÎ 12.6

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 c`v_©weÁvb

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
Zwor eZ©bx t Zwor cÖevn Pjvi m¤ú~Y© c_‡K Zwor eZ©bx e‡j|
hLb †Kvl ev e¨Uvixi `yB cÖv‡šÍ GK ev GKvwaK †iva, Zwor hš¿ ev DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq ZLb GKwU Zwor
eZ©bx ˆZwi nq|
eZ©bx ms‡hvM t eZ©bx ms‡hvM `yB cÖKvi, h_v- 1. †kªwY ms‡hvM I 2. mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k () wPý w`b|
1. bx‡P †KvbwU wiI‡q‡÷‡Ui cÖZxK?
K. L. M. + - N.
2. GKwU Zwor eZ©bx‡Z-
i. ‡fvëwgUv‡ii abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi ab cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Ges Gi FYvvZ¥K cÖvšÍ e¨vUvixi FY cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K hy³
Ki‡Z nq|
ii. eZ©bxi †Kv‡bv kvLvi †iv‡ai wfZi w`‡q Zwor cÖevn cwigv‡ci Rb¨ hvi Zwor cÖevn gvc‡Z n‡e Zvi mv‡_
A¨vgwgUvi †kªwY ms‡hv‡M hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
iii. Zwor cÖevn Pvjy ev eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Pvwe e¨envi Kiv nq|
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii. N. i, ii I iii

cvV 3 t IÕ‡gi m~Î (Ohm’s Law)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. IÕ‡gi m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zwo”PvjK kw³ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. mij eZ©bx‡Z IÕ‡gi m~Î cª‡qvM K‡i Zwor cªev‡ni ivwkgvjv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. Zwo”PvjK kw³ Ges wefe cv_©‡K¨i m¤úK© I cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.3.1 IÕ‡gi m~Î (Ohm’s Law)

Avgiv GB BDwb‡Ui cÖ_g cv‡V Rvbjvg ‡h, `ywU wfbœ wef‡e AvwnZ e¯‘‡K ‡Kv‡bv cwievnx
w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K Zwor cÖevwnZ nq| A_©vr wefe cv_©K¨
_vK‡j cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn nq| cwievnxi AvK…wZ, Dcv`vb I ZvcgvÎvi Dci
Zwor cÖev‡ni cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| wbw`©ó cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _vK‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q †h Zwor cÖevn
nq Zv ïay Gi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©‡K¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| A_©vr wefe cv_©K¨ hZ †ekx _v‡K Zwor
cÖevn ZZ †ekx nq| cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q wK cwigvY Zwor cÖevn n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© RR© IÕg (1786-1854) GKwU
m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib| G‡K I'‡gi m~Î e‡j|

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

I'‡gi m~Î t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq ‡h †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Zwor cÖevn cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe
cv_©‡K¨i mgvbycvwZK|
VA VB
e¨vL¨v t g‡b Kwi, AB GKwU cwievnx (wPÎ 12.7)| Gi A I B cÖv‡šÍ wefe A I B
h_vµ‡g VA I VB| awi VA>VB| Zvn‡j Zwor cÖevn A †_‡K B cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K wPÎ 12.7
cÖevwnZ n‡e| `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ V = VA -VB| w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq GB cwievnxi wfZi w`‡q I cwigvY Zwor cÖevn
n‡j IÕ‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i, IV
ev, I= GV GLv‡b G GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK| G‡K cwievnxi Zwor cwievwnZv (conductance) e‡j|
cwievwnZvi GKK wm‡gÝ| cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv I Ab¨vb¨ †fŠZ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Zwor cwievwnZv
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| g‡b ivLyb-
1 1. V  RI
myZivs V  I V
G 2. I 
R
ev, V = RI … … … … … … … … … … (12.2) V
1 3. R 
GLv‡b, R  = cwievnxi †iva| cwievnxi †h a‡g©i Rb¨ Zwor cÖev‡n I
G
evav †`q Zv‡K †iva e‡j| cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv I Ab¨vb¨ †fŠZ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j ‡iva AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Gi GKK IÕg| G‡K MÖxK Aÿi w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ 1V n‡j hw`
cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q 1A Zwor cÖevn nq Z‡e cwievnxi †iva (12.2) mgxKiY †_‡K †ei Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b, V  1V Ges I  1A | n‡j, V = RI mgxKi‡Y
gvb emv‡j, 1  R  1 ev, R  1
myZivs, cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ 1V n‡j hw` Gi ga¨ w`‡q 1A Zwor cÖevn nq Z‡e cwievnxi †iva 1 |

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.1| GKwU 4 ‡iv‡ai cwievwnZv KZ? †`qv Av‡Q,

1 1 †iva, R  4
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, R  ev, G 
G R cwievwnZv, G  ?
1
gvb emv‡j, G   0.25 wm‡gÝ|
4
DËi: 0.25 wm‡gÝ|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.2 t GKwU cwievnx Zv‡ii cwievwnZv 0.5 wm‡gÝ n‡j cwievnxi †iva KZ?
1 †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, R 
G cwievwnZv, G  0.5 wm‡gÝ
1 †iva, R?
gvb emv‡j, R   2
0. 5
DËi: 2
12.3.2 Zwo”PvjK kw³ (Electromotive Force)
Avgiv †R‡bwQ, wefe cv_©K¨ _vK‡jB ïay gvÎ Zwor cÖevn nq, ZvB Avgiv hw` Zwor cÖevn Awew”Qbœ ivL‡Z PvB
Zvn‡j me©`v wefe cv_©K¨ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| `y‡Uv †MvjK‡K wfbœ Avav‡b AvwnZ K‡i cwievnx w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j
Zwor cÖevn ïiæ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ wef‡ei cv_©K¨ Kg‡Z _vK‡e Ges `ªæZ `ywU wefe mgvb n‡q hv‡e| myZivs
AwewQbœ Zwor cÖevn ‡c‡Z n‡j Ggb GKwU Drm `iKvi hv Ggb GKwU wefe cv_©K¨ ‰Zwi K‡i †`‡e †hb Zwor
cÖevn n‡jI Zvi cv_©K¨ K‡g bv hvq|

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 c`v_©weÁvb

Avgiv Zwor Drm wnmv‡e Zwor †Kvl e¨envi Kwi| Zwor †Kvl ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
Drm wnmv‡e Avgiv †Rbv‡iUi e¨envi Kwi| †Rbv‡iUi ‡PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍi K‡i| †Kv‡bv eZ©bx‡Z Zwor †Kvl hy³ Ki‡j ‡Kv‡li wefe cv‡_©‡K¨i Rb¨ †Kv‡li D”P wefe cÖvšÍ †_‡K
Avavb eZ©bx‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡q wb¤œ wefe cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K hvq Ges †Kvl Zvi ivmvqwbK kw³ LiP K‡i wb¤œ wefe cÖvšÍ
†_‡K Avavb‡K D”P wefe cÖv‡šÍ cvwV‡q wefe cv_©K¨ eRvq iv‡L| myZivs eZ©bx‡Z AwewQbœ Zwor cÖev‡ni Rb¨
GKUv †Kv‡li AbeiZ Avavb‡K Kg wefe †_‡K †ewk wef‡e †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
‡Kvl ev Drm‡K GK Kzj¤^ cwigvY Avavb‡K Zvi wb¤œ wefe cÖvšÍ †_‡K D”P wefe cÖv‡šÍ Avb‡Z †h cwigvb KvR
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq †mUvB n‡”Q †Kvl ev Dr‡mi Zwo”PvjK kw³i cwigvY| G‡K E w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK
†fvë (V)| hw` †Kv‡bv †Kvl ev Dr‡mi wfZ‡i Q cwigvY Avavb Kg wefe cÖvšÍ †_‡K †ewk wefe cÖv‡šÍ Avb‡Z W
cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j,
W
GB †Kvl ev Dr‡mi Zwo”PvjK kw³, E  … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... ... ... (12.3)
Q
†h‡nZz Kv‡Ri GKK Ryj (J) Ges Avav‡bi GKK Kzj¤^ (C), †m‡nZz Zwo”PvjK kw³i GKK JC-1 A_©vr †fvë
(V)|
Avgiv †`Ljvg eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡q †h cwigvY Avavb cÖevwnZ nq, wefe cv_©K¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ †Kvl ev Drm‡K
†mB cwigvY Avavb wb¤œ wefe cÖvšÍ †_‡K D”P wefe cÖv‡šÍ cvVv‡Z nq| myZivs Avgiv Zwo”PvjK kw³i wb¤œiƒc
msÁv w`‡Z cvwi|
GK Kzj¤^ Avavb‡K †Kvl ev Drm m‡gZ †Kv‡bv eZ©bxi GK we›`y †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Nywi‡q Avevi H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h
cwigvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K H †Kvl ev Dr‡mi PvjK kw³ e‡j|
GKwU †Kv‡li PvjK kw³ 1.5J ej‡Z eySvq †h, 1C Avavb‡K †Kvl m‡gZ †Kv‡bv eZ©bxi GK we›`y †_‡K m¤ú~Y©
Nywi‡q Avevi H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z 1.5J cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
†Kv‡bv eZ©bx‡Z †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ †Kvlmn eZ©bxi wewfbœ As‡k wefe cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡i| GB wefe cv_©K¨‡K
wefe cZb e‡j| eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn Pjv Kv‡j †Kvlmn eZ©bxi wewfbœ As‡k wefe cZ‡bi mgwó n‡jv †Kv‡li
Zwo”PvjK kw³|
Zwor †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j eZ©bx‡Z †Kv‡li ab cvZ †_‡K FY cv‡Z Ges †Kv‡li
Af¨šÍ‡i FY cvZ †_‡K ab cv‡Z Zwor cÖevn nq| cvZ؇qi ga¨eZ©x ivmvqwbK c`v_© Zwor
I
cÖev‡n †h evavi m„wó K‡i Zv‡K †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY †iva e‡j| R1 R
r
r Af¨šÍixY †iva I E Zwo”PvjK kw³i GKwU †Kv‡li mv‡_ GKwU Pvwe K I GKwU ‡iva R + -
†kªwY mgev‡q hy³ Kiv n‡jv| Pvwe eÜ Ki‡j, aiv hvK, eZ©bx‡Z I cwigvb Zwor cÖevn K E
n‡”Q| d‡j IÕ‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i †iv‡ai `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cZb V  RI Ges †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY wPÎ 12.8
†iv‡ai wefe cZb rI |
Zvn‡j, E = RI +rI … … … … … … … … … … … … … …… …… … … ... ... ... .. (12.4)
ev, E = I(R+r)
E
I = … … … … … … … … … … … ………………… … …… … … … ... .. (12.5)
R+r
Avevi, E = V + rI … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………… ... ... ... ... ...… (12.6)
GLv‡b rI n‡jv †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY †iv‡ai g‡a¨ wefe cZb| G‡K nviv‡bv wefe ev myß wefe e‡j| †h‡nZz R
†ivawU †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍ hy³, †m‡nZz Zwor cÖevn PjvKvjxb †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ Ges R †iv‡ai `yB
cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ V mgvb| myZivs V ev RI n‡jv cÖvß wefe|
eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn bv n‡j (12.6) bs mgxKi‡Y I = 0 emv‡j, E = V| myZivs †Lvjv eZ©Yx‡Z †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍ
wefe cv_©K¨B n‡jv H †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³| myZivs †Lvjv eZ©bx‡Z A_©vr eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn bv n‡j †Kv‡li
`yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨B †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³|

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.3| GKwU †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ 1.5V| Gi mv‡_ 10 †iva hy³ Ki‡j †iv‡ai `yB cÖv‡šÍi
wefe cv_©K¨ 1.4V cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY †iva KZ?
mgvavb t
Avgiv Rvwb, V  RI †`qv Av‡Q,
V 1.4 †Kv‡li Zvwo”PvjK kw³, E  1.5 V
ev, I    0.14A †iva, R  10
R 10
Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, E  V  rI wefe cv_©K¨, V  1.4 V
E V r ?
ev, r 
I
1.5  1.4 0.1
gvb emv‡j, r    0.7
0.14 0.14
DËi : 0.7

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.4| 1 Af¨šÍixY †iva I 1.5V Zwo”PvjK kw³ GKwU †Kv‡li mv‡_ 9 †iva hy³ Ki‡j
Zwor cÖevn KZ n‡e? †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb t Zwo”PvjK kw³, E  1.5 V
Avgiv Rvwb, E = RI +rI †iva, R  9
ev, E  I R  r  Zwor cÖevn, r  1
E I ?
ev, I 
Rr
1.5
gvb emv‡j, I   0.15A
9 1
DËi: 0.15 A

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
I'‡gi m~Î t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq ‡h †Kvb wbw`©ó cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Zwor cÖevn cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe
cv_©‡K¨i mgvbycvwZK|
Zwo”PvjK kw³ t ‡Kvl ev Drm‡K GK Kzj¤^ cwigvb Avavb‡K Zvi wb¤œ wefe cÖvšÍ †_‡K D”P wefe cÖv‡šÍ Avb‡Z
†h cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K †Kvl ev Dr‡mi Zwo”PvjK kw³ e‡j| G‡K E w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi
GKK †fvë (V)| †Lvjv eZ©bx‡Z †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍi ga¨eZx© wefe cv_©K¨B †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ n‡jv-
i. eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn Pjv Kv‡j †Kvlmn eZ©bx wewfbœ As‡k wefe cZ‡bi mgwó|
ii. GK Kzj¤^ Avavb‡K †Kvl m‡gZ †Kv‡bv eZ©bxi GK we›`y †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Nywi‡q Avevi H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h
cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
iii. eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn bv n‡j †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨|
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii. N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 276

 c`v_©weÁvb

 bx‡Pi AskwU c‡o 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

GKwU †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ 1.5V, Af¨šÍixY †iva 0.2| Gi mv‡_ 9.8 gv‡bi †iva hy³ K‡i GKwU
eZ©bx ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv|
2. eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn n‡e-
K. 7.5A L. 1.5A M. 0.153A N. 0.15A
3. 9.8 †iva `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ n‡e-
K. 1.5V L. 1.47V M. 1.44V N. 0.03V

cvV 4 t ‡iva I Av‡cwÿK †iva (Resistance and Specific Resistance)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. †iva I cwievwnZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. w¯’i †iva I cwieZ©kxj †iva e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. ‡iv‡ai wbf©ikxjZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. Av‡cwÿK †ivaK I cwievnKZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
12.4.1 ‡iva I cwievwnZv (Resistance and Conductance)
c~‡e©i cv‡V Avgiv I'‡gi m~Î †_‡K †R‡bwQ, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wbw`©ó cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ
Zwor cÖevn cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©‡K¨i mgvbycvwZK| A_©vr †Kv‡bv cwievnxi w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq
`yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ V _vKv Ae¯’vq Gi wfZi w`‡q I cwigvY Zwor cÖevn n‡j IÕ‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i,
IV
ev, I= GV
GLv‡b G GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK| G‡K cwievnxi Zwor cwievwnZv (conductance) e‡j|
I
AZGe, G  … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………….... .... ... ... ...… (12.7)
V
cwievnxZvq GKK wm‡gÝ (Siemens)| G‡K ms‡ÿ‡c S w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| GKB wefe cv_©‡K¨ †h cwievnxi
wfZi w`‡q hZ †ekx Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e †m cwievnxi Zwor cwievwnZv ZZ †ekx| Avevi GKB wefe cv_©‡K¨ †h
cwievnxi wfZi w`‡q hZ Kg Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e †m cwievnxi ‡iva ZZ †ekx| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †Kv‡bv cwievnxi Zwor
cwievwnZv Zvi †iv‡ai gv‡bi wecixZ msL¨v|
1
A_©vr, G  … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………..... .... .... ...… (12.8)
R
1
D`vniY ¯^iƒc, †Kv‡bv cwievnxi †iva 5 n‡j Gi Zwor cwievwnZv G   0.2S |
5
Dcv`vb, ZvcgvÎv Ges AvKvi AvK…wZi Dci cwievnxi Zwor cwievwnZv wbf©i K‡i| ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j mKj
cwievnxi Zwor cwievwnZv n«vm cvq| mKj avZzB DËg cwievnx wKš‘ GKB AvKvi AvK…wZi mKj avZzi Zwor
cwievwnZv mgvb bq| †hgb, iƒcvi Zwor cwievwnZv me‡P‡q †ekx| Aciw`‡K Rv‡g©wbqvg, wmwjKb BZ¨vw`i Zwor
cwievwnZv mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq LyeB Kg| Z‡e e¨wZµg n‡jv, ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j G‡`i Zwor cwievwnZv `ªæZ e„w×
cvq| GRb¨ G‡`i‡K Aa©cwievnx e‡j| Aa©cwievnx c`v_© Avwe¯‹vi nevi ci †_‡KB AvaywbK mf¨Zvi Avg~j
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, we‡bv`b, wkÿv, wPwKrmv, A_©bxwZ BZ¨vw`‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i †h
ˆeÁvwbK cÖhyw³ Zvi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv Aa©cwievnx c`v_©| AvaywbK mf¨Zv Aa©cwievnx c`v_© Qvov APj|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 277

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

12.4.2 †iva, w¯’i †iva I cwieZ©kxj †iva t

Avgiv †R‡bwQ, B‡jKUªb cÖevnB Zwor cÖev‡ni KviY| B‡jKUªb wb¤œ wefe †_‡K D”P wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
cwievnxi ga¨w`‡q B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni mgq cwievnxi ga¨¯’ AYy-cigvYyi mv‡_ msNl© nq| GB msN‡l©i d‡j
B‡jKUª‡bi MwZ evav cÖvß nq Ges †eM n«vm cvq| B‡jKUª‡bi †eM n«vm cvIqvi d‡j Zwor cÖevn evavMÖ¯’ nq|
cwievnxi ‡h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y Gi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn evavMÖ¯’ nq Zv‡K †iva e‡j|
Avgiv I'‡gi m~Î †_‡K †c‡qwQ, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq, V = RI
V
AZGe, R  , mgxKiY Abymv‡i Gi GKK, VA-1| IÕ‡gi bvg Abymv‡i G‡K IÕg e‡j| IÕg GKK‡K MÖxK
I
Aÿi w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
AZGe, wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq ‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi †iva 50ej‡Z eySvq, H ZvcgvÎvq Gi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨
50V w¯’i _vK‡Z n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q 1A Zwor cÖevn n‡Z _vK‡e|
e¨nvwiK †ÿ‡Î D”P †iva cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Av‡iv `ywU GKK e¨envi Kiv nq|
GKwU n‡jv wK‡jvIÕg (k 1 kΩ  103 Ω 
Ges AciwU n‡jv ‡gMvIÕg (M1M  10 6  
eZ©bx‡Z `yB cÖKvi †iva e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v-
1. w¯’i †iva
2. cwieZ©bkxj †iva
1. w¯’i †iva t ‡h mKj †iv‡ai gvb wbw`©ó A_©vr gv‡bi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv
Zv‡`i‡K w¯’i †iva e‡j| 12.9 K wP‡Î w¯’i †iv‡ai cÖwZK Ges 12.9 L wP‡Î K L
eZ©bx‡Z e¨eüZ †iva †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
wPÎ 12.9
2. cwieZ©bkxj †iva t †h mKj †iv‡ai gvb cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K cwieZ©bkxj †iva
e‡j| eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn cwieZ©b Ges wefe cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ cwieZbkxj †iv‡ai cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| 12.10 K
Ges 12.11 K wP‡Î cwieZ©bkxj †iv‡ai cÖZxK
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 12.10 Gi K, L I M wP‡Îi
me¸‡jvB wefe cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
12.10 L wP‡Îi hš¿wU cixÿvMv‡i e¨eüZ nq| G‡K
wiI÷¨vU (Rheostat) e‡j| 12.10 M wP‡Îi hš¿wU
K L M
Zwor eZ©bx I B‡j±ªwbK eZ©bx‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
mvaviYZt †iwWI, K¨v‡mU, A¨vgwcødvqvi BZ¨vw`‡Z wPÎ 12.10
kã wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| d¨v‡bi †i¸‡jU‡i d¨v‡bi cvLv‡K †Rv‡i ev Av‡¯Í †Nviv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv
nq| †h‡nZz G¸‡jv‡K Nb Nb cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o ZvB GwU evB‡ii w`‡K jvMv‡bv nq|
12.11 Gi K, L I N wP‡Îi
me¸‡jv hš¿B Zwor cÖevn
cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv
nq| 12.11 L wP‡Îi hš¿wU
cixÿvMv‡i e¨eüZ nq| G‡K
†iva ev· (Resistance Box)
e‡j| †iva ev‡·i Pvwe Zy‡j K M N
Zz‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq Zwor cÖevn L
wbqš¿b Kiv nq| 12.11 N wP‡Î wPÎ 12.11
†iva ev‡·i wfZi Zvi cu¨vwP‡q
wKfv‡e †iva ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 12.11 M wP‡Îi hš¿wU Zwor eZ©bx I B‡j±ªwbK eZ©bx‡Z e¨envi
Kiv nq| G‡K wcÖ‡mU (Preset) e‡j| eZ©bx‡Z cª‡qvRbxq Zwor cÖevn cvevi Rb¨ wcÖ‡mU Nywi‡q †iv‡ai gvb

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 278

 c`v_©weÁvb

cwieZ©b K‡i wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| †h‡nZz Zwor cÖevn Nb Nb cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv †mB Rb¨ GwU‡K wfZi w`‡K
jvMv‡bv _v‡K| ZvB GwU‡K evwni †_‡K ‡`Lv hvq bv|
12.4.3 †iv‡ai wbf©ikxjZv t
‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi †iva Gi ZvcgvÎv, Dcv`vb, ˆ`N©¨ Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i| w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq I
GKB Dcv`v‡b †Kv‡bv cwievnxi †iva Gi ˆ`N©¨ Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i| myZivs ZvcgvÎv I
Dcv`vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j †Kv‡bv cwievnxi †iv‡ai `ywU m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
1) ˆ`‡N©¨i m~Î t- ZvcgvÎv Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j cwievnxi †iva Gi ˆ`‡N©¨i mgvbycvwZK|
cwievnxi †iva R Ges ˆ`N©¨ l n‡j m~Îvbymv‡i R l, hLb Gi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
A_©vr, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq, GKB c`v‡_©i Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji cwievnxi ˆ`N©¨ hZ eo n‡e †iva ZZ e„w× cv‡e|
hw` w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq, GKB c`v‡_©i Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji 1m ˆ`‡N©¨ cwievnxi ‡iva 10 nq Z‡e 10 m
ˆ`‡N©¨ cwievnxi ‡iva 100 n‡e|
2) cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i m~Î t- Ab¨vb¨ †fŠZ Ae¯’v, ZvcgvÎv Ges ˆ`N©¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j cwievnxi †iva-Gi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i
†ÿÎd‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|
1
cwievnxi †iva R Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj A n‡j m~Îvbymv‡i R , hLb Gi ˆ`N©¨ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
A
A_©vr, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq, GKB c`v‡_©i Ges wbw`©ó ˆ`‡N©¨i cwievnxi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj hZ eo n‡e †iva ZZ n«vm
cv‡e| hw` w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq, GKB c`v‡_©i Ges wbw`©ó ˆ`‡N©¨i 1m2 cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji cwievnxi ‡iva 10 nq
Z‡e 2m2 cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji cwievnxi ‡iva 5 n‡e|
12.4.4 Av‡cwÿK †iva I cwievnKZ¡ (Resistivity and Conductivity)
Av‡cwÿK †iva t
1
‡iv‡ai ˆ`‡N©¨i m~Î †_‡K cvB, R l Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i m~Î †_‡K cvB, R
A
l
GLb l I A DfqB cwiewZ©Z n‡j m~Î `ywU mgš^q K‡i †jLv hvq, R
A
l
ev, R … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………….... .... .... …… (12.9)
A
GLv‡b GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK| G‡K Av‡cwÿK †iva e‡j| Av‡cwÿK †iva cwievnxi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡b Av‡cwÿK †iva cwiewZ©Z nq|
hLb l = 1m Ges A = 1m2 ZLb R = | GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj Ges GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kv‡bv cwievnxi wecixZ
`yB c„‡ôi †iva‡K H cwievnxi Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva e‡j|
K‡qKwU c`v‡_©i Avcw¶K †iva
12.9 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
(20C ZvcgvÎvq)
RA
 … … … … …………………… ... ... .… (12.10) c`v_© Av‡cw¶K †iva (m)
l
iƒcv 1.6310-8
12.9 bs mgxKi‡Y Wvb cv‡ki ivwk¸‡jvi GKK emv‡j,
Zvgv 1.7810-8
R  Am 2 RA A¨vjywgwbqvg
  m 3.210-8
lm l Uvs‡÷b 5.410-8
myZivs Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai GKK m | wcZj 6.610-8
cwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai mxgv 108 m †_‡K †jvnv 1010-8
106 m Gi g‡a¨| Acwievnxi c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 106 m wb‡Kj 1110-8
Gi E‡aŸ©| Ges Aa©cwievnxi c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 104 m †_‡K bvB‡µvg 11010-8
106 m Gi g‡a¨|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 279

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cwievnKZ¡ :
Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai wecixZ ivwk‡K cwievnKZ¡ e‡j| c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq †`Ljvg †h, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
c`v‡_©i GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i Ges GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji †iva‡K Av‡cwÿK †iva e‡j| †Zgwb, w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó c`v‡_©i GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i Ges GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji cwievwnZv‡K cwievnKZ¡ e‡j|
cwievnKZ¡‡K  (wmMgv) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
1
myZivs,   … … … … … … … … … … ………………….... .... .... … ... ... ... … (12.11)

1
ev,   (12.10 bs mgxKiY †_‡K)
RA
l
l
ev,   … … … … … … … … … … ………………….... .... .... … .... ... ... ...… (12.12)
RA
12.8 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
Gl
 … … … … ………… … … … … … … … … … …… ... ... ... ... ..…… … (12.13)
A
12.13 bs mgxKi‡Y Wvb cv‡ki ivwk¸‡jvi GKK emv‡j,
GS  lm Gl
 2
 Sm 1
Am A
myZivs cwievnK‡Z¡i GKK Sm 1 |

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.5 :

10 4 m e¨vmv‡a©i Ges 10m ˆ`‡N©¨i GKwU Zvgvi Zv‡ii †iva 5.6 | Zvgvi Av‡cwÿK ‡iva KZ?
l †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, R  
A e¨vmva©, r  10 4 m
A r 2 ˆ`N©¨, l  10 m
ev,   R R †iva, R = 5.6 
l l
Av‡cw¶K †iva,   ?
gvb emv‡j, ρ  5.6 

3.14  10  4 m 
2

10 m
ev,   5.6  3.14  10 m
9

ev,   17.584  10 9 m
ev,   1.7584  108 m
DËi: 1.7584  10 8 m

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
†iva t c`v‡_©i †h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y Gi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖev‡n evav cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K †iva e‡j| GKB wefe cv_©‡K¨
†h cwievnxi wfZi w`‡q hZ Kg Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e †m cwievnxi ‡iva ZZ †ekx|
Av‡cwÿK †iva t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj Ges GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kv‡bv cwievnxi wecixZ `yB c„‡ôi
†iva‡K H cwievnxi Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva e‡j|
cwievnKZ¡ t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó c`v‡_©i GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i Ges GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji cwievwnZv‡K
cwievnKZ¡ e‡j|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 280

 c`v_©weÁvb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai mv‡_ cwievnK‡Z¡i m¤úK© wKiƒc?
K. mgvbycvwZK L. e¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK
M. e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK N. e‡M©i e¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK
2| †Kv‡bv c`v_© cwievnx wnmv‡e e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx n‡e hw`-
i. Av‡cwÿK †iva Kg nq
ii. cwievnxZ¡ †ekx nq
iii. NbZ¡ †ekx nq
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii. N. i, ii I iii

cvV 5 t †iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek I Zzj¨‡iva (Combination of Resistances and Equivalent Resistance)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. †iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zzj¨‡iva e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. ‡iv‡ai ‡kªwY mwbœ‡ek eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zzj¨‡iva wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. ‡iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zzj¨‡iva wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.5.1 ‡iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek I Zzj¨‡iva (Combination of Resistances and Equivalent Resistance)

eZ©bx‡Z A‡bK mgq eZ©bxi `yB we›`y‡Z GKvwaK †iva wewfbœ fv‡e mshy³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kv‡bv
eZ©bx‡Z GKvwaK †iva GK‡Î mshy³ Kiv‡K †iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek e‡j|
†Kv‡bv eZ©bxi `yB we›`y‡Z GKvwaK †iva hy³ _vK‡j G‡`i cwie‡Z© hw` Ggb GKwU †iva cvIqv hvq
hv‡K H `yB we›`y‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡j H eZ©bxi Zwor cÖevn Ges H `yB we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Z‡e H
†iva‡K D³ †iva¸‡jvi Zzj¨‡iva e‡j|
eZ©bxi cÖ‡qvR‡b †iv‡ai `yB cÖKvi mwbœ‡ek e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v-
1. †kªwY mwbœ‡ek (Series Combination) Ges 2. mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek (Parallel Combination)|

12.5.2 ‡iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek (Combination of Resistances)

1. †iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡ek t- KZ¸‡jv †iva hw` Ggb fv‡e hy³ _v‡K †hb GKwU †iv‡ai wØZxq cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ Aci
†iv‡ai cÖ_g cÖvšÍ hy³ _v‡K Ges mKj †iv‡ai ga¨w`‡q GKB cwigvY Zwor cÖevn nq Zvn‡j GB mwbœ‡ek‡K
†iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡ek e‡j|
A B C D M N A N
R1 R2 R3 Rn RS
+ - + -
K I B K I B
wPÎ 12.12

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 281

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

12.12 wP‡Î, †iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡ek †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A Ges N we›`y؇qi g‡a¨ n msL¨K †iva R1, R2, R3...... Rn ‡K
wPÎvbymv‡i ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ GKwU evg cÖvšÍ AciwUi Wvb cÖvšÍ cwievnx w`‡q mshy³| †kªwY mwbœ‡ek mshy³ _vKvq
Zwor cÖev‡ni GKwU gvÎ c_ i‡q‡Q d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K †iv‡ai ga¨w`‡q GKB cwigvY I Zwor cÖevn n‡”Q| 12.12 wP‡Îi
Wvb w`‡K †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡ki Zzj¨ †iva Ges Zzj¨ eZ©bx †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

Zyj¨ †iva wbY©q t

g‡b Kwi, A Ges N we›`y ؇qi g‡a¨ n msL¨K †iva R1, R2, R3...... Rn ‡K wPÎvbymv‡i †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ K‡i GKwU
e¨vUvix B Ges GKwU Pvwe K hy³ Kivq G‡`i ga¨ w`‡q I cwigvY Zwor cÖevn n‡”Q (wPÎ 12.12)| Av‡iv g‡b Kwi
eZ©bxi A, B, C......I N we›`yi wefe h_vµ‡g VA, VB, VC, ......I VN| †h‡nZz I gv‡bi Zwor cÖevn A we›`y n‡Z N
we›`yi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡”Q †m‡nZz, VA> VB> VC> ...... >VN
GLb I'‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i †jLv hvq,
VA  VB  R1I
VB  VC  R2 I
VC  VD  R3 I
----------------
-----------------
-----------------
VM  VN  Rn I
Dc‡ii mgxKiY¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j,
VA  VN  R1I  R2 I  R3 I  ...............  Rn I
VA  VN
 R1  R2  R3  ..............  Rn … … … … …… … … ... .... ... ... .…… … (12.14)
I
GLb R1, R2, R3...... Rn gv‡bi n msL¨K †iva‡K hw` Rs gv‡bi Ggb GKwU †iva Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq †hb G‡Z
GKB Zwor cÖevn I Ges A Ges N we›`y ؇qi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©K¨ VA  VN nq Z‡e, Rs †ivaB n‡e GB mgev‡qi
Zyj¨ †iva|
VA  VN
kZ©vbymv‡i,  RS
I
Zvn‡j, 12.14 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
RS  R1  R2  R3  ...............  Rn … … … … …… …… ... ... ... .. ..…… ……… (12.15)
12.15 bs mgxKi‡Yi Rs n‡jv n msL¨K †iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡ki Zyj¨ †iva|
myZivs, †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k Zyj¨ †iv‡ai gvb †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k mw¾Z †ivamg~‡ni mgwói mgvb| Avevi 12.15 bs
mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq, Rs  Rn GLv‡b n  1, 2, 3, 4,......... | A_©vr †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k Zyj¨ †iv‡ai gvb †kªwY
mwbœ‡e‡k mw¾Z †h †Kv‡bv †iv‡ai gv‡bi †P‡q eo|
aiv hvK, 10  gv‡bi `ywU †iva‡K †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy&³ Av‡Q| Zvn‡j G‡`i Zyj¨ †iv‡ai gvb n‡e,
RS  R1  R2  10  10  20

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2. †iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek t- KZ¸‡jv †iva hw` Ggb fv‡e hy³ _v‡K †hb me¸‡jv †iv‡ai GK cÖvšÍ¸‡jv GK
we›`y‡Z Ges Aci cÖvšÍ¸‡jv Aci GK we›`y‡Z GK‡Î hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j GB mwbœ‡ek‡K †iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek
e‡j| mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k cÖwZwU †iva wfbœ wfbœ Zwor cÖev‡ni c_ ˆZwi Kivq cÖwZwU †iv‡ai ga¨ w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ
Zwor cÖevn Pj‡e|
12.13 wP‡Î, †iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A Ges B we›`y؇qi g‡a¨ n msL¨K †iva R1, R2, R3...... Rn
‡K wPÎvbymv‡i cÖwZwUi evg cÖvšÍ A we›`yi mv‡_ cÖwZwUi Wvb cÖvšÍ B we›`y mv‡_ cwievnx w`‡q mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k cÖwZwU †iva wfbœ wfbœ Zwor cÖev‡ni c_ ˆZwi Kivq g~j I cÖevn wefvwRZ n‡q †iva¸wji ga¨
w`‡q h_vµ‡g I1, I2, I3, ........., In Zwor cÖevn Pj‡Q|
wP‡Îi Wvb w`‡K mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡ki Zzj¨ †iva Ges Zzj¨ I1 R1
eZ©bx †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| I2 R1 A B
g‡b Kwi, A Ges B we›`y؇qi g‡a¨ n msL¨K †iva R1, R2, B Rp
A
R3...... Rn ‡K 12.13 wPÎvbymv‡i mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ I3 R1 + -
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz A we›`y n‡Z B we›`yi w`‡K I gv‡bi K I B
Zwor cÖevn n‡”Q †m‡nZz, VA> VB| †iva¸‡jv mgvšÍivj
In R1
mgev‡q hy³ e‡j mKj †iv‡ai `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe h_vµ‡g VA + -
Ges VB, GKB _vK‡e| Gi d‡j g‡b Kwi, R1, R2, R3...... K I B
Rn †iva¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q h_vµ‡g I1, I2, I3 ......... In cwigvY wPÎ 12.13
Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡jv|
Zvn‡j, I  I1  I1  I1  ......  I n … … … … ……………… ……… ... ... ... ... ... ……… (12.16)
Avevi, IÕ‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i,
VA  VB
I1  ,
R1
V V
I2  A B
R2
V V
I3  A B
R3
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
VA  VB
In 
Rn
Dc‡ii mgxKiY¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j,
VA  VB VA  VB VA  VB V V
I1  I 2  I 3  ......  I n     .......... A B
R1 R2 R3 Rn
1 1 1 1 
ev, I1  I 2  I 3  ......  I n  VA  VB     .......... 
 R1 R2 R3 Rn 
12.16 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
1 1 1 1 
I  V A  VB     ..........  
 R1 R2 R3 Rn 

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I 1 1 1 1
ev,     ..........  … … … ……………… ... ... ... ... .. ……… (12.17)
VA  VB R1 R2 R3 Rn
GLb R1, R2, R3...... Rn gv‡bi n msL¨K †iva‡K hw` RP gv‡bi Ggb GKwU †iva Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq †hb G‡Z
GKB Zwor cÖevn I Ges A Ges B we›`y؇qi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©K¨ VA  VB nq Z‡e, RP †ivaB n‡e GB mgev‡qi
Zzj¨ †iva|
V A  VB
kZ©vbymv‡i,  RP
I
I 1
ev, 
VA  VB RP
Zvn‡j, 12.17 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
1 1 1 1 1
    ..........  ……… ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ..… (12.18)
RP R1 R2 R3 Rn
12.18 bs mgxKi‡Yi RP n‡jv n msL¨K †iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡ki Zzj¨ †iva|
myZivs, mgvšÍivj mgev‡q Zyj¨ †iv‡ai gv‡bi wecixZ msL¨v mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k mw¾Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU †iv‡ai wecixZ
msL¨vi mgwói mgvb|
Avevi 12.18 bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
1 1
 GLv‡b n  1, 2, 3, 4,......... |
RP Rn
ev, Rn  RP
A_©vr mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k Zyj¨ †iv‡ai gvb mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k mw¾Z †h †Kv‡bv †iv‡ai gv‡bi †P‡q †QvU|
aiv hvK, 10  gv‡bi `ywU †iva‡K mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy&³ Av‡Q| Zvn‡j G‡`i Zzj¨ †iv‡ai gvb n‡e,
1 1 1
 
RP R1 R2
1 1 1 2
ev,   
RP 10 10 20
1 2 1
ev,  
RP 20 5
 RP  5
D: 5

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.6| 20  I 20  -Gi `ywU †iva‡K mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ K‡i Gi mv‡_ 10  -Gi
Avi GKwU †iva Gi mv‡_ ‡kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Ki‡j Zzj¨ †iva KZ n‡e?
mgvavb t R1 I R2 ‡iva `ywU mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy³| Gi mv‡_ R3 ‡ivawU †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 †`qv Av‡Q,
R1 I R2 ‡iva `ywUi Rb¨       R1  R2  20 ,
RP R1 R2 20 20 20 10
ev, RP  10 R3  10
RP ‡iv‡ai mv‡_ R3 ‡ivawU †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³| R?
R1=20
R3=10
AZGe, R  RP  R3  10  10  20 R2=20
DËi: 20 

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mvi-ms‡ÿc:
†iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek t †Kv‡bv eZ©bx‡Z GKvwaK †iva GK‡Î mshy³ Kiv‡K †iv‡ai mwbœ‡ek e‡j|
†iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡ek t- KZ¸‡jv †iva hw` Ggb fv‡e hy³ _v‡K †hb GKwU †iv‡ai wØZxq cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ Aci
†iv‡ai cÖ_g cÖvšÍ hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j GB mwbœ‡ek‡K †iv‡ai †kªwY mwbœ‡ek e‡j| †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k cÖ‡Z¨K †iv‡ai
ga¨w`‡q GKB cwigvY cÖevn cÖevwnZ nq|
†iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek t- KZ¸‡jv †iva hw` Ggb fv‡e hy³ _v‡K †hb me¸‡jv †iv‡ai GK cÖvšÍ¸‡jv GK
we›`y‡Z Ges Aci cÖvšÍ¸‡jv Aci GK we›`y‡Z GK‡Î hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j GB mwbœ‡ek‡K †iv‡ai mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡ek
e‡j| mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k g~j cÖevn cÖ‡Z¨K †iv‡ai g‡a¨ fvM n‡q hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5
Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK cÖkœ
 bx‡Pi AskwU c‡o 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Avcbv‡K GKwU 3V e¨vUvix, GKwU Pvwe I 10, 20 I 30 †iva w`‡q eZ©bx Ki‡Z ejv n‡jv|
1. †iva wZbwU eZ©bx‡Z †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Ki‡j Zwor cÖevn KZ n‡e?
K. 0.05A L. 0.1A M. 0.15A N. 0.5A

2. cÖ_g I wØZxq †iva `ywU‡K †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Z…ZxqwU mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Ki‡j Zzj¨ †iva n‡e-
K. 60 L. 16 M. 15 N. 5.4

cvV 6 t Zwor ÿgZv I Zwor kw³ (Electrical Power and Electrical Energy)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. ‡Kv‡bv Zwor h‡š¿i ÿgZv wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. †Kv‡bv eZ©bxi e¨wqZ Zwor kw³ wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm& I †jvW †kwWs e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. Zwor kw³ AcPq †iva msiÿ‡Y m‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ †cvóvi AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.6.1 Zwor ÿgZv (Electrical Power)

Avgiv ‡`‡LwQ, Zwor cÖevn D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| VA VB
W A I B
Avgiv Av‡iv †`‡LwQ, wefe, V 
Q wPÎ 12.14
ev W  QV … … … ……………………..............................................… (12.19)
A_©vr, †Kv‡bv cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ V n‡j cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Q cwigvY Avavb cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z W
cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ K‡i|
GKwU cwievnxi A I B cÖv‡šÍ wefe h_vµ‡g VA I VB †hb VA > VB (wPÎ 12.14)| myZivs cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q
A cÖvšÍ †_‡K B cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Zwor cÖevn n‡e| aiv hvK, t mg‡q Gi ga¨ w`‡q Q cwigvY Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|
A I B we›`y `ywUi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©K¨ V= VA -VB n‡j t mg‡qi Gi ga¨ w`‡q Q cwigvY Avavb cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z

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m¤úvw`Z KvR W  QV
Avgiv Av‡iv Rvwb, KvR Kivi nvi‡K ÿgZv e‡j| myZivs GK †m‡KÛ Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j †hUzKz KvR m¤úbœ n‡e
Zv‡K Zwor ÿgZv e‡j|
W QV
Zvn‡j, Zwor ÿgZv, P  
t t
It  V
ev, P   VI [†h‡nZz, Q  It ]
t
ev, P  IR  I  I 2 R [†h‡nZz, V  IR ]
2
V  V2 V
ev, P    R  [†h‡nZz, I  ]
R R R
QV V2
AZGe, P   VI  I 2 R  … … … ……………………………............................ (12.20)
t R
ˆe`y¨wZK ÿgZvi GKK IqvU| G‡K W w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| GK †m‡K‡Û GK Ryj KvR Kivi ÿgZv n‡jv GK
IqvU|
1J
1W   1Js 1
1s
12.20 bs mgxKiY †_‡K ejv hvq,
‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ 1V _vKv Ae¯’vq Gi ga¨ w`‡q 1A Zwor cÖevn n‡j H
cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i ÿgZv GK IqvU| A_©vr hw`, V=1V Ges I=1A nq Z‡e, P = 1W n‡e|
ev, ‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i ‡iva 1 n‡j Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q 1A Zwor cÖevn n‡j H cwievnxi ev Zwor
h‡š¿i ÿgZv GK IqvU| A_©vr hw`, R=1 Ges I=1A nq Z‡e, P = 1W n‡e|
ev, ‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ 1V Ges ‡iva 1 n‡j H cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i
ÿgZv GK IqvU| A_©vr hw`, V=1V Ges R=1 nq Z‡e, P = 1W n‡e| ˆe`y¨wZK ÿgZv‡K Av‡iv `ywU eo GK‡K
cÖKvk Kiv nq, h_v t wK‡jvIqvU (kW) I †gMvIqvU (MW)
1kW  103 W Ges 1MW  10 6 W

MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.11 t GKwU mvaviY ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿i Mv‡q †jLv _v‡K 220V  750 W | Gi A_© n‡jv
220V wefe cv_©‡K¨ Bw¯¿wU me©vwaK kw³ e¨q Ki‡Z mÿg Ges cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 750 J nv‡i Zwor kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍi Ki‡e|
GQvovI cÖ`Ë Z_¨ †_‡K Bw¯¿wUi ga¨ w`‡q wK cwigvb Zwor cÖevn n‡e Ges Gi †iva KZ Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

P †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, P  VI , ev, I  wefe cv_©K¨, V  220V
V
ÿgZv, P  750W
750 W
gvb emv‡j, I   3.4A Zwor cÖevn, I  ?
220V
†iva, R  ?
V2 V2
Avevi, P  ev, R 
R P

gvb emv‡j, R 
220 V   64.5 Ω
2

750 W
DËi: Bw¯¿wUi ga¨ w`‡q 3.4 A Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e Ges Bw¯¿wUi †iva 64.5 |

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12.6.2 Zwor kw³ (Electrical Energy)

†Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ V n‡j cwievnx ev Zwor h‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q Q cwigvY Avavb
cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z W cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
AZGe, cwievnxi ev Zwor h‡š¿i e¨wqZ Zwor kw³,
QV
W  Pt  QV [†h‡nZz, P  ]
t
ev, W  It  V  VIt [†h‡nZz, Q  It ]
ev, W  IR  It  I 2 Rt [†h‡nZz, V  IR ]
2
V  V2 V
ev, W    Rt  t [†h‡nZz, I  ]
R R R
V2
AZGe, W  Pt  QV  VIt  I 2 Rt  t … … … …………………...........………… (12.21)
R
W  Pt mgxKiY †_‡K ejv hvq,
P = 1W ÿgZv m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv cwievnx‡Z ev Zwor h‡š¿ GK †m‡KÛ a‡i Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j †h cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ
K‡i Zv‡K 1Ws e‡j| ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i Zwor kw³i GKK IqvU-†m‡K‡Û cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr 1J  1Ws
Avevi, 1W ÿgZv m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor hš¿ GK N›Uv a‡i Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j †h cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ
K‡i Zv‡K IqvU-N›Uv (Wh) e‡j|
Zvn‡j, 1Wh  1W  1h
ev, 1Wh  1W  60  60s
ev, 1Wh  3600 Ws
ev, 1Wh  3600J

Avgiv evwo‡Z d¨vb, evwZ, wUwf, wd«R BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Zwor e¨envi Kwi Zv Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb †_‡K
mieivn jvB‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv †c‡q _vwK| mviv we‡k¦ Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb evwo, Awdm, KjKviLvbv, †`vKvb
BZ¨vw`‡Z Zwor mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Avgiv Zwor kw³ e¨q Kivi wewbg‡q g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kwi| Zwor mieivn
cÖwZôvb wK‡jvIqvU N›Uv (Kilowatt Hour ev kWh) GK‡K kw³i cwigvc K‡i| mviv we‡k¦ Zwor mieivn
cÖwZôvb G GKK e¨envi K‡i| GRb¨ G GKK‡K †evW© Ae †UªW BDwbU (B.O.T ev B.T.U) e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c G‡K
ïay DBwbU (unit) e‡j| Avgiv GK wK‡jvIqvU N›Uv wnmv‡e wej cwi‡kva Kwi| Avgv‡`i Zwor jvB‡bi mv‡_ †h
wgUvi jvMv‡bv Av‡Q Zv †gvU KZ KZ wK‡jvIqvU N›Uv ev unit kw³ LiP Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| cÖwZ unit-
Gi Rb¨ `vg wba©viY K‡i Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb wej ‰Zwi K‡i|
Zvn‡j, e¨vwqZ Zwor kw³ wej(LiP) = e¨wqZ Zwor kw³i †gvU BDwbU cÖwZ BDwb‡Ui `vg|
‡h‡nZz Zwor h‡š¿i e¨wqZ Zwor kw³i wej kWh ev B.O.T GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq †m‡nZz ÿgZvi GKK IqvU‡K
wK‡jvIqv‡U Ges mg‡qi GKK‡K N›Uvq cÖKvk Ki‡j,
e¨wqZ kw³,
Pt Pt
W  Pt Wh  kWh  B.O.T
1000 1000
VIt VIt
ev, W  QV Wh  VItWh  kWh  B.O.T [†h‡nZz, Q  It ]
1000 1000

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

I 2 Rt I 2 Rt
ev, W  I 2 RtWh  kWh  B.O.T [†h‡nZz, V  IR ]
1000 1000
V2 V 2t V 2 Rt V
ev, W  tWh  kWh  B.O.T [†h‡nZz, I 
]
R 1000 R 1000 R R
V2 V
ev, W  Pt  QV  VIt  I 2 Rt  t [†h‡nZz, I  ]
R R
MvwYwZK D`vniY 12.12 t Ryb gv‡m GKwU evox‡Z M‡o cÖwZw`b 100 W Gi wZbwU evwZ 5 N›Uv, 60 W Gi `ywU
d¨vb 10 N›Uv Ges 150 W Gi GKwU wUwf 8 N›Uv P‡j| H evox‡Z Ryb gv‡mi †k‡l KZ BDwbU Zwor kw³ LiP
n‡e?

mgvavbt
100 W Gi wZbwU evwZ M‡o cÖwZw`b 5 N›Uvi Rb¨ Zwor kw³ LiP  100  3  5Wh  1500Wh
60W Gi `ywU d¨vb M‡o cÖwZw`b 10 N›Uvi Rb¨ Zwor kw³ LiP  60  2  10Wh  1200 Wh
150 W Gi GKwU wUwf M‡o cÖwZw`b 8 N›Uvi Rb¨ Zwor kw³ LiP  150  1 8Wh  1200 Wh
myZivs, cÖwZw`b M‡o Zwor kw³ LiP  1500Wh  1200 Wh  1200Wh  3900Wh
3900
Avevi, 3900 Wh  kWh  3.9 kWh |
1000
Ryb gvm 30 w`‡b nq| Zvn‡j Ryb gvm Zwor kw³ LiP  3.9 kWh  30  117kWh  117B.O.T
DËi: 117 B.O.T.

12.6.3 Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm I †jvW †kwWs (System loss and Load Sheding)
Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm (System loss)
Avcbviv wbðq †`‡L‡Qb †h, iv¯Ívi avi w`‡q, DPz wcjv‡ii Dci w`‡q †gvUv †gvUv wZbwU Zvi Uvbv _v‡K| G‡K
mÂvjb jvBb e‡j| GB wcjv‡ii Mv‡q avZe cv‡Zi Dci jvj is K‡i mv`v is w`‡q KsKv‡j gv_v Gu‡K Zv‡Z
†jLv _v‡K Ówec`¾bK 11000 V”| Gi A_© n‡jv GB Zv‡i †h wef‡ei Rb¨ Zwor cÖevn n‡”Q Zv ci¯ú‡ii
mv‡c‡ÿ wefe 11000 V| GB Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Zwor Drcv`b ‡K›`ª †_‡K wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z Zwor mve‡÷k‡b
Zwor mÂvjb Kiv nq| Gici mve‡÷kb †_‡K wewfbœ MÖvnK ch©v‡q Zwor kw³ weZiY Kiv nq| Zwor Drcv`b
†K‡›`ªi Drcvw`Z wefe hvwš¿K Kvi‡Y wb¤œ wef‡e Zwor Drcv`b Kiv nq Ges †÷c Avc UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
wefe e„w× Kiv nq Ges MÖvnK ch©v‡q weZiY Kiv Zwor kw³I wb¤œ wef‡e _v‡K, ZvB †÷c WvDb UªvÝdigv‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ wefe n«vm Kiv nq (UªvÝdigvi wel‡q c‡ii BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e)| Zvn‡j cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i ‡h‡nZz
Drcv`b Ges MÖvnK ch©v‡q e¨envi Kiv Zwo‡Zi wefe Kg, Zvn‡j mÂvjb jvB‡bi Rb¨ GZ †ekx wefe Kiv nq
†Kb? Gi KviY Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i K‡qKUv welq Rvb‡Z n‡e cÖ_gZt cwievnx hZB mycwievnx †nvK bv †Kb
†iva gy³ cwievnx cvIqv m¤¢e bq| (g‡b ivLyb †ivagy³ cwievnxi Rb¨ IÕg-Gi m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv), ZvB
cwievnxi wKQy bv wKQy †iva _v‡KB| wØZxqZt Dr‡mi (Zwor Drcv`b ‡K›`ª) Drcvw`Z Zwor ÿgZv AcwiewZ©Z
_vK‡j wefe Kgv‡j Zwor cÖevn e„w× cv‡e P  VI  | Zwor cÖevn e„w× †c‡j I 2 Rt m~Îvbymv‡i kw³i AcPq NU‡e|
GB kw³wU Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq| †h‡nZz m~‡Î Zwor cÖev‡n wØZxq NvZ Av‡Q, ZvB Zwor cÖevn e„w× †c‡j cÖPzi
cwigvY kw³i AcPq N‡U| mÂvjb Zv‡ii †iv‡ai Kvi‡Y †h Zwor kw³i AcPq nq Zv‡K wm‡÷g jm e‡j| Zwor
cªevn hZ Kgv‡bv hvq wm‡÷g jm ZZ Kg nq| Zvi hZ j¤^v n‡e Zv‡ii †iva ZZ †ekx n‡e R  l  | ZvB kZ
kZ wK‡jvwgUvi j¤^v Zwor mÂvjb jvB‡b wm‡÷g jm Kgv‡bi Rb¨ h_v m¤¢e Zwor cÖevn Kwg‡q wefe e„w× Kiv
nq|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 288

 c`v_©weÁvb

†jvW †kwWs (Load Sheding)

Avcbviv ï‡b _vK‡eb ‡h, IgyK ¯’v‡b 5 MW, 10 MW ev 20 MW we`y¨r †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| wK¤^v 100 MW
m¤úbœ cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| Gi A_© n‡jv H we`y¨r †K›`ª me©vwaK DwjøwLZ Zwor kw³ Drcv`b
Ki‡Z mÿg| mKj we`y¨r †K›`ª †_‡K Drcvw`Z Zwor RvZxq wMÖ‡W (mÂvjb jvB‡b) †hvM nq| wewfbœ
mve‡÷kb¸‡jv Zvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx RvZxq wMÖW †_‡K Zwor msMÖn K‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡k me©‡gvU †h m‡e©v”P cwigvY
Zwor kw³ Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg Zv w`‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki eZ©gvb †gvU Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv nq‡Zv m¤¢e| wKš‘ mKj
Zwor Drcv`b †K›`ª Kg©`ÿZv kZKiv GKkZ fvM nq bv| ZvQvov wewfbœ hvwš¿K mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Zwor Drcv`b †K‡›`ª Zwor kw³ Drcv`b eÜ _v‡K| ZLb cª‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Drcv`b Kg
nq| ‡m mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mve‡÷k‡b MÖvn‡Ki Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq Kg Zwor kw³ _vKvq, wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ eva¨ n‡q
wKQy wKQy GjvKvq Zwor cÖevn eÜ iv‡L| G‡K †jvW †kwWs e‡j| AwaKÿY Zwor cª‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Drcv`b Kg
n‡j PµvKv‡i wewfbœ GjvKvq †jvW‡kwWs Kiv nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K A‡j Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ †jvW‡kwWs nq Ges
†jvW‡kwWs mnbxq ch©v‡q _v‡K|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
Zwor ÿgZv t GK †m‡KÛ Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j †hUzKz KvR m¤úbœ n‡e Zv‡K Zwor ÿgZv e‡j|
1Ws t 1W ÿgZv m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv cwievnx‡Z ev Zwor h‡š¿ GK †m‡KÛ a‡i Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j †h cwigvY KvR
m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K 1Ws e‡j|
IqvU-N›Uv t 1W ÿgZv m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv cwievnxi ev Zwor hš¿ GK N›Uv a‡i Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j †h cwigvY KvR
m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K IqvU-N›Uv (Wh) e‡j|
B.O.T ev B.T.U t Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb wK‡jvIqvU N›Uv (Kilowatt Hour ev kWh) GK‡K kw³i cwigvc
K‡i| mviv we‡k¦ Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb G GKK e¨envi K‡i| GRb¨ G GKK‡K †evW© Ae †UªW BDwbU (B.O.T
ev B.T.U) e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c G‡K ïay BDwbU (unit) e‡j|
wm‡÷g jm t mÂvjb Zv‡i †iv‡ai Kvi‡Y †h Zwor kw³i AcPq nq Zv‡K wm‡÷g jm e‡j|
†jvW †kwWs t hLb cª‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Drcv`b Kg nq, ‡m mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mve‡÷k‡b MÖvn‡Ki Pvwn`vi
Zzjbvq Kg Zwor kw³ _vKvq, wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ eva¨ n‡q wKQy wKQy GjvKvq Zwor cÖevn eÜ iv‡L| G‡K †jvW
†kwWs e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.6 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. 10V e¨vUvixi mv‡_ GKwU 1k †iva hy³ Ki‡j †ivawU cÖwZ ‡m‡K‡Û KZkw³ e¨q Ki‡e?
K. 0.01W L. 0.1W M. 1W N. 10W

2. 10V e¨vUvixi mv‡_ GKwU †iva hy³ Ki‡j †ivawU ga¨ w`‡q 1mA Zwor cÖevn nq| †ivawUi gvb KZ ?
K. 0.01W L. 0.1W M. 1W N. 10W

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 289

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 7 t Zwo‡Zi wbivc` I Kvh©Ki e¨envi (Safe and Effective Use of Electricity)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. Zwor e¨env‡ii wec¾bK w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zwo‡Zi wbivc` I Kvh©Ki e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
12.7.1 Zwo‡Zi wbivc` I Kvh©Ki e¨envi (Safe and Effective Use of Electricity)
eZ©gvb mf¨Zvq Zwor Qvov GK gyn~Z©I P‡j bv| Avgiv iv‡Z evwZ R¡vjvB, Mi‡g d¨vb PvjvB,
we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ †Uwjwfkb PvjvB| ZvQvov Kw¤úDUvi, wd«R, ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿, †gvevBj PvR©vi BZ¨vw`
mKj wKQy Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Zwor cÖ‡qvRb| Awdm-Av`vjZ, ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq, †ÿZ-Lvgvi,
KviLvbv, nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Zwo‡Zi wecyj e¨envi| Avm‡j Avgiv †Kv_vq Zwo‡Zi e¨envi Kwi bv
GUvB ejv KwVb|
Zwor mieivn cÖwZôvb mieivn jvB‡bi gva¨‡g 220 V (AC) wn‡m‡e mieivn K‡i| GLv‡b AC ej‡Z
(Alternating Current) cwieZ©x cÖevn †evSv‡bv nq| Avgv‡`i mieivn jvB‡b 220 V _vKvi Kvi‡Y
AmZK©ZvekZt GB jvB‡bi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv fv‡e kix‡ii ms¯úk© n‡j Zwor kK& jvM‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK †mB k‡K
g„Zy¨ ch©šÍ NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB mKj ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZi ewniveiY †Kv‡bv Acwievnx c`v_© w`‡q Ggbfv‡e Av”Qvw`Z
Kiv nq †hb †KD mivmwi Gi ms¯ú‡k© P‡j bv Av‡m|
ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq gvby‡li Pvgovi †iva cÖvq 50,000 Ω Ges †fRv Ae¯’vq cÖvq 10,000 Ω| ürwc‡Ûi †fZi w`‡q
mivmwi 10 mA Zwor cÖevn n‡jB gvbyl gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|
V
IÕ‡gi m~Î Abymv‡i, I 
R
220V
ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq I   0.0044A  4.4mA
50000
220V
†fRv Ae¯’vq I   0.022A  22mA
10000
Zvn‡j, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Avgv‡`i †`‡ki 220V kix‡ii †fZi w`‡q gvbyl‡K †g‡i †djvi g‡Zv we`y¨r cÖevn
Ki‡Z cv‡i| hLb †KD †fRv gvwU‡Z †fRv cv wb‡q `uvov‡bv Ae¯’vq Zwor¯ú„ó nq †mwU nq me‡P‡q wec¾bK|
Avgiv †h we`y¨r e¨envi Kwi †mwU h‡_ó wec¾bK n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ mvaviY mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wbivc‡` Zwor e¨envi
Kiv hvq| mviv c„w_ex‡Z †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© wbivc‡` we`y¨r e¨envi Ki‡Q| Zwo‡Zi wbivc` e¨envi
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi K‡qKwU welq Rvbv `iKvi|
1| Zwor Acwievnx c`v‡_©i Av¯ÍiY
ZwoZevnx Zvi me©`v Zwor Acwievnx c`v‡_©i GKUv Av¯ÍiY w`‡q XvKv _v‡K| hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y kU© mvwK©U nq
A_©vr mivmwi †Kv‡bv †iva QvovB abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ I FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ ci¯úi‡K ¯úk©© K‡i, Zvn‡j IÕ‡gi m~Î Abyhvqx
A‡bK †ewk Zwor cÖevn n‡q cwievnx Mig n‡q hvq| d‡j Zv‡ii Dci Zwor Acwievnx c`v‡_©i Av¯ÍiY Mig n‡q
cy‡o hvq Ges Av¸b a‡i hvq| †h‡nZz ZwoZevnx Zvi cÖwZwU N‡ii mv‡_ hy³ †m‡nZz mZK©Zv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j
eo †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB me mg‡qB mZK© _vK‡Z nq †hb ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii Ici Acwievnx Av¯ÍiYUv
AweK…Z Ges AÿZ _v‡K| ZvQvov ZwoZevnx Zvi †Kbvi mgq †Lqvj ivLv DwPr †h ZwoZevnx Zv‡i Acwievnx
c`v‡_©i Av¯ÍiYwU ‡hb D”P Zvcmn nq| Zvn‡j wec‡`i AvksKv A‡bK K‡g hvq|
2| fv‡jv ms‡hvM
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h Zwor h‡š¿ ÿgZv hZ †ekx †m h‡š¿i wfZi w`‡q ZZ †ekx Zwor cÖevn nq| myZivs fv‡jv K‡i
Zwor ms‡hvM bv Ki‡j ms‡hvM ¯’v‡b Zvc Drcbœ nq Ges ZwoZevnx Zv‡ii Av¯ÍiYwU cy‡o wM‡q ZviwU wec`¾bK
BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 290
 c`v_©weÁvb

n‡q hv‡e| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, m‡K‡U cøvM XyKv‡bvi mgq Zwor ùzwj½ nq Ges cyicyi kã nq| GUv Lye
wec¾bK| KL‡bvB m‡K‡Ui myBP eÜ (off) bv K‡i †Kv‡bv m‡K‡U cøvM XyKv‡bv DwPr bq| KLbB †gvevBj PvR©
Kiv Ae¯’vq e¨envi Kiv DwPr bq|
3| Av`©ªZv
Av`ª©Zv, Zwor RwbZ `yN©Ubvi cÖavb GKwU KviY| cvwb Zwor cwievnx, Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv Zwor eZ©bx‡Z cvwb Xz‡K
†M‡j wKsev Rjxqev®ú _vK‡j †mLv‡b kU© mvwK©U n‡q wec¾bK n‡Z cv‡i| eZ©bx ﮋ Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ bv
n‡q myBP Pvjy (on) Kiv DwPr bq| myZivs †nqvi Wªvqvi ev Bw¯¿i (hv nvZ w`‡q a‡i e¨envi Kiv nq) g‡Zv wRwbm
wfRv nv‡Z ev cvwbi KvQvKvwQ e¨envi Kiv Lye wec¾bK|
4| mvwK©U †eªKvi I wdDR
hvwš¿K Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv Zwor h‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q nVvr Zwor cÖevn †e‡o †M‡j hš¿wU Mig n‡q Av¸b a‡i †h‡Z cv‡i|
evwo‡Z, nvmcvZv‡j, we`¨vj‡q, ‡QvU eo wkí KviLvbvq GB Kvi‡YB Zwor cÖev‡n `yN©Ubv nq| nVvr K‡i gvÎvi
AwZwi³ Zwor cÖevn eÜ Kivi Rb¨ mieivn jvB‡b mvwK©U †eªKvi wKsev wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq|
mvwK©U †eªKvi Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq †h Gi †fZi †_‡K wbivc` mxgvi †ewk Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡jB eZ©bx‡K wew”Qbœ
K‡i †`q| wdDR †m Zzjbvq LyeB mij GKUv c×wZ, GKwU h‡š¿ †h we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq †mwU h‡š¿ †XvKv‡bvi Av‡M
miæ I wb¤œ Mjbvs‡Ki GKUv Zv‡ii †fZi w`‡q †bqv nq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wba©vwiZ gv‡bi AwaK Zwor cÖevn n‡j
wdD‡Ri miæ Zvi DËß n‡q cy‡o Zwor cÖevn eÜ K‡i ‡`q|
5| mwVK ms‡hvM
we`y¨r mieiv‡n mvaviYZ `ywU Zvi _v‡K hvi GKwU‡Z D”P wefe Ab¨wU‡Z k~b¨ wefe ev wefenxb| Avgiv
mvaviYZ D”P wefe‡K (+) Ges wb¤œ wefe‡K (-) wPý w`‡q wPwýZ K‡i _vwK| wb¤œ wefe ZviwU wbivc`, wKš‘ D”P
wefe ZviwU wec¾bK| eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn D”P wefe †_‡K wb¤œ wef‡ei w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j D”P wefe
†_‡K Zwor cÖevn Zwor h‡š¿i wfZi cÖevwnZ n‡q wb¤œ wefe cÖv‡šÍ wd‡i Av‡m| ZvB D”P wef‡ei ZviwU‡K
mZK©fv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv Zwor h‡š¿ Zwor ms‡hvM †`evi Av‡M D”P wef‡ei ZviwUi GKUv myBP w`‡q
Zwor ms‡hvM †`qv nq| D”P wef‡ei mv‡_ myBP (Pvwe) jvMv‡bv n‡j, hLb myBP Pvjy (on) Kiv nq †Kej ZLbB
hš¿wU‡Z D”P wef‡ei mv‡_ hy³ nq Ges Zwor cÖevn ïiæ nq| hLb myBP eÜ (off) _v‡K ZLb h‡š¿i wfZi †Kv_vI
D”P wefe _v‡K bv d‡j hš¿wU‡K wbivc‡` bvovPvov Kiv hvq|
6| MÖvDÛ ev f~-ms‡hvM wZb wcb m‡KU
nvZ w`‡q a‡i e¨envi Kiv ev †h me Zwor hš¿‡K me mgq ¯úk© K‡i e¨envi Kiv nq
†hgb Kw¤úDUvi, wd«R, †nqvi WÖvqvi, Bw¯¿, B‡jKwUªK †iRvi, I‡fb, Kj KviLvbvi eo -
+
eo `vgx Zwor hš¿ BZ¨vw`‡Z `yBwU Zv‡ii AwZwi³ AviI GKwU Zvi hy³ _v‡K| GB
ZviwU hš¿¸‡jvi †`‡ni (Body) mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Zv‡ii Aci cÖvšÍ `„p fv‡e f~wgi mv‡_
hy³| GB Zvi‡K f~-ms‡hvM Zvi ev MÖvD‡ÛW Zvi e‡j| hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y hš¿cvwZ wPÎ 12.15
ZwoZvwnZ n‡q hvq Zvn‡j GB Zvi †e‡q Zwor cÖevn mivmwi f~wg‡Z P‡j hvq| Kv‡RB hš¿wU‡K ¯úk© K‡i ev a‡i
KvR Ki‡jI B‡jKwUªK kK LvIqvi AvksKv _v‡K bv| Aci w`‡K hw` ms‡hvM ÎæwU ev hvwš¿K ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y mgMÖ
hš¿wUi †`n D”P wef‡ei mv‡_ ms‡hvM n‡q hvq Zvn‡j f~-ms‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y D”P Zwor cÖevn f~wg‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡q
hvq Ges Gi d‡j wdDR Zvi M‡j wM‡q Zwor cÖevn wew”Qbœ K‡i †`q| †mRb¨ hš¿wU wec`gy³ n‡q hvq| 12.15
bs wP‡Î wZb wcb m‡K‡Ui ms‡hvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
7| wb‡Ri wbivcËv
eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k cªvq mK‡ji evwo‡ZB mieivn jvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Zwo‡Zi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| Zwor e¨envi Kivi
d‡j evwo‡Z cÖvq †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ‡QvULv‡Uv ÎæwU †j‡MB _v‡K| †hgb, wdDR †K‡U hvIqv, evj¦ †K‡U hvIqv,
myBP bó nIqv, m‡KU KvR bv Kiv, d¨v‡bi †i¸‡jUi KvR bv Kiv, N‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU AwZwi³ evj¦ jvMv‡bv
BZ¨vw` mgm¨v †j‡MB _v‡K| Gme †QvULv‡Uv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mvaviYZt wgw¯¿ Avm‡Z Pvq bv ev mgq gZ Av‡mbv|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 291

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†mRb¨ Avgiv GB me KvR¸‡jv wb‡RivB mvwi‡q †bevi †Póv Kwi| mieivn jvB‡b KvR Kivi Av‡M Avgv‡`i
wb‡Ri wbivcËvi Rb¨ KZK¸wj welq Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| wbivcËvi g~j welq n‡jv KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q ‡hb Zwor¯ú„ó bv
nB| A_©vr wb‡R †hb Zwor ms¯ú‡k© bv Avwm| Avgv‡`i Rvbv Av‡Q Acwievnx c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Zwor cªevn nq bv|
Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi Kv‡QB cvIqv hvq Ggb Acwievnx c`v_© n‡jv ïK‡bv KvV Ges ievi| Avgiv hw` ﮋ kix‡i
ïK‡bv Kv‡Vi Dci `uvwo‡q ev ïK‡bv iev‡ii RyZv c‡i KvR Kwi Z‡e wbR †`‡ni ga¨ w`‡q gvwU‡Z Zwor cÖevn
n‡e bv| hw` nv‡Z iev‡ii nvZ †gvRv c‡i wbB Z‡e cwievnx Zvi †_‡K †`‡n Zwor cÖevn n‡e bv| mieivn jvB‡b
KvR Kivi mgq Avgiv mvaviYZt †h hš¿¸‡jv e¨envi Kwi Zv n‡jv ¯Œz-WªvBfvi, cøvqvm© Ges †U÷vi| G¸‡jvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwUi aivi ¯’v‡b Acwievnx c`v‡_©i nvZj jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GUv †Lqvj ivLv DwPr †h, KvR Kivi mgq nvZj
a‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq †hb nvZ avZe As‡k ¯úk© bv K‡i| Av‡iv g‡b ivLv DwPr †h, mieivn
jvB‡b KvR Kivi Av‡M hw` †gBb-myBP eÜ K‡i w`B Z‡e †gBb-myB‡Pi c‡ii As‡k Zwor¯ú„ó nevi Avk¼v _v‡K
bv| eZ©gv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K evwo‡Z †hb †Kv‡bv N‡ii Zwor weåv‡Ui Rb¨ Ab¨ N‡i Zwor cÖevn eÜ bv nq †m Rb¨ cÖwZwU
N‡i wdDR jvMv‡bv _v‡K| myZivs †h N‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e †m N‡i hw` wdDR _v‡K Z‡e cÖ_‡gB †mUv Ly‡j ivL‡Z
n‡e|
we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivLv DwPr †h,
K. d¨vb, evwZ, wd«R BZ¨vw` mKj Zwor hš¿ mieivn jvB‡bi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj mwbœ‡e‡k hy³ Ki‡Z nq Ges
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU K‡i Pvwe ev myBP †kªwY mwbœ‡e‡k jvMv‡Z n‡e|
L. hv wKQyB mieivn jvB‡bi mv‡_ hy³ Kwi bv †Kb Zv Aek¨B wdDR ev KvU AvDU-Gi c‡i hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. cÖ‡Z¨K N‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wdDR jvMv‡bv DwPr|
N. cÖ‡Z¨K `vgx (wUwf, wd«R, I‡fb, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`) hš¿‡K mieivn jvB‡b hy³ Kivi c~‡e© cÖ‡Z¨KwUi mv‡_
GKwU K‡i AwZwi³ wdDR jvMv‡bv DwPr|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
ZwoZevnx Zvi‡K me©`v Zwor Acwievnx c`v‡_©i GKUv Av¯ÍiY w`‡q XvKv _vKv DwPr|
myZivs fv‡jv K‡i Zworevnx Zvi‡K †Rvov †`qvi mgq ms‡hvMwU my`„p Kiv DwPr|
Zwor PvwjZ A_P hv nvZ w`‡q a‡i e¨envi Kivi g‡Zv wRwbm wfRv nv‡Z ev cvwbi KvQvKvwQ e¨envi Kiv Lye
wec¾bK|
nVvr K‡i gvÎvi AwZwi³ Zwor cÖevn eÜ Kivi Rb¨ mieivn jvB‡b mvwK©U †eªKvi wKsev wdDR e¨envi DwPr|
me©`v D”P wef‡ei Zv‡ii mv‡_ myBP (Pvwe) jvMv‡bv DwPr|
nvZ w`‡q a‡i e¨envi Kiv nq †m me Zwor h‡š¿i ewW‡K me mgq GKwU Zvi w`‡q f~ ms‡hvM K‡i ivLv DwPr|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.7 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. eZ©bx‡Z †Kb wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq?
K. wbivcËvi Rb¨|
L. Zwor cÖevn wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨|
M. †iva e„w×i Rb¨|
N. cÖ‡qvR‡b e©Zbxi ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Kivi Rb¨|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 292

 c`v_©weÁvb

2. mieivn jvB‡b KvR Kivi mgq ïK‡bv Kv‡Vi Dci `uvwo‡q KvR Ki‡j
i. Zwor kK& jv‡M bv
ii. f~wg †_‡K †`n wew”Qbœ n‡q _v‡K
iii. †`‡ni ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡q f~wg‡Z hvq bv
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii. N. i, ii I iii

cvV 8 t e¨envwiK-15 t Zwor eZ©bx ˆZwi Ges Zwor cÖevn I wefe cv_©K¨ wbY©q
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -
1. GKwU e¨vUvix, Pvwe, w¯’igv‡bi †iva, cwieZ©kxj †iva, A¨vgwgUvi I ‡fvëwgUvi e¨envi K‡i Zwor eZ©bx
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. eZ©bxi Zwor cÖevn I w¯’igv‡bi †iv‡ai `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.8.1 IÕg-Gi m~‡Îi cixÿvg~jK cÖgvYt (A¨vgwgUvi-‡fvëwgUvi c×wZ) t

+ -

V + -
I R A
Rh
+ -
K B
wPÎ 12.16
I'g-Gi m~Î t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wbw`©ó cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Zwor cÖevn cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe
cv_©‡K¨i mgvbycvwZK|
†Kv‡bv cwievnxi ‡iva R, Gi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ V| hw` †iv‡ai ga¨ w`‡q I cwigvY Zwor cÖevn nq Z‡e
V
I'‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i, V  RI ev, R 
I
GLb R †iv‡ai wfZi w`‡q Rvbv gv‡bi Zwor cÖevn K‡i Zvi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡i G‡`i AbycvZ aªæe
n‡j I'g-Gi m~Î cÖgvwYZ n‡e|
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ t GKwU †iva, GKwU wiI‡q‡÷U, GKwU A¨vgwgUvi, GKwU †fvëwgUvi, GKwU Pvwe, GKwU
e¨vUvix I wKQy ms‡hvM Zvi|
ms‡hvM t cixÿYxq †iva, wiI‡q‡÷U, A¨vgwgUvi I Pvwe‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM Zvi w`‡q †kªYx mwbœ‡e‡k hy³
K‡i e¨vUvixi `yB cÖv‡šÍ hy³ Ki‡Z nq (wPÎ 12.16)| Gi ci †fvëwgUvi‡K cixÿYxq †iv‡ai mgvšÍiv‡j ms‡hvM
A¨vgwgUvi Ki‡Z n‡e| ms‡hv‡Mi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb A¨vgwgUvi I †fvëwgUv‡ii abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ GK w`‡K
_v‡K Ges †m¸‡jv e¨vUvixi abvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K _v‡K| Pvwe Pvjy Kivi c~‡e© wiI‡q‡÷U‡K Ggb fv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e
†hb Gi †iva m‡e©v”P _v‡K|
cixÿY t Pvwe (K) Pvjy (on) K‡i eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn ïiæ n‡e| Gevi wiI‡q‡÷‡Ui cwieZ©bkxj
cÖvšÍ‡K ax‡i ax‡i Kg †iv‡ai w`‡K wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq A¨vgwgUvi I †fvëwgUv‡ii cvV µgk e„w×
†c‡Z _vK‡e| myweav gZ Ae¯’vq †i‡L A¨vgwgUv‡ii cvV (I1) I †fvëwgUv‡ii cvV (V1) wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKB fv‡e K‡qKevi wiI‡q‡÷‡Ui †iva cwieZ©b K‡i K‡i A¨vgwgUvi I †fvëwgUv‡ii cvV wjwc e× Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 293

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖwZevi cvV †bqvi c~‡e© Pvwe Ly‡j (off) wKQyÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j †iva Mig
nq| d‡j †iv‡ai gvb cwiewZ©Z nq|

QK t
cvV ‡fvëwgUv‡ii cvV A¨vgwgUv‡ii V gšÍe¨
msL¨v (V) cvV (I) I
1 V
Gi AbycvZ cÖvq mgvb|
2 I
3 ZvB GwU aªæeK|
5
V V
djvdj t Gi AbycvZ mgvb| ZvB GwU aªæeK| I'g-Gi m~Î Abymv‡i  R GKwU aªæe ivwk| AZGe I'g-
I I
Gi m~Î cÖgvwYZ n‡jv|

mZK©Zv t 1| ms‡hvM Kivi Av‡M cwievnx Zvi¸‡jv wkwil KvMR w`‡q N‡l cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2| eZ©bx Abymv‡i mwVK fv‡e ms‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
3| †fvëwgUvi I A¨vgwgUv‡ii abcÖvšÍ I FYcÖvšÍ †`‡L ms‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖ_‡g Pvwe eÜ Kivi Av‡M wiI‡q‡÷U‡K m‡e©v”P †iva Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|
5| cÖwZevi cvV †bqvi ci wKQyÿY Zwor cÖevn eÜ ivL‡Z n‡e|
6| wiI‡q‡÷U‡K Ggb fv‡e mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e †hb A¨vgwgUvi I †fvëwgUv‡ii KuvUv †¯‹‡ji †Kv‡bv
`v‡Mi Dci _v‡K|

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-12
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ t
1. Zwor cÖev‡ni cÖPwjZ w`K †KvbwU?
K. B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni w`K L. B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni wecixZ w`K
M. †cÖvUb cÖev‡ni w`K N. †cÖvUb cÖev‡ni wecixZ w`K
2. †KvbwU Avavb I Zwor cÖev‡ni m¤úK© bq?
Q Q
K. I  L. Q  It M. I  Qt N. t 
t I
3. `ywU PvwR©Z mshy³ e¯‘i g‡a¨ PvR© cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv Zv‡`i-
K. PvR© mgvb nq L. wefe mgvb nq M. aviKZ¡ mgvb nq N. mwÂZ kw³ mgvb nq
4. Zwor cwievnxZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i c`v_©‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq h_v t cwievnx, Aa©cwievnx I Kzcwievnx|
cwievnxi ag© n‡jv-
i. Aa©cwievnx I Kzcwievnxi Zzjbvq Gi †iva Lye Kg|
ii. ‰`N©¨ I cÖ¯’‡Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡j Dci Gi †iva wbf©i K‡i|
iii. ZvcgvÎv hZ e„w× cvq Gi †iva ZZ n«vm cvq|
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii. M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. Gm, AvB c×wZ‡Z cwievnKZ¡ Gi GKK n‡”Q-
K. wm‡gÝ/wgUvi L. wm‡gÝ-wgUvi M. Ing/wgUvi N. Ing-wgUvi

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 294

 c`v_©weÁvb

6. wm‡gÝ wK‡mi GKK?

K. †iva L. Av‡cwÿK †iva M. cwievwnZv N. aviKZ¡
7. Av‡cwÿK †iva wbf©i K‡i cwievnxi-
i. Dcv`v‡bi Dci
ii. ZvcgvÎvi Dci cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎd‡ji Dci
iii. cwievn‡Ki ˆ`‡N©¨i Dci
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii. M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
8. †evW© Ae †UªW BDwbU ejv nq †KvbwU‡K?
K. IqvU-‡m‡KÛ L. IqvU-N›Uv M. wK‡jvIqvU-‡m‡KÛ N. wK‡jvIqvU-N›Uv
9. bx‡Pi †Kvb ms‡KZ w`‡q ‡Kvl †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. L. + - M. N.

 bx‡Pi AskwU c‡o 10 I 11 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

GKwU †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ 1.2V, Af¨šÍixY †iva 0.1| Gi mv‡_ 4.9 gv‡bi †iva hy³ K‡i GKwU eZ©bx ˆZwi Kiv
n‡jv|
10. eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn n‡e-
K. 4.17A L. 4.08A M. 0.245A N. 0.24A
11. 4.9 †iva `yB cÖv‡šÍ wefe cv_©K¨ n‡e-
K. 1.2V L. 1.18V M. 0.118V N. 0.024V
12. †Kv‡bv avZe c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Gi †iva
K. e„w× cvq L. üvm cvq M. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K N. Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
13. GKwU †gvUi Mvwoi e¨vUvixi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ 12V n‡j 2.5C Avavb‡K e¨vUvixi FYvZœK cÖvšÍ †_‡K abvZ¥K
cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ KZ KvR m¤úbœ n‡e?
K. 4.8J L. 12J M. 25J N. 30J
14. 1000W -Gi GKwU wnUvi 1 N›Uv Pj‡j KZ BDwbU we`y¨r LiP nq?
K. 1 BDwbU L. 2 BDwbU M. 4 BDwbU N. 1000 BDwbU
15. 2 AšÍt‡iv‡ai GKwU e¨vUvixi cÖvšÍØq 8 †iv‡ai mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡j 0.3 A cÖevn P‡j| †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³
KZ?
K. 2Volt L. 3Volt M. 4Volt N. 5Volt
16. `ywU mgvb †iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î wmwiR ms‡hv‡Mi Zzj¨ †iva, mgvšÍivj ms‡hv‡Mi Zzj¨ †iv‡ai KZ¸Y-
K. 1 / 2 ¸Y L. 2 ¸Y M. 1 / 4 ¸Y N. 4 ¸Y

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t
1. bx‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges bx‡Pi cÖkœ¸wji DËi w`b|

R1=20
R3=20
R2=20
+ -
K B=3V
K. Av‡cwÿK †iva Kv‡K e‡j?
L. eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K †`Lvb|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 295

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

M. eZ©bx‡Z †gvU Zwor cÖevn wbY©q Kiæb|

N. R2 ‡iv‡ai ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Ges R3 ‡iv‡ai wefe cv_©K¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ ‡Kvb †Kvb hš¿ wKfv‡e ms‡hvM Kiv
n‡e, eZ©bxwU LvZvq AsKb K‡i Gi KviY Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. iwng evRvi †_‡K Zvi U‡P©i Rb¨ GKwU evj¦ wK‡b Avb‡jv| evj¦ †jLv Av‡Q 2.5V-0.6W| evj¦wU U‡P© jvwM‡q myBP
w`‡ZB ‡K‡U †Mj| Zvi U‡P© 1.5V Gi `ywU e¨vUvix jvMv‡bv Av‡Q|
K. IqvU wK?
L. 2.5V-0.6W †jLv w`‡q wK †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. evj¦wU‡Z KZ †iva mshy³ Av‡Q wbY©q Kiæb|
N. evj¦wU †K‡U hvevi KviY MvwYwZK fv‡e we‡kølY Kiæb|

eû wbe©vPwb cª‡kœi DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.1 1| K) 2| (M) 3| (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.2 1| (L) 2| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.3 1| (N) 2| (N) 3| (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.4 1| (L) 2| (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.5 1| (K) 2| (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.6 1| (L) 2| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.7 1| (K) 2| (N)

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb 12
mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi DËi:
1L 2M 3L 4K 5K 6M 7N 8N
9L 10N 11L 12K 13N 14K 15L 16N

BDwbU 12 c„ôv # 296