CONTROL & COORDINATION

CLASS X
 INTRODUCTION

All living organism respond & react to changes in

the environment.

STIMULI

The changes in the

environmental
conditions to which
the organisms
respond.
Some factors to which organisms respond

Light Taste

Heat Pressure

Smell Touch

Cold Pain
Ques. Who reacts to stimulus?

Ans. All Living Organisms do! But responses in

plants can differ from that in animals . \

Animals : Respond in a lot of ways

They respond to Stimulus with the help of
1. Nervous System
2. Endocrine System (hormones)

Plants: Do not have a Nervous system

They have plant hormones that bring out the
responses in them.
Responses are mostly brought out in the form
of GROWTH.
The response to stimuli is a characteristic
property of the living organisms.
 COORDINATION

The working together of the various

organs of an organism in a systematic
manner so as to produce a proper
response to the stimulus.
COORDINATION IN ANIMALS
2 MAIN SYSTEM OF CONTROL &
COORDINATION IN HUMANS

NERVOUS ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Sensory organs and RECEPTORS

EAR Phonoreceptors
(receiving sound)

EYES Photoreceptors
(receiving light)

SKIN Thermoreceptors
(feels
temperature)

NOSE Olfactory
receptors (sense
of smell)

TONGUE Gustatory
receptors (sense
of taste)
 Receptors contain a group of cells
which are sensitive to the energy
changes around (due to stimulus).

At a receptor, this energy sets off a

CHEMICAL REACTION which
converts the energy into an electrical
signal called as ELECTRICAL
IMPULSE!
 Effectors

Mainly the muscles of Body and Glands.

When you move

your hand way after
accidentally
touching a hot
plate, your hand
muscles respond to
the stimulus as
Effectors
REFLEX ACTION
 REFLEX ACTION & REFLEX ARC

Reflex action is a sudden, involuntary reaction of

the body in response to stimuli.

The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex

action is called the reflex arc. Reflex arc allow rapid
response.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous

System (CNS) System (PNS)

Autonomic Voluntary
Brain Spinal Cord
Nervous System Nervous System

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Nervous System Nervous System
 NEURONS

Structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Carry messages in the form of electrical signals

called electrical impulses or nerve impulses.

It is the longest cell in human body.

 COMPONENTS OF NEURON

Cell Body- Cyton Dendrites Axon

Typical animal cell The shorter fibres on Longest fibre on the
which contains the body of a cell body of a
cytoplasm & a neuron. neuron.
nucleus.
Has an insulating
Nerve fibres- Long &
and protective cover
thin fibres stretching
of myelin around it
out of the cell body.
(Myelin is made up
of fat and protein).
The dendrites pick up the nerve impulses/ messages
from receptors.

They pass the impulses to the cell body & then along
the axon.

The axon passes the impulse to another neuron

through a junction called synapse.
 SYNAPSES:

Any 2 neurons in the nervous system do

not join one another completely. They
always have a microscopic gap between
them!

This gap is called as a SYNAPSE.

● The impulse coming from one neuron

releases a tiny amount of a chemical
substance into the synapse.

● This chemical substance crosses the

synapse and sends off a similar
electrical impulse in next (adjacent)
neuron.
Synapses are:

1. One way Valves

2. Ensure that
impulses travel in
only one direction
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
● The nerves given out by the brain and the spinal cord
form the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

● There are 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in

humans.

It has three types of nerves:

1) Cranial nerves: Connect all parts in the

head to the brain

2) Spinal Nerves: Connect all remaining body

parts to the spinal cord

3) Visceral Nerves: Connect internal organs

of the body to the spinal cord (sometimes,
to brain)
 Types of Neuron

Relay Neuron
Sensory Neuron
Serves as link
Transfer impulses
between sensory
from sensory
and motor
cells to CNS.
neurons.

Motor Neuron

Transfer impulses
from CNS to
muscle cells.
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

CNS directs incoming

messages to the
motor neurons that
are connected to the
part of the body which
will respond to a
stimulus.

In complicated
responses both brain
& spinal cord are
involved.
 Clapping Writing

Cooking Singing

Talking Dancing
 HUMAN BRAIN

Main coordinating
centre in the body.
Located inside the
skull of our body.

Protected by a bony box in the skull called cranium.

Division of brain:

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

 FOREBRAIN
Most complex & specialised part of the brain.
Functions:

● Thinking part of the brain.

● Store information.

● Receives sensory impulses from various part of the body &

integrate it.
● Cerebrum controls the voluntary action.

● Cerebrum is responsible for reasoning, logic, emotions,

speech, memory, visual processing, recognition of auditory
and taste stimuli, etc.
 MIDBRAIN

Functions:

● Controls reflex movements of the head, neck and trunk in

response to visual and auditory stimuli.

● Controls reflex movements of the eye muscles, changes in

pupil size and shape of the eye lens.
 HINDBRAIN
Functions:

● Pons relays signals from hindbrain to forebrain.

● Medulla Oblongata controls all involuntary movements like

vomiting, sneezing, yawning, heartbeat, breathing, blood
pressure, etc.

● Medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord which runs

through the vertebral column and it controls reflex actions.

● Cerebellum regulates and coordinates body movements,

posture and balance.
 SPINAL CORD

It is the pathway for messages sent by the brain

to the body and from the body to the brain.
 Cylindrical
structure

31 PAIRS OF Starts from

NERVES ARISE medula, extends
FROM IT. downwards

Enclosed in bony
cage called
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
Thank you so much!

Homework :

Please practice the diagram

of Neuron and Brain!