Sectioned Views

Sectioned Drawings
! Definition: A multiview technical drawing that
reveals details about internal features by displaying
the part as if cut by an imaginary cutting plane
! Objective: To make the drawing more
understandable, especially the internal details of the
part
! Since the sectioned drawing shows internal features
there is generally no need to show hidden lines
! Especially helpful for assembly drawings

Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee

Understanding Sections

! Section views have three main purposes:

! Document the design and manufacture of single
parts which are manufactured as one piece
! Document how multiple parts are to be
assembled or built
! Aid in visualizing internal workings of a design
 The Cutting Plane
! An imaginary plane that
defines where the object is
cut
! Shown in drawing adjacent
to the sectioned drawing ! The arrows point toward the
! Drawn with the PHANTOM part of the object that is
line type visible in the sectioned
! Arrows at the end of the drawing.
cutting plane line indicate ! A sectioned drawing follows
the direction of view for the the general rules of any view
sectioned drawing. in a multiview drawing
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 The Cutting Plane

! Cutting planes may be labeled at

their endpoints if multiple cutting
plane lines are used

! When using multiple cutting

planes each sectioned drawing is
drawn as if the other cutting plane
lines do not exist

! The cutting plane line takes

precedence over center lines

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 Section Lines

! Section lines are drawn where the object

passes through the cutting plane

! If a saw was used to cut the part then

section lines represent the cutting marks
left by the saw blade

! Different materials may be represented

by the use of different section line types

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 Section Lines

! Section lines should not be parallel or

perpendicular to object lines

! Section lines are generally drawn at 45

degrees unless this conflicts with other
rules
! Section lines should be oriented at
different angles for separate parts

! Section lines are not used for thin parts

rather they are filled in solid (Do not use
closely spaced section lines)
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 Line Precedence
! When a cutting plane coincides with a
center line, the cutting plane line takes
precedence
! When a cutting plane line would obscure
important details, just the ends of the line
outside the view and the arrows can be
shown
Line Precedence
 Rules for Lines
! Show edges and contours which are now
visible behind the cutting plane
! Omit hidden lines in section views
! A section-lined area is always completely
bounded by a visible outline
 Rules for Lines
! The section lines in all hatched areas for
that object must be parallel
! Visible lines never cross section lined areas
 Cutting Plane Line Style
! The preferred cutting plane line style is
made up of equal dashes ending in
arrowheads
! Another style uses alternating long dashes and
pairs of short dashes
Cutting Line Placement
Section Line Technique
Section Line Technique
Section Line Technique
 Section Lining Symbols
! Section lining symbols may be used to
indicate specific materials
! Using different section lining patterns helps
you distinguish different materials,
especially on assembly drawings
! Itis acceptable to use the general-purpose
symbol at different angles for different parts
Section Lining Symbols
 Section Drawing Types
! Full Section
! Half Section
! Assembly Section
! Offset Section
! Broken-Out Section
! Revolved Section
! Removed Section
! Special Section Conventions

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 Full Section
! The cutting plane passes completely
through the part as a single flat plane

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Full Sections

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 Half Section
! The cutting plane only passes half way
through the part
! The other half is drawn as usual
! Hidden lines are not shown on either half of
the part
! A center line is used to separate the two
halves
! Mostly used on cylindrical parts

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 Half Sections
! Objects that are symmetric can be shown
effectively using a half-section
! Half sections expose the interior for one half of
the object and the exterior of the other half
! One quarter of the object is removed

! In general:
! Omit hidden lines from both halves of a half
section whenever possible
! Use a center line to divide the sectioned half
and the unsectioned half
Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee
 Assembly Section
! Shows how parts fit together
! Different parts have different
section line orientation
! Different materials use different
section line types
! Standard parts (shafts, pins, rivets,
screws, washers, gears, etc.) are
not sectioned

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 Assembly Section
! Cut each part of the assembly
and section each part with the
appropriate section line type
! Put the parts together in their
assembled position

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 Assembly Section
! The shaft is not sectioned
because it is a standard part
and section lines would
provide no additional
information
! The other two part are made
from the same material
! The orientation of section
lines clearly shows the
location of the different parts
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 Assembly Section

! The top and bottom mating part are made from

different materials in the part shown below
! A center line is added to the shaft to show that it
is a circular feature

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 Offset Sections
! In sectioning through complex objects, it is
often desirable to show features that do not
lie in a straight line by offsetting or bending
the cutting plane
! Offsets or bends in the cutting plane are all 90°
! The bends in the cutting plane are never shown
in the sectional view
 Offset Section

! The internal features of

many part can not be
shown using a single
straight cut to create the
sectioned drawing
! An offset section is
used for such parts

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 Offset Section
! An offset section allows the cutting plane to
pass through all of the internal features
! There may be several bends in the cutting plane

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 Offset Section
! The actual part would show a new visible line at the
bend in the cutting plane
! Since the cutting plane bend is arbitrary, do not show
the line representing this bend in the sectioned
drawing

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Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee
Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee
Offset Section
! The sectioned view does not show
the bend in the cutting plane
! Hidden lines are not shown
! Be sure to include object lines that
are behind the cutting plane

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 Broken-Out Section
! Only a portion of the view is sectioned
! A jagged break line is used to divide the
sectioned and unsectioned portion of the
drawing
! Sometimes only a partial section of a view
is needed to expose interior shapes
! Sucha section, limited by a break line, is called
a broken-out section

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Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee
BLACKED-IN SECTION FOR THIN
SECTIONS

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 Revolved Section
!A cross section of the part is revolved 90
degrees and superimposed on the drawing

!A jagged break line may be used to divide the

revolved section from the rest of the drawing

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 Revolved Sections
! You can show the shape of the cross section
of a bar, arm, spoke, or other elongated
object by using a revolved section
! Thevisible lines adjacent to a revolved section
may be broken out if desired
Revolved Sections
Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee
 Removed Section
! Similar to the revolved section except that the
sectioned drawing is not superimposed on the
drawing but placed adjacent to it

! The view and the cutting plane are labeled

(Section A-A)

! The removed section may be drawn at a different

scale

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AUXILIARY SECTION

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ALIGNED SECTION

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PHANTOM SECTION

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SECTION Lining at 30 , 60 OR 75 0 0 0

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 HATCHING OF ADJACENT
COMPONENTS

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 HATCHING OF ADJACENT
COMPONENTS IN ASSEMBLY

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ADJACENT, SECTION, OF SECTION LINING A
PART IN DIFFERENT PARALLEL PLANES

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SECTION LINING FOR LARGE AREAS

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FIGURES & NUMERALS CLEAR OF
HATCHING LINES

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 Special Section Conventions
! There are special rules
(conventions) that are
followed to make some
parts more understandable
! Some features are rotated to
their true radial position in
sectioned views

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 Special Section Conventions
! The object is difficult to understand using
standard multiview drawings where hidden
lines are used to represent internal features

Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee

 Special Section Conventions
! If the part is sectioned as it
would actually appear if cut the
details of the ribs and holes
would not be clear
! Since the objective is to make
the drawing easy to interpret
the drawing is modified
following standard conventions

Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, IITRoorkee

 Special Section Conventions
! The cutting plane shows that the
features are revolved to their true
radial position
! Hidden features are not shown
! The sectioned drawing produced is a
distorted but clearer picture of the
object
! The section drawing appear as a full
section
! The arrows show the direction of the
view
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 Special Section Conventions
! Ribs are not sectioned when the cutting plane passes through
them lengthwise
! Ribs are sectioned if the cutting plane passes through them at
other orientations

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 Special Section
Conventions
! The front view is replaced by a full
section view
! The cutting plane shown in the top
view shows the direction of the line
of sight
! The holes and ribs have been
revolved to their true radial
position
! The ribs are not sectioned in this
orientation
! The section lines are all drawn at
the same angle since the object is
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one solid part
RIBS AND LUGS IN SECTION

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VISIBLE, HIDDEN AND CENTRE LINE

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 Sectioning With Solid Models
! Slice
! cuts the solid object at the specified
cutting plane using the current color
! breaks the objects into two parts
! one part may be deleted or moved
! Section
! creates a 2-D drawing of the section
! only draws the portion of the object that
is cut (i.e. the portion of the object that
has section lines)
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SPOKES IN SECTIONS

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CORRECT AND INCORRECT TREATMENT OF A
REVOLVED SECTION

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TREATMENT OF DOTTED LINES

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CONVENTIONAL BREAKS

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PARTS LOCATED ON FRONT OF
CUTTING PLANE

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 Sectioning With AutoCAD
! Use BHATCH
! Use the correct scale
! Default line orientation is 45
degrees
! The general line type is
ANSI31
! Use different line types for
different materials
! Use PICK POINTS to select
an internal point in the
sectioned portion of the
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drawing
 Removed Sections
! A removed section is one that is not in
direct projection from the view containing
the cutting plane
! Removed sections should be labeled and
arranged in alphabetical order from left to right
 Aligned Sections
! When sectioning parts with angled
elements, the cutting plane may be bent to
pass through those features
! The plane and features are then revolved
into the original plane
! Theangle of revolution should always be less
then 90° for an aligned section
Aligned Sections
 Partial Views
! If space is limited on the paper or to save
time, partial views may be used with
sectioning
 Conventional Breaks and
Sections
! Cross-hatching is often added when
showing a conventional break
! Conventional breaks are used to shorten the
view of an object
! The breaks used on cylindrical shafts or tubes
are often referred to as “S-breaks”
Conventional Breaks and
Sections
 Assembly Sections
! Section views are often used to create
assembly drawings
! Different parts use different hatch patterns
! Solid features that do not have interior
structure are not hatched