11

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Quarter 4 Week 4-5
DEVELOPMENT & EDITORIAL TEAM:
Writer: Joey N. Abergos
SDS: Margarito B. Materum SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
CID Chief: Ellery G. Quintia SDO LR: Daisy L. Mataac

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
LESSON 4: Calculation of Test Statistic and Writing Conclusion
EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to:
1. compute for the test-statistic value (population mean).
2. draw conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic value
and the rejection region.
3. solve problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean.
Pretest
Directions: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your
choice.
1. What is the first step in hypothesis testing?
A. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
B. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
C. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
D. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.
2. If the critical value falls in the non-rejection region, then the null hypothesis ______.
A. cannot be rejected C. is rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is restated
3. Calculate the z-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 57; µ = 63; 𝜎 = 2; 𝑛 = 45.
A. 20.12 B. 0.19 C. -20.12 D. -0.19
4. Calculate the t-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 35; µ = 33; 𝑠 = 5; 𝑛 = 25.
A. 2 B. 0.18 C. -2 D. -0.18
5. If H0: µ = 5.2; H1: µ > 5.2; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑧 = 2.222, then the null hypothesis ________.
A. cannot be rejected C. is rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is restated
For items 6-10, consider the following situation.
Everyday Company has developed a new battery. The Engineering Department of
that company claims that each battery lasts for 180 minutes. To test this claim, the
company selects a random sample of 100 new batteries and this sample has a mean of
175 minutes with standard deviation of 25 minutes. Test the engineering department’s
claim that the new batteries run with an average of 180 minutes. Uses 𝛼 = 0.05 level of
significance.
6. Which is the correct null hypothesis for the given problem?
A. H0: 𝜇 = 180 B. H0: 𝜇 ≠ 180 C. H0: 𝜇 > 180 D. H0: 𝜇 < 180
7. What type of statistical test is applicable for the given problem?
A. H-test B. t- test C. U-test D. z- test
8. What is the value of the applicable test statistic?
A. -2 B. -1.2 C. 1.2 D. 2
9. Which of the following is the critical region for a two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05?
A. z < -1.96 or z > 1.96 C. z < -1.645 or z > 1.645
B. z < -2.33 or z > 2.33 D. z < -2.575 or z > 2.575

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
10. What should be the decision and conclusion for the given problem?
A. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
B. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to suggest
that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
C. Failed to reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence
to suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
D. Failed to reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.

LOOKING BACK
What information do we need to consider in choosing the appropriate test-statistic?
How do we identify the rejection region?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Calculation of Test Statistic

In computing for the critical value, it is very important to properly identify the
given values in the problem. Let us consider the problem below.

1. A researcher reports that the average salary of private school teachers is Php
10,000.00. A sample of 40 teachers has a mean salary of Php 10,870.00 a month at
𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that the private school teachers’ salary is not equal to Php
10,000.00 a month. The standard deviation of the population is Php 1,500.00.

Given:
𝑥 = 10,870.00 (sample mean)
𝜇 = 10,000.00 (population mean)
𝜎 = 1,500.00 (population standard deviation)
𝑛 = 40 (number of sample)

Considering the given, the applicable statistical test is z-test.

Substituting the given information to the formula:

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
10870−10000
𝑧= 1500
√40
𝑧 = 3.67

This means that the sample mean of Php 10,870.00 is 3.67 standard deviations
above the population mean of Php 10,000.00.
Let us try to solve other problems.

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
2. Mrs. Patata claims that its potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt per pack.
But a random sample of 130 packs yielded an average salt content of 145 mg with
standard deviation of 25 mg. Use 0.01 level of significance to test the null hypothesis
𝜇 = 150 against the alternative 𝜇 < 150.
a. Identify the given:𝑥 = 145 (sample mean)
𝜇 = 150 (population mean)
𝑠 = 25 (sample standard deviation)
𝑛 = 130 (number of samples)
b. Since the applicable test statistic is z-test, substitute the given information to the
z-test formula (population standard deviation not given):
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
145 − 150
𝑧=
25
√130
𝑧 = −2.28

3. A certain brand of coffee is advertised to have a net weight of 250 grams. If the net
weights of 8 randomly selected packs are 252, 251, 253, 249, 248, 251, 254, and
249, can it be concluded that the average net weight of the packs is greater than the
advertised amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
a. Identify the given:
𝜇 = 250 (population mean)
𝑛 = 8 (number of samples)
Considering the given, the appropriate statistical test is t-test. We need to
compute for the sample mean and sample standard deviation first before we
could compute for t - value:
252 + 251 + 253 + 249 + 248 + 251 + 254 + 249
𝑥̅ = = 250.88
8
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥
̅) (252 − 250.88)2 + (251 − 250.88)2 + (253 − 250.88)2 + ⋯ + (249 − 250.88)2
= = 4.41
𝑛−1 8−1

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ = √4.41 = 2.10
𝑛−1

b. Substitute the given information to the formula:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
250.88 − 250
𝑡=
2.10
√8
𝑡 = 1.19

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
Writing Conclusion
We know that there must be a precedent statement or situation before we could
make a conclusion. In this lesson, conclusion will be based on the decision whether the
null hypothesis is rejected or cannot be rejected.
To properly make a decision, we need to consider the following:
a. the type of test (one-tailed or two-tailed test)
b. the critical value
c. the rejection region
d. the computed value (depending on the appropriate test statistic)
e. comparison of the critical value and the computed value

Let us consider a two-tailed test with 0.05 level of significance and computed 𝑧-
value of 2.05. Looking at the 𝑧-table, we could get that the critical value is ± 1.96.
Since the critical value serves as the
boundary between the non-rejection
region and the rejection region (shaded
region), we could set a decision rule
that the null hypothesis will be rejected
if the computed value is less than -1.96
or greater than 1.96 (critical value).

Now, we can see on the

illustration at the right that 2.05 is
located to the right of the critical
value. This means that the computed
value (2.05) is greater than the critical
value (1.96) and which falls in the
rejection region. Therefore, we need to
reject the null hypothesis.
It is important to note that the
rejection of a null hypothesis is to conclude that it is false, while the non-rejection of a
null hypothesis merely implies that we have insufficient evidence to believe otherwise.

How are we going to write the conclusion?

Let us consider the following examples.
1. A researcher reports that the average salary of private school teachers is Php
10,000.00. A sample of 40 teachers has a mean salary of Php10,870.00 a month at
𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that the private school teachers’ salary is not equal to Php
10,000.00 a month. The standard deviation of the population is Php 1,500.00.
a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10,000.00, it is a two-tailed test
b. Looking at the z-table (𝛼 = 0.05), the critical value is ± 1.96
c. Rejection region is 𝑧 > 1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < −1.96
d. the computed z-value is 3.67 (refer to the previous lesson, calculation of test
statistic)

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
e. The computed 𝑧-value of 3.67 is greater than the critical value of 1.96 which fall in
the rejection region. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we could now conclude that there is sufficient
evidence to suggest that the salary of private school teachers is not equal to Php 10,000.00
at 0.05 level of significance.

2. Mrs. Patata claims that each pack of potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt
per pack. But a random sample of 130 packs yielded an average salt content of 145
mg with standard deviation of 25 mg. Use 0.01 level of significance to test the null
hypothesis 𝜇 = 150 against the alternative 𝜇 < 150.
a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 150, it is a one-tailed test (left)
b. Looking at the 𝑧-table (𝛼 = 0.01), the critical value is −2.33
c. Rejection region is 𝑧 < −2.33
d. the computed 𝑧-value is −2.28 (refer on the previous lesson, calculation of test
statistic)
e. The computed 𝑧-value of -2.28 is greater than the critical value of -2.33 which falls
in the non-rejection region. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not rejected.
Since the null hypothesis is not rejected, we can now conclude that there is no
sufficient evidence to suggest that each pack of potato chips contain less than 150 mg of
salt per pack at 0.01 level of significance.

3. A certain brand of coffee is advertised to have a net weight of 250 grams. If the net
weights 8 randomly selected packs 252, 251, 253, 249, 248, 251, 254, and 249, can
it be concluded that the average net weight of the packs is greater than the advertised
amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 150, it is a one-tailed test (right)
b. Looking at the 𝑡-table (𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑓 = 7), the critical value is 1.895
c. Rejection region is 𝑡 > 1.895
d. the computed 𝑡-value is 1.19 (refer on the previous lesson)
e. The computed 𝑡-value of 1.19 is less than the critical value of 1.895 which falls in
the acceptance region. Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
Since the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, we can now conclude that there is no
sufficient evidence to suggest that the average net weight of each pack is greater than the
advertised amount at 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis Testing
Let us now apply the concepts we have learned to perform hypothesis testing.
Five essential steps in hypothesis testing
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Select an appropriate statistical test and procedure.
3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
Coffee powder is packed in 1 kg bag. An inspector from the department of trade
and industry suspects the bags may not contain 1 kilogram. A sample of 35 bags
produces a mean of 0.98 kg and standard deviation of 0.12 kg. Is there enough evidence
to conclude that the bags do not contain 1 kg as stated? Test the hypothesis at α =
0.05.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: 𝜇 = 1
H 1: 𝜇 ≠ 1
Step 2. Select an appropriate statistical test and procedure.
z - test
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
Step 3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the critical region.
𝛼 = 0.05
𝑧 > 1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < −1.96
Step 4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
𝑥̅ = 0.98
𝑥̅ = 1
𝑠 = 0.12
𝑛 = 35
0.98 − 1
𝑧=
0.12
√35
𝑧 = −0.99

Step 5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

Since the computed z-value of -0.99 is greater than the critical value of -1.96,
the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to
suggest that the bags do not contain 1 kg of coffee powder.

Activity 1
A. Directions: Solve for 𝑧-value or 𝑡-value based on the given information.
1. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 657; µ = 663; 𝜎 = 12; 𝑛 = 35

2. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 24.35; µ = 28.46; 𝑠 = 2.35; 𝑛 = 25

B. Directions: Decide whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis based on the given
information.
1. H0: µ = 63,000; H1: µ > 63,000; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑧 = 3.043
Decision:________________
2. H0: µ = 50; H1: µ ≠ 50; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑧 = 1.697
Decision:________________
3. H0: µ =110; H1: µ ≠ 110; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑛= 10; 𝑡 = 1.936
Decision:________________

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
REMEMBER
Five essential steps on hypothesis testing
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Select an appropriate statistical test and procedure.
3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Perform hypothesis testing for the following problems.
1. Santos Farm takes pride in its poultry produce and claims that each dressed
chicken they sell provides 180 grams of protein. Test this claim at 0.01 level of
significance based on a random sample of 70 dressed chickens that yielded an
average of 176 grams of protein with sample standard deviation of 15 grams.

2. The SSG president claims that the average number of hours the students study their
lesson is more than 30 hours per week. If 30 students are surveyed and their average
is 32 hours per week with standard deviation of 4 hours, is there sufficient evidence
to reject the SSG president’s claim at the 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance?

3. MLC claims that students who avail of their services get an average score of 385 on
scholastic aptitude test. The scores of random samples of 10 students were recorded
as follows: 350, 440, 350, 375, 400, 450, 475, 320, 300, 375. Use the level of
significance 0.01 to test whether the average of 385 is too high to claim.

POST TEST
Directions: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your choice.
1. What is the second step in hypothesis testing?
A. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
B. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
C. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
D. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.
2. If the critical value falls in the rejection region, then the null hypothesis ______.
A. cannot be rejected C. is rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is restated
3. Calculate the z-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ =
63; µ = 57; 𝜎 = 2; 𝑛 = 45.
A. 20.12 B. 0.19 C. -20.12 D. -0.19
4. Calculate the t-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ =
33; µ = 35; 𝑠 = 5; 𝑛 = 25.
A. 2 B. 0.18 C. -2 D. -0.18
5. If H0: µ=5.2; H1: µ > 5.2; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑧 = 2.222, then the null hypothesis ________.
A. cannot be rejected C. is rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is restated

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
For items 6-10, consider the following situation.
Everyday Company has developed a new battery. The Engineering Department of
that company claims that each battery lasts for 180 minutes. To test this claim, the
company selects a random sample of 100 new batteries and this sample has mean of
183 minutes with standard deviation of 25 minutes. Test the engineering department’s
claim that the new batteries run with an average of 180 minutes. Use 𝛼 = 0.01 level of
significance.
6. Which is the correct alternative hypothesis for the given problem?
A. H1: 𝜇 = 180 B. H1: 𝜇 ≠ 180 C. H1: 𝜇 > 180 D. H1: 𝜇 < 180
7. What type of test statistic is applicable for given problem?
A. H-test B. t- test C. U-test D. z- test
8. What is the value of the applicable test statistic?
A. -2 B. -1.2 C. 1.2 D. 2
9. Which of the following is the critical region for a two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05?
A. z < -1.96 or z > 1.96 C. z < -1.645 or z > 1.645
B. z < -2.33 or z > 2.33 D. z < -2.575 or z > 2.575
10. What should be the decision and conclusion for the given problem?
A. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
B. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to suggest
that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
C. Failed to reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence
to suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
D. Failed to reject the hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.

References
Mathematics for Engaged Learning Statistics and Probability by Yvette F. Lim, Rizaldi
C. Nocon, Ederlina G. Nocon, and Leonor A. Ruivivar
Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole (Third Edition)
Basic Probability and Statistics by Winston S. Sirug
Statistics and Probability by Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo
Statistics and Probability by Lino C. Reynoso, Recto Y. Ponciano, and Belinda T.
Conde

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10 (This is a Government Property. Not for Sale.)
2. a. Ho: 𝜇 = 30 Activity 1
Pre-test
H1: 𝜇 > 180 A.
b. z-test 1. z = 2.9580 1. C
c. 0.05, z > 1.645 2. t = -8.7447 2. A
d. z = 2.739 3. C
e. Reject Ho B. 4. A
f. There is a sufficient 1. Reject H0 5. A
evidence to suggest that 2. Failed to Reject H0
6. A
the average number of 3. Failed to Reject H0
7. D
hours the students study 8. A
is more than 30 hours per 9. A
week.
10. B
Checking your
3. a. Ho: 𝜇 = 385 Understanding Post test
H1: 𝜇 < 385
b. t-test 1. a. Ho: 𝜇 = 180
1. D
H1: 𝜇 ≠ 180
c. 0.01, df =9, t <-2.821 2. C
b. z-test
d. t = -0.083 c. 0.01, z <-2.575 or z > 3. A
e. Failed to reject Ho 2.575 4. C
f. There is no sufficient d. z = -2.231 5. C
evidence to suggest that e. Failed to reject Ho
6. B
f. There is no sufficient
the average score of 7. D
evidence to suggest that
students is 385 on 8. C
the dressed chicken
scholastic aptitude test. provides 180 g of protein 9. D
at 0.01 level of 10. C
significance.
Answer Key
Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS