Microsystem Technologies

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-019-04531-y (0123456789().,-volV)
(0123456789().,-volV)

TECHNICAL PAPER

Design of an implantable antenna for biotelemetry applications

Paikhomba Loktongbam1 • Debashish Pal2 • Chaitali Koley1

Received: 9 December 2018 / Accepted: 1 July 2019

Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
In this paper an implantable meandered patch antenna is reported. This antenna works in the ISM band of (2.4–2.5) GHz.
This antenna is an example of significant size miniaturization of (15 9 21.5 9 1.5) mm3. Size reduction has been carried
out with meandered patch printed antenna. As compared to other contemporary antennas this proposed antenna is capable
of working in all different parts of the human body mimicked by different body phantoms. At operating frequency in
almost all the cases the gain is greater than 3.2 dBi. It can work under extremely low input power. The reported antenna has
small size, good radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna strategy can be used to design implantable antennas in
other frequency bands.

1 Introduction contender for IMD devices as it has many advantages of

Biomedical telemetry is an emerging field in the world of
medicine today (Bradley 2011). It has an inherent advan-
tage of continuous patient health monitoring through wired
and wireless communication. The very recent trend in
biomedical telemetry is the usage of implantable medical
devices (IMD). A typical biotelemetry system consists of a
modulator, antenna an amplifier and a demodulator (Ito
et al. 2015). When IMD communicates with the external
world it is called ‘‘uplink transmission’’ and when external
device communicates it is called ‘‘downlink transmission’’
(Tang et al. 1995a). Many RF linked IMD are already in
use. Examples are heart implants, bone implants (Valdastri
et al. 2004; ITU-R 2007, 2016). In USA and Europe the
frequency band of implant medical devices is the MICS
(Medical Implant Communication Scientific) band
(402–405 GHz) (Yazdandoost 2012; Dissanayake et al.
2009). The ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band
(2.4–2.5 GHz) is also used for implant medical applica-
tions in some other countries (Tang et al. 1995b). As it is
known to all of us that antenna is part and parcel of every
communication system, likewise IMD communication
system is no exception to it. Printed patch is the only
& Chaitali Koley
chaitali.ece@nitmz.ac.in
1
Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology
Mizoram, Aizawl, India
2
MWD, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
compared to other types of antennas (MICS 1999; Kiourti
and Nikita 2012; Kiziltas et al. 2003). Here, it is necessary
to mention that IMD antenna should have some other
special properties too. These properties are mainly bio-
compatibility, miniaturization, low SAR, low power oper-
ation etc. Till now not much work has been done to
enhance the gain of the biotelemetry antennas. Here, we
present an antenna which has a gain of 4.51 dBi. Moreover,
it is very much important for a biotelemetry antenna to
work satisfactorily in different parts of a human body
which is mimicked by different shapes of phantoms (Hines
et al. 1997). Here, we report an implantable antenna which
is capable of working in almost all parts of the human body
with minor modifications. As the gain of the antenna is
high it can work with low power. Hence it can reduce SAR
also.
Section 2 discussed strategy used in the design of the
antenna, these formulas were all fundamental in nature.
Section 3 is the part where the structure of the antenna has
been elaborated. Section 4 discussed the modelling and
results. Section 5 gives the conclusion of the work.
2 Antenna design strategy
Since implantable antennas works inside human body,
hence it is to be designed and simulated in such a manner
so that it takes into consideration of all complex environ-
ment inside human body. One of the most important factor
of implantable antennas is biocompatibility. If the antenna

123
 Microsystem Technologies

is allowed to come into the contact of human body directly,

it may create a short circuit as human body is partially
conductive. Also, it may create health hazards. Hence to
avoid this situation it is encased in an enclosure. In this
case also an enclosure has been used which also acts as a
superstrate. The material used for the superstrate/encasing
is PDMS. It has a dielectric constant of 3 and loss tangent
of 0.005 (Remes and Williams 1992; Thomas 2003).
Implantable antennas work inside complex environment of
body which naturally consists of skin, fat and muscle. Fig. 1 Representation of rectangular phantom
These layers have their own dielectric constants and loss
tangents. Detail dimensions of these different dielectric mainly consists of skin, fat and muscle. Likewise cylin-
layers have been described in Table 1. While designing, we drical phantom was used to mimick arms and legs of the
have taken into consideration all complex working envi- human body (Bahl and Bhartia 1982; Tsai et al. 2015;
ronments of the antenna along with the biocompatible Wang et al. 2014; FCC-CFR 2019). Schematic of cylin-
encasing. The antenna is designed to work inside human drical phantom is shown in Fig. 2. This spherical phantom
body including human head. When a microstrip fed has been used to mimick human head. It comprises of 7
antenna is encased with a dielectric layer, the different different layers (Jaehoon and Yahya 2004). The schematic
parameters fluctuate as a component of the dielectric representation is shown in Fig. 3.
constants. The resonant frequency of a microstrip antenna The planar phantom was used to represent human body
secured with a dielectric layer can be resolved if the parts like hand, feet and wrists (Tsai et al. 2015; Wang
dielectric constant is known for a dielectrically loaded et al. 2014; FCC-CFR 2019; Gyselinckx et al. 2005). The
antenna. This idea can be connected to find the resonant schematic representation is shown Fig. 4.
frequency at which the proposed antenna will resonate in
the air because the substrate thickness is known (Bahl and
Bhartia 1982). The rectangular phantom was used to 3 Antenna structure
mimick the behaviour of the human torso (Tsai et al. 2015;
Wang et al. 2014; FCC-CFR 2019; Gyselinckx et al. 2005). Liu et al. (2017) proposed a single fed miniaturized wide
Schematic of rectangular phantom is shown in Fig. 1. It beamwidth circularly polarized implantable antenna, fea-
turing good miniaturization with dimensions of
Table 1 Dimensional values for the designed patch antenna (8.5 9 8.5 9 1.27) mm3 by employing four C-shaped slots
and a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) operat-
Name of parameter Antenna dimensions (mm)
ing in ISM band (2.4–2.48 GHz), was designed and
Lp 15.39 experimentally verified for subcutaneous real time glucose
Tp 0.035 monitoring. Shah and Yoo (2018) reported an
Wp 21.13 implantable antenna for intracranial pressure monitoring
Lg 37.1 proposed a miniaturized implantable antenna systems for
Wg 33 biomedical applications, specifically for scalp implanta-
Tg 0.035 tion. Their proposed designs exhibit dual-band
Wfeed 1.48
Lfeed 16.95
Tfeed 0.035
LInsetcut 6.125
Winsetcut 2.96
Winsetgap 1.48
Lsub 37.1
Wsub 33
Tsub 1.5748
Lbiomaterial 44
Wbiomaterial 40
Tbiomaterial 1.778

Fig. 2 Cross sectional representation of cylindrical phantom

123
Microsystem Technologies

21 mm2 designed to work in the ISM bands of (902–908)

Fig. 3 Representation of spherical phantom
MHz, (2400–2500) MHz and mid field band of
(1824–1980) MHz. Here, we have reported an inset feed
microstrip patch antenna. The schematics of the antenna is
shown in Fig. 1. Dimensional details of the antenna are
tabulated in Table 1. As mentioned earlier size reduction is
one of the challenges in case of implantable antennas.
Hence a spiral meandering was performed on the micro-
strip antenna to facilitate size reduction. This modified
spiral meandered schematic is shown in Fig. 1. At the same
time keeping the miniaturized size, far field gain should be
good enough so that the antenna operates with a consid-
erable low power. To meet this challenges a portion of this
antenna is left with copper patch in the radiating surface.
Substrate used to design the antenna is RT/ROGERS 3210
having a dielectric constant of 10.2 with a thickness of
1.5748 mm. An inset type of feed is used to excite the
antenna. The design equations are given below.

3.1 Design specifications

Width of patch of antenna, Wp; can be calculated as Balanis

(1997)
Vf
Wp ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1Þ
f  p2þ1
Fig. 4 Representation of planar phantom 2 2

characteristics on the Industrial, Scientific and Medical where, Vf is velocity of light, f is the desired resonant
(ISM) bands (i.e. 915 MHz and 2450 MHz) with small frequency, 2 is dielectric constant.
volumes: 344 mm3 and 406 mm3. The key feature of the Width of the ground plane can be computed as Balanis
proposed implantable antenna is its small volume (1997)
(24 mm3) with a slot-less and a via-less ground. Moreover, Wg ¼ Wp þ 6H ð2Þ
the structure exhibits satisfactory peak gain values of
where H is represent the height of the substrate.
- 28.5 dBi and - 22.8 dBi at a lower and higher resonant
Effective dielectric constant can be found as Balanis
band respectively. Gani and Yoo (2016) reported a multi
(1997),
band antenna for skin implants having a gain of - 32.9 dBi
2þ1 21
and miniaturized antenna area of 52.5 mm2. Xu et al. 2 þ 2
2e ¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h i ð3Þ
(2014) reported a miniaturized dual band antenna for
wireless implantable systems having area of 67.8 mm2 1 þ 12  WHp
designed to work in both Medical Implant Communica-
tions Service (MICS) 402–405 MHz and Industrial, Sci- Length of the patch is calculated as Balanis (1997),
 
entific, and Medical (ISM) 2.40–2.48 GHz bands. Vf
Lp ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
Parylene-C of thickness 20 lm was used as the biocom- 2  f  2e
patible insulating layer. Liu et al. (2012) reported an 2  39
W
ð2e þ0:3Þ  Hp  0:264 =
antenna for dual band communications at medical com- 240:412  H   5
ð2e 0:258Þ  Hp  0:8 ;
munications service (MICS) (402–405 MHz) and indus- W

trial, scientific, and medical (ISM) (2.4–2.48 GHz)

applications. Compared to traditional dual-band antennas, ð4Þ
the proposed antenna is small in size and also covers the Length of the ground plane can be computed as Balanis
suitable wide bandwidth at both bands having an area of (1997)
486.4 mm2 and gain of - 26.4 dBi. Zada and Hyongsuk
Lg ¼ Lp þ 6H ð5Þ
(2018) reported an extremely miniaturized triple band
antenna for biotelemetry having an effective area of

123
 Microsystem Technologies

Table 2 Dielectric values of

Tissue er (Relative permittivity) r (Conductivity in S/m) Density (kg/m3)
various Tissues (Jaehoon and
Yahya 2004) Skin 38.01 1.46 1100
Fat 5.28 0.10 909.4
Muscle 52.73 1.73 1040
Csf 71 2.25 1010
Skull 17.8 0.16 1810
Brain mass 49.6 0.59 1040
Brain skin 46.7 0.69 1810
Brain fat 11.6 0.08 920
Brain muscle 58.8 0.84 1040
Dura 46.7 0.83 1010

Table 3 Dimensions of the

Type of phantom Planar Rectangular
etchings
Parameter name and Place of implantation Place of implantation
dimensions (mm)
Fat Muscle Skin Fat Muscle Skin

W1 9.565 18.565 18.565 18.565 18.565 18.565

W2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
W3 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
W4 – 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
W5 – 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
W6 – 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
W7 – 0.25 0.25 1.5 1.5 0.25
W8 – – 1.5 2 2 1.5
W9 – – 1 0.5 0.5 1
W10 – 1 1 2 2 1
W11 – 1 1 2 2 1
W12 – 1 1 2 2 1
W13 – – 6.5 6 6 6.5
W14 – – 6.5 6 6 6.5
W15 – 5.5 6.5 6 6 6.5
W16 – 5.5 6.5 – – 6.5
W17 – 5.5 6.5 – – 6.5

3.2 Feeding technique where, Lp is represent the length of the Patch, Z0 is rep-
resent the Characteristic impedance (30–50) X, Z1 is rep-
In this antenna design, inset microstrip feedline was used. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
resent the Z0  Zin , Zin is represent the Impedance at the
This is one of the contact feeding methods of a microstrip
edge of patch (200–300) X, Y0 is represent the Length of
antenna. This technique is easier than other contact feeding
the of the inset cut.
methods due to its ease of impedance matching with the
antenna. Here the length of the inset cut is critical for the
3.3 Design of the meandered line on the patch
impedance matching of the antenna. Usually the antenna
impedance is matched to 30–50 X. The length (Y0) of this
The resonant frequency of a meandered line antenna can be
inset cut can be determined using the equation below
approximated using an inductor circuit model, where each
(Balanis 1997):
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi meander section can be treated as an equivalent inductor.
 The formulas are given below (Best and Morrow 2003):
Lp 1 Z0
Y0 ¼ cos ð6Þ
p Z1

123
Microsystem Technologies

Table 4 Dimensions of the Etchings

Type of phantom and place of Spherical (inside Planar (inside Rectangular (inside Cylindrical (inside
implantation CSF) muscle) muscle) muscle)
Parameter Dimension (mm) Dimension (mm) Dimension (mm) Dimension (mm)

W1 18.565 18.565 18.565 18.565

W2 0.25 1.5 1.5 1.5
W3 0.25 1.5 1.5 1.5
W4 – 1.5 1.5 1.5
W5 – 1.5 1.5 1.5
W6 – 1.5 1.5 1.5
W7 – 0.25 0.25 1.5
W8 – – – 1.5
W9 – – – 0.25
W10 – 1 1 1.5
W11 – 1 1 1.5
W12 – 1 1 1.5
W13 – – 6 5.5
W14 – 6 5.5
W15 – 5.5 6 5.5
W16 – 5.5 – –
W17 – 5.5 – –

Fig. 6 Return loss comparison of the designed antenna in free space

and with PDMS

Monopole diameter, k is represent the Resonant

wavelength
Fig. 5 Antenna after etching on the patch

Z0  tanhðclÞ

LM ¼

   x

l 0:2384k
NLM þ LS ¼  0:2384k  ln 4  1
p d where, c is represent the Free space propagation factor, l is
ð7Þ represent the Length of the meandered section, x is rep-
resent the Radian frequency.
where, N is represent the Number of meandered sections, The inductance of each meandered section can be
LS is represent the Equivalent inductance, d is represent the determined from an equivalent transmission line model

123
 Microsystem Technologies

Fig. 9 Return loss comparison for the rectangular phantom layers

Fig. 7 a Radiation pattern of the antenna with Biomaterial in free

space. b Radiation pattern of the antenna when encased with the
Fig. 10 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the muscle layer for
biomaterial
the planar phantom

Fig. 8 Return loss comparison of planar phantom for the different Fig. 11 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the fat layer for the
layers of the planar phantom planar phantom

123
Microsystem Technologies

Fig. 12 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the skin layer for the
planar phantom

Fig. 15 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the fat layer for the
rectangular phantom

Fig. 13 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the skin layer for the
rectangular phantom Fig. 16 Return loss of the antenna inside the cylindrical phantom

Fig. 17 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the cylindrical

phantom
Fig. 14 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside the muscle layer for 
the rectangular phantom 2s
Z0 ¼ 276  log ð8Þ
d
where the characteristic impedance (Z0) can be determined
as below (Best and Morrow 2003): where, s is represent the Spacing of the meander section.
In order to facilitate the antenna to resonate within the
ISM band, in various phantom environments, etching was

123
 Microsystem Technologies

miniaturization. The dimensions of the etchings are tabu-

lated in the Tables 3 and 4.

4 Modelling and simulated results

As mention in earlier section, different phantoms mimics

different working environments inside different body parts.
The different phantom structures with different skin layers
were shown from Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. Simulations were
performed out by commercially available software CST
MICROWAVE STUDIO. In all cases of simulations, it was
considered that the antenna is encased in PDMS. Simple
Fig. 18 Return loss of the antenna inside the spherical phantom antenna in free space and simple antenna with PDMS
layers were simulated. Return loss of simple antenna and
antenna with PDMS is shown in Fig. 6. The subsequent
radiation patterns in these two cases are shown in Fig. 7a,
b.
When the antenna with PDMS encasing were simulated
with different phantoms minor modification was carried
out with dimensions of the antenna to retain considerable
return loss. The reason behind worsening of antenna per-
formance is due to change in effective dielectric constant
of the environment in which antenna works. Dimensional
changes carried out are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
In case of rectangular and planar phantom we have
considered three cases. These three cases are antenna
implanted inside skin layer, antenna implanted inside the
fat layer and antenna inside the muscle layer.
Fig. 19 Radiation pattern of the antenna inside spherical phantom Simulated return loss of antenna in these three cases for
planar and rectangular phantoms are shown in Figs. 8 and
9. Subsequent radiation patterns for the planar phantom are
Table 5 Tabulation of the data for all the simulations shown by Figs. 10, 11 and 12 and for the rectangular
Type of medium Type of phantom Gain (dBi) phantom are shown by Figs. 13, 14 and 15.
In the case of cylindrical phantom, we have considered
Free space None 4.39 the case when the antenna is implanted inside the muscle
Free space None 4.51 (with biomaterial) layer. The subsequent return loss and radiation patterns are
Skin Planar 6.46 shown in Figs. 16 and 17 respectively.
Rectangular 6.13 In the case of spherical phantom the antenna is
Fat Planar 6.44 implanted inside the CSF layer. As mentioned earlier, it
Rectangular 6 consists of 7 layers. The simulated return loss and radiation
Muscle Planar 4.94 pattern are shown in Figs. 18 and 19 respectively.
Rectangular 6.39
Csf Spherical 3.52 4.1 Analysis of the results
Muscle Cylindrical 6.22
As mentioned earlier that the antenna may need to work in
performed as mentioned earlier. These dimensions of the different body parts. Hence, we have simulated the antenna
etchings varies with the type of phantom. As the phantoms in all probable conditions (Different phantoms like rect-
comprised of the various types of human body parts, the angular, liner, cylindrical and spherical). These phantoms
dielectric values given in Table 2 were used for simulation. mimic different working environment of human body. As
These etchings increase the effective electrical length of observed in Table 5, the return loss of the antenna in dif-
the antenna and fulfill the purpose of antenna ferent environment is good enough to meet the basic cri-
terion. All most in all the scenario return loss is higher than

123
Microsystem Technologies
- 15 dB. Also, radiation patterns of all the plots tabulated
in Table 5 suggests that gain is [ 3.5 dBi. Meandering the
structure reduces the length of the antenna significantly
making it more compatible to perform inside the body. As
it has comparatively high gain in different scenarios, hence
it can work inside the body with minimum power ensuring
low to very low specific absorption rate (SAR). Basic
antenna structure with PDMS enclosure has been kept
same. Minor modifications have been done with different
phantoms working in different layers. This have been done
to facilitate proper matching, as with change of layers and
different phantoms dielectric constant of the surrounding
changes. It is clear from observation that the proposed
antenna has high gain.
5 Conclusion
A biocompatible printed patch antenna design has been
presented. This antenna works in ISM band and is capable
of working in almost all parts of the human body starting
from chest, wrist, brain, arms etc. Simulations were carried
out in all types of the phantom mimicking the different
mentioned body parts. This antenna has the advantage of
working with nominal input power by which we can sig-
nificantly reduce the SAR of the antenna inside the human
body as it has high gain.
References
Bahl IJ, Bhartia P (1982) Design of microstrip antennas covered with
a dielectric layer. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 30:314–318.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1982.1142766
Balanis C (1997) Antenna theory and design, 2nd edn. Wiley, New
York
Best SR, Morrow JD (2003) Limitations of inductive circuit model
representations of meander line antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas
Propag Soc Int Symp 1:852–855. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.
2003.1217594
Black J (1992) Biological performance of materials fundamentals of
biocompatibility, Marcel Dekker, 4th edn. CRC Press, New
York, pp 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420057843
Bradley PD (2011) Wireless medical implant technology—recent
advances and future developments. In: Esscirc 2011 Proc,
pp 37–41
Dissanayake T, Esselle KP, Yuce MR (2009) Dielectric loaded
impedance matching for wideband implanted antennas. IEEE
Trans Microw Theory Tech 57:2480–2487. https://doi.org/10.
1109/TMTT.2009.2029664
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) (2019) Code of federal
regulations (CFR), title 47, part 95, WMTS band plan. https://
ecfr.io/Title-47/pt47.5.95. Accessed 14 June 2019
Gani I, Yoo H (2016) Multi-band Antenna System for Skin Implant.
IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 26:294–296. https://doi.org/
10.1109/LMWC.2016.2538470
Gyselinckx B, Hoof CV, Ryckaert J, Yazicioglu RF, Fiorini P,
Leonov V (2005) Human ??: autonomous wireless sensors for
body area networks. Proc IEEE 2005 Custom Integr Circ Conf.
https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2005.1568597
Hines JW, Somps CJ, Madou M (1997) USA space biosensor
systems: implications for technology transfer. In: 19th IEEE
international conference proceedings, p 79. https://doi.org/10.
1109/iembs.1997.757742
International Telecommunications Union Radio communications
(ITU-R) (2007) Radio regulations, SA.1346, ITU, Geneva,
Switzerland. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rec/r-rec-ls-
2007-e02-pdf-e.pdf. Accessed 14 June 2019
International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunications
(ITU-R) (2016) Radio regulations, Section 5.138 and 5.150,
ITU, Geneva, Switzerland. http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDi
gitalCollectionDocLibrary/1.43.48.en.101.pdf. Accessed 14 June
2019
Ito K, Lin C-H, Lin H-Y (2015) Evaluation of wearable and
implantable antennas with human phantoms. In: Chen Z (ed)
Handbook of antenna technologies. Springer, Singapore,
pp 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3_83
Jaehoon K, Yahya R-S (2004) Implanted Antennas Inside a human
body: simulations, designs and characterizations. IEEE Trans
Microw Theory Tech 52:1934–1943. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TMTT.2004.832018
Kiourti A, Nikita KS (2012) A review of implantable patch antennas
for biomedical telemetry: challenges and solutions. IEEE Trans
Antennas Propag 54:210–228. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.
2012.6293992
Kiziltas G, Psychoudakis D, Volakis JL, Kikuchi N (2003) Topology
design optimization of dielectric substrates for bandwidth
improvement of a patch antenna. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag
51:2732–2743. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2003.817539
Liu C, Guo YX, Xiao S (2012) Compact dual-band antenna for
implantable devices. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett
11:1508–1511. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2233705
Liu XY, Wu ZT, Fan Y, Tentzeris EM (2017) A miniaturized CSRR
loaded wide-beamwidth circularly polarized implantable antenna
for subcutaneous real-time glucose monitoring. IEEE Antennas
Wirel Propag Lett 16:577–580. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.
2016.2590477
Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) Federal Register
(1999) Rules Regulations 64, pp 69926–69934. http://www.fcc.
gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Notices/1999/index.html. Accessed 14
June 2019
Remes A, Williams DF (1992) Immune response in biocompatibility.
Biomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045154-1.50012-
5
Shah SAA, Yoo H (2018) Scalp-implantable antenna systems for
intracranial pressure monitoring. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag
66:2170–2173. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2801346
Tang Z, Smith B, Schild JH, Peckham PH (1995a) Data transmission
from an implantable biotelemeter by load-shift keying using
circuit configuration modulator. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng.
https://doi.org/10.1109/10.376158
Tang Z, Smith B, Schild JH, Peckham PH (1995b) Data transmission
from an implantable biotelemeter by load-shift keying using
circuit configuration modulator. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng
42:524–528. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.376158
Thomas X (2003) Silicone adhesives in healthcare applications-dow
corning. Form No. 52-1057-01. www.dowcorning.com. Acces-
sed 14 June 2019
Tsai C-L, Chen K-W, Yang C-L (2015) Implantable wideband low-
SAR antenna with C-shaped coupled ground. IEEE Antennas
Wirel Propag Lett 14:1594–1597. https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.
2015.2413839
123

Valdastri P, Menciassi A, Arena A, Caccamo C, Dario P (2004) An
implantable telemetry platform system for in vivo monitoring of
physiological parameters. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed.
https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2004.834389
Wang Z, Colebeck E, Kiourti A, Topsakal E, Volakis JL (2014)
Pulmonary edema monitoring sensor with integrated body-area
network for remote medical sensing. IEEE Trans Antennas
Propag 62:2787–2794. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.
2309132
Xu L-J, Guo Y-X, Wu W (2014) Miniaturized dual-band antenna for
implantable wireless communications. IEEE Antennas Wirel
Propag Lett 13:1160–1163. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.
2329937
123
Microsystem Technologies
Yazdandoost KY (2012) UWB antenna for body implanted applica-
tions. In: Proceedings of the 42nd European microwave confer-
ence. https://doi.org/10.23919/eumc.2012.6459433
Zada M, Hyongsuk H (2018) A miniaturized triple band
implantable antenna system for bio-telemetry applications. IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 66:7378–7382. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TAP.2018.2874681
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.