TORSION

 DEADLINES:
 Assignment One: 30th October 2019
 Assignment Two :
 Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey

(o.mumuni-timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)

 Lecture 4: Torsion
 TORSION
A twisting of a shaft about its longitudinal axis, as a result
of the application of a torque, is called torsion.
No deformation After deformation

• Two torques are applied

• A highly deformable
member
• A circular x-section
• A grid of parallel circles
and longitudinal lines on
the outer surface
• Circles remain circles
• Longitudinal lines become
twisted
• All angles are equal
• End x-section remains flat
 Torsion
As one end of a shaft is rotated about as a torque the
twisting action transmit power along the shaft.

Failure might
occur due to
shear alone or
because the shear
is accompanied
by stretching or
bending
 Torsion of Shaft
Shafts subjected to a torque.
Rotating – e.g. Engine crankshaft, turbines, motor and
pump
Stationary – e.g. tightening bolt or screw
Torque makes the shaft twist
Fatigue problem
 Torsion Equation
The diagram below
shows a shaft fixed
at one end and
twisted at the other
end due to the
action of a torque T.

The radius of the shaft is R and the length is L.

When the end is twisted, the line rotates through an angle .

The length of the arc produced is R.
Consider a line drawn along the length of the shaft. When
twisted, the line moves through an angle . The length of
the arc produced is L.
 Torsion Equation
If we assume that the two arcs
are the same it follows that R =
L
Hence by equating L = R we
get
Rθ
γ .........................(1A)
L

From basic stress and strain theory, we

know that  is the shear strain on the τ .....................(1B)
G 
outer surface of the shaft. The relationship γ
between shear strain and shear stress is
The equation is only true so
long as the material remains
 is the shear stress and G the modulus elastic.
of rigidity.
 Torsion Equation
Rθ τ
γ .........................(1A) G  ................(1B)
L γ

Gθ τ .................(1C)
Substituting (1A) into (1B) we get 
L R

Since the derivation could be applied to any radius, it

Gθ τ
follows that shear stress is directly proportional to  ........(1D)
radius 'r' and is a maximum on the surface. Equation L r
(1C) could be written as

let's consider how the applied torque 'T' is

balanced by the internal stresses of the
material
Consider an elementary ring of material with a
shear stress  acting on it at radius r.
 Torsion Equation
The torque on the whole cross section
R
Gθ
T  2π  r 3dr
resulting from the shear stress is L 0

The Torque and this is

equation Gθ T Gθ
T J usually  ...........................(1E)
reduces to L written as J L
T = torque
Combining the J = polar second moment of area
T Gθ τ
two equations   about O-O
we get the J L r G = modulus of rigidity
torsion equation  = angle of rotation (twist)
L = length
 = shear stress
r = radius
Activity – Match the correct Second Area Moment formula
b b
y
𝑑𝑏 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 12
d x x
𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 )
d
𝐼𝑦𝑦 32

y 𝜋𝐷4
64 𝑏𝑑 3
y 36
y
𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 )
D
64
x x 𝜋𝐷4
x D x d
32
𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑏 3
y y 12
 Perpendicular Axis Theorem
b
b y
𝐽𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦
d
d x x
Polar 2nd Area Moment
y
𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
𝑏𝑑 3
𝑑𝑏3 𝑏𝑑 3 + 𝑑𝑏 3
12 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
12 𝐽𝑧𝑧 =
12

z z
 Perpendicular Axis Theorem
y
𝜋𝐷 4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
64
x D x
Polar 2nd Area Moment
y
2𝜋𝐷 4 𝜋𝐷 4
𝐽𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = =
64 32
z

z
 Perpendicular Axis Theorem
y 𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝑑4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = −
D
64 64
x x 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )
d =
64

y Polar 2nd Area Moment

𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )
𝐽𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
32
z

z
 Activity – Several aluminium rods are drawn to produce
the following types of cross sections. Calculate their
Polar 2nd Area Moment

1 Hole 5cm – located centrally 2 20cm Square hollow section

x x 10cm
x x
20cm

Thickness 5cm
30mm
3 Hole 5mm
𝑏𝑑3
Rectangle 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
12
𝜋𝐷4
Circle 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
64
 Polar Second Moment

the "Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area" is a

measure of a shaft's ability to resist torsion
πD 4
J
32
Hollow Shaft

The formula for the polar

J

π D4  d 4 
second moment of area is
32

D is the outside diameter and d the inside diameter

A shaft 50 mm diameter and 0.7m long is subjected
to a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate the shear stress
and the angle of twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
Step 1: Write down the known data
At the same time convert units where necessary
𝐷 = 0.05𝑚 𝐿 = 0.7𝑚 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁𝑚 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
𝑟 = 0.025𝑚
Step 2: Match data with parameters O

and select formula
r
𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏
= = = = L O
𝐽 𝐿 𝑟 𝐽 𝐿 𝑟

Shear Stress Angle of twist

 𝜋𝐷4 𝜋 . 0.054
Step 3: Calculate J 𝐽= = = 613.59 . 10−9 𝑚4
32 32

Step 4: Rearrange equation

Shear Stress Angle of twist
𝑇 𝜏 𝑇𝑟 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝑇𝐿
= → 𝜏= = → 𝜃 = 𝐺𝐽
𝐽 𝑟 𝐽 𝐽 𝐿

Step 5: Substitute and calculate

𝑟 = 0.025𝑚 𝐿 = 0.7𝑚 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁𝑚 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
1200 . 0.025 1200 . 0.7
𝜏= −9
= 48.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜃=
613.59 . 10 90 . 109 . 613.59 . 10−9
= 0.01521 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Angle of twist
Convert from radians to degrees

𝜃 = 0.01521 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 → 180𝑜

180𝑜
0.01521 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 × 0.01521 = 0.87𝑜
𝜋
A hollow shaft 60 mm outside diameter and 40mm
inside diameter with length 0.7m long is subjected to
a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate the shear stress and
the angle of twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
Step 1: Write down the known data
At the same time convert units where necessary
𝐷 = 0.06𝑚 𝐿 = 0.7𝑚 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁𝑚 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 0.04𝑚 𝑟 = 0.03𝑚 O

Step 2: Match data with parameters
and select formula r
L O
𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏
= = = =
𝐽 𝐿 𝑟 𝐽 𝐿 𝑟

Shear Stress Angle of twist

 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 ) 𝜋 . (0.064 −0.044 )
Step 3: Calculate J 𝐽= =
32 32
= 10.21. 10−7 𝑚4
Step 4: Rearrange equation
Shear Stress Angle of twist
𝑇 𝜏 𝑇𝑟 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝑇𝐿
= → 𝜏= = → 𝜃 = 𝐺𝐽
𝐽 𝑟 𝐽 𝐽 𝐿

Step 5: Substitute and calculate

𝑟 = 0.030𝑚 𝐿 = 0.7𝑚 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁𝑚 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎
1200 . 0.03 1200 . 0.7
𝜏= −7
= 35.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜃=
10.21 . 10 90 . 109 . 10.21 . 10−7
= 0.0091 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Angle of twist
Convert from radians to degrees

𝜃 = 0.0091 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 → 180𝑜

180𝑜
0.0091 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 × 0.0091 = 0.52𝑜
𝜋
A solid shaft 50 mm diameter and 0.7m long is subjected to a
torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate the shear stress and the angle of
twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
𝜋 0.052
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = . 0.7 = 1.3744 . 10−3 𝑚3
4
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 7800 × 1.3744 . 10−3 = 10.72 𝑘𝑔
𝜏 = 48.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
A hollow shaft 60 mm outside diameter and 40mm inside diameter
with length 0.7m long is subjected to a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate
the shear stress and the angle of twist. Take G = 90 GPa.
𝜋 (0.062 −0.042 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = . 0.7 = 1.1 . 10−3 𝑚3
4
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 7800 × 1.1 . 10−3 = 8.58 𝑘𝑔
𝜏 = 35.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 A shaft 40mm diameter is made from steel and the
maximum allowable shear stress for the material is 50
MPa. Calculate the maximum torque that can be
safely transmitted. Take G = 90 GPa.
Step 1: Write down the known data
At the same time convert units where necessary
D = 0.04m r = 0.02m 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50 . 106 𝑃𝑎 𝐺 = 90 . 109 𝑃𝑎

Step 2: Match data with parameters 𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏

= =
and select formula 𝐽 𝐿 𝑟

𝜋𝐷4 𝜋 . 0.044
Step 3: Calculate J 𝐽= = = 251.33 . 10−9 𝑚4
32 32
𝑇 𝜏 𝜏𝐽
Step 4: Rearrange equation = →𝑇=
𝐽 𝑟 𝑟
 𝑇 𝜏 𝜏𝐽
= →𝑇=
𝐽 𝑟 𝑟

Step 5: Substitute and calculate

r = 0.02m 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50 . 106 𝑃𝑎 𝐽 = 251.33 . 10−9 𝑚4

50 . 106 . 251.33 . 10−9

𝑇= = 628.325 𝑁𝑚
0.02
 Mechanical Power Transmission by a
Shaft
Mechanical power is defined as
P = Fx/t
work done per second
where P is the Power P = F v …….where v is the
F is the force velocity.
x is distance moved.
t is the time taken. Since speed is N rev/second
then, the mechanical power
distance moved in one
becomes
revolution is x = 2R P = 2NFR

Since FR is the Since 2N is the angular

torque produced P = 2NT velocity  radians/s it
by the force, further reduces to
P = T
 Work example
• Calculate the power that can be
transmitted by a hollow circular
propshaft, if the maximum
permissible shear stress is
60MN/m2 and it is rotating at
100 rpm. The propshaft has an
external diameter of 120 mm
and an internal diameter of 60
mm.